A Cross-Species Reactive TIGIT-Blocking Antibody Fc Dependently Confers Potent Antitumor Effects.

The T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) has been shown to exert inhibitory roles in antitumor immune responses. In this study, we report the development of a human mAb, T4, which recognizes both human and mouse TIGIT and blocks the interaction of TIGIT with its ligand CD155 in both species. The T4 Ab targets the segment connecting F and G strands of TIGIT's extracellular IgV domain, and we show in studies with mouse tumor models that the T4 Ab exerts strong antitumor activity and induces durable immune memory against various tumor types. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the T4 Ab's antitumor effects are mediated via multiple immunological impacts, including a CD8+ T immune response and Fc-mediated effector functions, through NK cells that cause significant reduction in the frequency of intratumoral T regulatory cells (Tregs). Notably, this Treg reduction apparently activates additional antitumor CD8+ T cell responses, targeting tumor-shared Ags that are normally cryptic or suppressed by Tregs, thus conferring cross-tumor immune memory. Subsequent engineering for Fc variants of the T4 Ab with enhanced Fc-mediated effector functions yielded yet further improvements in antitumor efficacy. Thus, beyond demonstrating the T4 Ab as a promising candidate for the development of cancer immunotherapies, our study illustrates how the therapeutic efficacy of an anti-TIGIT Ab can be improved by enhancing Fc-mediated immune effector functions. Our insights about the multiple mechanisms of action of the T4 Ab and its Fc variants should help in developing new strategies that can realize the full clinical potential of anti-TIGIT Ab therapies.

A bispecific antibody targeting GPC3 and CD47 induced enhanced antitumor efficacy against dual antigen-expressing HCC.

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a well-characterized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-associated antigen, yet anti-GPC3 therapies have achieved only minimal clinical progress. CD47 is a ubiquitously expressed innate immune checkpoint that promotes evasion of tumors from immune surveillance. Given both the specific expression of GPC3 in HCC and the known phagocytosis inhibitory effect of CD47 in liver cancer, we hypothesized that a bispecific antibody (BsAb) that co-engages with GPC3 and CD47 may offer excellent antitumor efficacy with minimal toxicity. Here, we generated a novel BsAb: GPC3/CD47 biAb. With the use of both in vitro and in vivo assays, we found that GPC3/CD47 biAb exerts strong antitumor activity preferentially against dual antigen-expressing tumor cells. In hCD47/human signal regulatory protein alpha (hCD47/hSIRPα) humanized mice, GPC3/CD47 biAb had an extended serum half-life without causing systemic toxicity. Importantly, GPC3/CD47 biAb induced enhanced Fc-mediated effector functions to dual antigen-expressing HCC cells in vitro, and both macrophages and neutrophils are required for its strong efficacy against xenograft HCC tumors. Notably, GPC3/CD47 biAb outperformed monotherapies and a combination therapy with anti-CD47 and anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in a xenograft HCC model. Our study illustrates a strategy for improving HCC treatment by boosting innate immune responses and presents new insights to inform antibody design for the future development of innovative immune therapies.

An anti-CD98 antibody displaying pH-dependent Fc-mediated tumour-specific activity against multiple cancers in CD98-humanized mice.

The cell-surface glycoprotein CD98-a subunit of the LAT1/CD98 amino acid transporter-is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapies, but its widespread expression has hampered the development of CD98-targeting antibody therapeutics. Here we report that an anti-CD98 antibody, identified via the screening of phage-display libraries of CD98 single-chain variable fragments with mutated complementarity-determining regions, preserves the physiological function of CD98 and elicits broad-spectrum crystallizable-fragment (Fc)-mediated anti-tumour activity (requiring Fcγ receptors for immunoglobulins, macrophages, dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells, as well as other components of the innate and adaptive immune systems) in multiple xenograft and syngeneic tumour models established in CD98-humanized mice. We also show that a variant of the anti-CD98 antibody with pH-dependent binding, generated by solving the structure of the antibody-CD98 complex, displayed enhanced tumour-specific activity and pharmacokinetics. pH-dependent antibody variants targeting widely expressed antigens may lead to superior therapeutic outcomes.

A pH-dependent anti-CD47 antibody that selectively targets solid tumors and improves therapeutic efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND: The antiphagocytic molecule CD47 is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancer cells, and antibodies targeting CD47 for cancer therapies are currently under intensive investigation. However, owing to the ubiquitous expression of CD47 on healthy cells, anti-CD47 therapies often achieve only weak therapeutic benefits and can induce severe side effects. Here, we report the generation of a pH-dependent anti-CD47 antibody (BC31M4) which selectively binds to tumors under the acidic solid tumor microenvironment. METHODS: BC31M4 was generated using antibody phage display and a pH-dependent selection strategy. The pH-dependent binding and blocking activities of BC31M4 were verified using in vitro assays, and the structural basis of the pH-dependent binding property was characterized. BC31M4's antitumor effect was confirmed by both phagocytosis assays and studies in xenograft models. The tumor selectivity, mechanism of action, PK properties, side effects, and therapeutic efficacy were further evaluated in humanized (hCD47 and its receptor hSIRPα) immunocompetent syngeneic mouse models. RESULTS: The crystal structure reveals that two histidines locate within the CDRs of the light chain directly contribute to the pH-dependent binding of BC31M4. BC31M4 promotes macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells more potently at acidic-pH than at physiological-pH. Our hCD47/hSIRPα humanized syngeneic mouse model results demonstrated that BC31M4 selectively accumulates in tumors but not in normal tissues. BC31M4 causes minimal side effects and exhibits superior PK properties as compared to the other examined anti-CD47 antibodies. When combined with adoptive T cell transfer, BC31M4 efficiently promotes adaptive immune responses against tumors and also induces immune memory. Moreover, we show that BC31M4's antitumor effects rely on an Fc that mediates strong effector functions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study illustrates that the development of a tumor-selective, pH-dependent anti-CD47 antibody safely confers strong therapeutic effects against solid tumors, thus providing a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome the challenges of anti-CD47 therapy.

A cross-reactive pH-dependent EGFR antibody with improved tumor selectivity and penetration obtained by structure-guided engineering.

The clinical use of anti-EGFR antibody-based cancer therapy has been limited by antibody-EGFR binding in normal tissues, so developing pH-dependent anti-EGFR antibodies that selectively bind with EGFR in tumors-by taking advantage of the acidity of tumor microenvironment relative to normal tissues-may overcome these limitations. Here, we generated pH-dependent anti-EGFR antibodies with cross-species reactivity for human and mouse EGFR, and we demonstrate that pH-dependent antibodies exhibit tumor-selective binding by binding strongly to EGFR under acidic conditions (pH 6.5) but binding weakly under neutral (pH 7.4) conditions. Based on screening a non-immune human antibody library and antibody affinity maturation, we initially generated antibodies with cross-species reactivity for human and mouse EGFR. A structure model was subsequently constructed and interrogated for hotspots affecting pH-dependent binding, which supported development of a cross-reactive pH-dependent anti-EGFR antibody, G532. Compared with its non-pH-dependent antibody variant, G532 exhibits improved tumor selectivity, tumor penetration, and antitumor activity. Thus, beyond showing that pH-dependent anti-EGFR antibodies can overcome multiple limitations with antibody-based cancer therapies targeting EGFR, our study illustrates a structure-guided antibody-antigen binding pH-dependency engineering strategy to enhance antibody tumor selectivity and tumor penetration, which can inform the future development of antibody-based cancer therapies targeting other ubiquitously expressed molecules.

A single mutation in the cis-acting replication element identified within the EV-A71 2C-coding region causes defects in virus production in cell culture.

ABSTRACTEnterovirus A71 (EV-A71) can cause hand, foot and mouth disease with neurological and systemic complications, most frequently affecting children and infants. We describe a cis-acting replication element (cre) with a conserved stem-loop structure within the EV-A71 2C-coding region. By site-directed mutagenesis and reverse genetics using the EV-A71 full-length genome and the EV-A71 replicon containing the firefly luciferase reporter gene in place of the P1 region, the stem-loop structure and the AAACA in the loop of the cre were confirmed to be required for the EV-A71 replication phenotype. EV-A71 genomes containing a mutation at the first or third A residue of AAACA could not be recovered. Insertion of a wild-type cre from EV-A71 or poliovirus in the 5'UTR led to successful recovery of the replication of nonviable mutants. Furthermore, the cre mutants showed lower binding capacity with the host cellular factor IGF2BP2, knockdown of which resulted in a significant decrease in EV-A71 production. All the available evidence shows the location independence but functional importance of the interaction of the cre with the cellular host for efficient production of EV-A71, contributing to the growing body of knowledge regarding picornavirus cres.

Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein Regulates Enterovirus 71 Translation Through Interaction with the Internal Ribosomal Entry Site.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, has caused periodic infection outbreaks in children in the Asia-Pacific region. In order to describe the largely unknown life cycle of EV71, the molecular basis of its virus-host interactions must first be determined. The 5' untranslated region of EV71 contains a cloverleaf-like structure and internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), which play an important role in transcription and translation of viral protein. We found that polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB) bound to the IRES of EV71. RNA recognition motifs 1 and 2 of PTB were responsible for its binding to the EV71 IRES. Moreover, PTB protein was shuttled from nucleus to cytoplasm after EV71 infection. Additionally, IRES activity and viral protein production were inhibited by PTB knockdown. These results suggest that PTB interacts with the EV71 IRES, and positively regulates viral protein translation.

Correction: Glioma-associated human endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles specifically promote the tumourigenicity of glioma stem cells via CD9.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Glioma-associated human endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles specifically promote the tumourigenicity of glioma stem cells via CD9.

The perivascular niche in glioma is critical for the maintenance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), and tumour-endothelial cell (EC) communication impacts tumourigenesis in ways that are incompletely understood. Here, we show that glioma-associated human endothelial cells (GhECs), a main component of the perivascular niche, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that increase GSC proliferation and tumour-sphere formation. GSCs treated with GhEC-EVs create a significantly greater tumour burden than do untreated GSCs in orthotopic xenografts. Mechanistic, analysis of EVs content identified CD9 as a mediator of the effects on GSCs. CD9 can activate the BMX/STAT3 signalling pathway in GSCs. Our results illuminate the tumour-supporting role of ECs by identifying that EC-derived EVs transfer of CD9 during intercellular communication, thereby enhancing the aggressiveness of glioblastoma by specifically maintaining GSCs.

Acidosis enhances the self-renewal and mitochondrial respiration of stem cell-like glioma cells through CYP24A1-mediated reduction of vitamin D.

Acidosis is a significant feature of the tumor microenvironment in glioma, and it is closely related to multiple biological functions of cancer stem cells. Here, we found that the self-renewal ability, the mitochondrial activity and ATP production were elevated in stem cell-like glioma cells (SLCs) under acidic microenvironment, which promoted and maintained the stemness of SLCs. Under acidosis, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) was upregulated and catalyzed the fast degradation of 1α,25(OH)2D3. We further revealed that the active form of vitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D3) could inhibit the expression of stemness markers, attenuate acidosis-induced increase of self-renewal ability and mitochondrial respiration in stem cell-like glioma cells. Our study indicates that the acidosis-CYP24A1-vitamin D pathway may be a key regulator of the cancer stem cell phenotype in malignant glioma and point out the potential value for the utilization of vitamin D to target cancer stem cells and to restrain the growth of malignant glioma in the future.

Enhancement of cadmium tolerance and accumulation by introducing Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt var. frutescens genes in Nicotiana tabacum L. plants.

The tobacco has the genetic potential to remove toxic metals from the soil. To develop hyperaccumulating tobacco plants, distant hybridization between tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), a high-biomass crop, and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt var. frutescens, a newfound Cd-hyperaccumulator species, was carried out using a novel method viz. pollination following grafting. Their hybrid nature was preliminarily confirmed by phenotype, isozyme pattern, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and metabolites analysis. About 120 putative F2 hybrids derived from the cross-combination [(N. sylvestris Speg. & Comes rootstock + N. tabacum L. var. 78-04 scion) × P. frutescens (L.) Britt var. frutescens] were then subjected to up to 300 µM CdCl2 in hydroponic conditions for 10 days. Results showed five seedlings were more resistant to Cd than female parent and accumulated 314.6 ± 99.9 mg kg(-1) Cd in their aerial biomass, which was 5.7 times greater than that in "78-04" tobacco (47.2 ± 3.56 mg kg(-1)) (P ≤ 0.05). Two of these seedlings exceeded male parent P. frutescens in the Cd concentration of shoots and reached 424 and 396 mg kg(-1), which was 13% and 6% greater for that of perilla (374.2 ± 10.38 mg kg(-1)), respectively. Compared with parents, two other F2 hybrids tended to accumulate more Cd in the root with bioconcentration factor (BCF) 7.05 and 5.17, respectively. Only one hybrid showed lower Cd concentration but transferred Cd more effectively from the root to the shoot than parents and other F2 hybrids, with the maximum translocation factor (TF) value 1.37. These indicated that the introduction of P. frutescens genes could obviously enhance the cadmium tolerance and accumulation of superior individuals.