Development and validation of an automated antimicrobial surveillance system based on indications for antimicrobial administration.

INTRODUCTION: We developed an antimicrobial and patient background surveillance system (APBSS), an automated surveillance system that can calculate surveillance data such as antimicrobial use and detection of antimicrobial resistance for each indication of antimicrobial administration. We evaluated the validity of the APBSS data. METHODS: Eligible patients were hospitalized at the Toyota Kosei Hospital on July 7, 2022. Evaluated surveillance data included antimicrobial administration, indications for antimicrobial administration, and diagnosis. In the APBSS, surveillance data were calculated using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination data and Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance laboratory data. Using surveillance data collected by the Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) as a reference standard, the agreement between the results calculated based on the APBSS was evaluated using Cohen's kappa coefficient. Indications for antimicrobial administration and diagnosis were analyzed in patients identified for antimicrobial administration in PPS or APBSS. RESULTS: A total of 582 patients were included in this study, 223 of whom were evaluated for indications for antimicrobial administration and diagnosis. For the indications of antimicrobial administration, the Cohen's kappa coefficient was almost perfect (0.81-1.00) for all items. Cohen's kappa coefficient for the diagnosis of healthcare-associated infections was low. However, in major diseases (pneumonia and intra-abdominal, and symptomatic upper urinary tract infections) among community-acquired infections (CAIs) diagnosis, Cohen's kappa coefficient was substantial (0.61-0.80). CONCLUSIONS: The APBSS can identify indications for antimicrobial administration and major CAIs with high accuracy. Therefore, the APBSS can calculate surveillance data, such as antimicrobial use and detection of antimicrobial resistance, for each of these items.

Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in Japanese hospitals: Real status and challenges.

BACKGROUND: Information regarding the status of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) in Japanese hospitals is lacking. This study aimed to explore the status of SAP prescriptions for surgeries and adherence to Japanese SAP guidelines. METHODS: From February to July 2020, a 1-day multicentre point prevalent survey was conducted at 27 hospitals in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Patients prescribed SAP were included in this study. The appropriateness of the SAP was evaluated based on the guidelines for selection of antimicrobials and their duration. Surgery was defined as appropriate when all the items were appropriate. RESULTS: A total of 728 patients (7.1 %; 728/10,199) received antimicrobials for SAP. Among them, 557 patients (76.5 %, 557/728) underwent the surgeries described in the guidelines. The overall appropriateness of all surgeries was 33.9 % (189/557). The appropriate selection of antimicrobial before/during and after surgery and their durations were 67.5 % (376/557), 67.5 % (376/557), and 43.3 % (241/557), respectively. The overall appropriateness ranged from 0 % (0/37, oral and maxillofacial surgery) to 58.7 % (88/150, orthopaedic surgery) and 27.7 % (36/130, community hospitals with 400-599 beds) to 47.2 % (17/36, specific hospitals). Cefazolin was the most prevalent antimicrobial prescribed before/during (55.5 %, 299/539), and after (45.1 %, 249/552) surgery. In total, 101 oral antimicrobials were prescribed postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: SAP adherence by specific surgical fields and hospitals was shown in this study. Intensive intervention and repeated surveillance are necessary to improve SAP prescriptions in Japanese hospitals.

Healthcare-associated infections in Japanese hospitals: results from a large-scale multicenter point-prevalence survey in Aichi, 2020.

OBJECTIVE: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. Epidemiological data are essential for effective HAI control; however, comprehensive information on HAIs in Japanese hospitals is limited. This study aimed to provide an overview of HAIs in Japanese hospitals. METHODS: A multicenter point-prevalence survey (PPS) was conducted in 27 hospitals across the Aichi Prefecture between February and July 2020. This study encompassed diverse hospital types, including community, university, and specialized hospitals. Information on the demographic data of the patients, underlying conditions, devices, HAIs, and causative organisms was collected. RESULTS: A total of 10,199 patients (male: 5,460) were included in this study. The median age of the patients was 73 (interquartile range [IQR]: 56-82) years, and the median length of hospital stay was 10 (IQR: 4-22) days. HAIs were present in 6.6% of patients, with pneumonia (1.83%), urinary tract infection (1.09%), and surgical site infection (SSI) (0.87%) being the most common. The prevalence of device-associated HAIs was 0.91%. Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Escherichia coli (17.1%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.2%) were the primary pathogens in 433 organisms; 29.6% of the Enterobacterales identified showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Pneumonia was the most prevalent HAI in small-to-large hospitals (1.69%-2.34%) and SSI, in extra-large hospitals (over 800 beds, 1.37%). CONCLUSIONS: This study offers vital insights into the epidemiology of HAIs in hospitals in Japan. These findings underscore the need for national-level PPSs to capture broader epidemiological trends, particularly regarding healthcare challenges post-COVID-19.

Effect of rapid cefpodoxime disk screening for early detection of third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia.

BACKGROUND: Several methods have been reported for detecting resistance genes or phenotypic testing on the day of positive blood culture in Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia. However, some facilities have not introduced these methods because of costs or other reasons. Toyota Kosei Hospital introduced cefpodoxime (CPDX) rapid screening on May 7, 2018, to enable early detection of third-generation cephalosporin resistance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of intervention with an Antimicrobial Stewardship Team using CPDX rapid screening. METHODS: Cefotaxime (CTX)-resistant E. coli or K. pneumoniae bacteremia cases were selected retrospectively and divided into two groups: the pre-CPDX screening (June 1, 2015, to May 6, 2018) and CPDX screening groups (July 7, 2018, to August 31, 2021). The primary outcome was the proportion of cases in which modifications were made to the administration of susceptible antimicrobial agents within 24 h of blood culture-positive reports. RESULTS: Overall, 63 patients in the pre-CPDX screening group and 84 patients in the CPDX screening group were eligible for analysis. The proportion of patients who modified to susceptible antimicrobial agents within 24 h of blood culture-positive reports was significantly increased in the CPDX screening group compared to that in the pre-CPDX screening group (6.3% vs. 22.6%, p = 0.010). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that in CTX-resistant E. coli or K. pneumoniae bacteremia, CPDX rapid screening increased the proportion of early initiation of appropriate antimicrobial agents.