CircTLK1: A novel regulator involved in VSMC phenotypic switching and the developmental process of atherosclerosis.

Phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is essential for atherosclerosis development. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a specific non-coding RNA that is produced as a closed-loop structure in mammals, and its specific expression pattern is closely related to its cell type and tissue. To clarify the roles of circTLK1 in VSMC phenotypic switching, we performed qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunostaining. qRT-PCR revealed that circTLK1 was upregulated in both mouse models of atherosclerosis in vivo and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)-BB-induced VSMCs in vitro. Furthermore, the overexpression of circTLK1 promoted PDGF-BB-induced VSMC phenotypic switching. Conversely, experiments performed in vivo demonstrate that the knockdown of SMC-specific circTLK1 led to a reduction in the development of atherosclerosis. The relationship between circTLK1 and miR-513a-3p and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was detected by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), luciferase reporter assay, RNA pull-down, and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA FISH). Mechanistically, circTLK1 acted as a sponge for miR-513a-3p, leading to the upregulation of KLF4, a key transcription factor for phenotypic switching. Targeting the circTLK1/miR-513a-3p/KLF4 axis may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.

Metasurface- and PCSEL-Based Structured Light for Monocular Depth Perception and Facial Recognition.

The novel depth-sensing system presented here revolutionizes structured light (SL) technology by employing metasurfaces and photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) for efficient facial recognition in monocular depth-sensing. Unlike conventional dot projectors relying on diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and collimators, our system projects approximately 45,700 infrared dots from a compact 297-µm-dimention metasurface, drastically more spots (1.43 times) and smaller (233 times) than the DOE-based dot projector in an iPhone. With a measured field-of-view (FOV) of 158° and a 0.611° dot sampling angle, the system is lens-free and lightweight and boasts lower power consumption than vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays, resulting in a 5-10 times reduction in power. Utilizing a GaAs-based metasurface and a simplified optical architecture, this innovation not only addresses the drawbacks of traditional SL depth-sensing but also opens avenues for compact integration into wearable devices, offering remarkable advantages in size, power efficiency, and potential for widespread adoption.

Ultrasensitive and Rapid Detection of Procalcitonin via Waveguide-Enhanced Nanogold-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Early Sepsis Diagnosis.

Sepsis, a life-threatening inflammatory response, demands economical, accurate, and rapid detection of biomarkers during the critical "golden hour" to reduce the patient mortality rate. Here, we demonstrate a cost-effective waveguide-enhanced nanogold-linked immunosorbent assay (WENLISA) based on nanoplasmonic waveguide biosensors for the rapid and sensitive detection of procalcitonin (PCT), a sepsis-related inflammatory biomarker. To enhance the limit of detection (LOD), we employed sandwich assays using immobilized capture antibodies and detection antibodies conjugated to gold nanoparticles to bind the target analyte, leading to a significant evanescent wave redistribution and strong nanoplasmonic absorption near the waveguide surface. Experimentally, we detected PCT for a wide linear response range of 0.1 pg/mL to 1 ng/mL with a record-low LOD of 48.7 fg/mL (3.74 fM) in 8 min. Furthermore, WENLISA has successfully identified PCT levels in the blood plasma of patients with sepsis and healthy individuals, offering a promising technology for early sepsis diagnosis.

Unconventional Superconducting Diode Effects via Antisymmetry and Antisymmetry Breaking.

Symmetry breaking plays a pivotal role in unlocking intriguing properties and functionalities in material systems. For example, the breaking of spatial and temporal symmetries leads to a fascinating phenomenon: the superconducting diode effect. However, generating and precisely controlling the superconducting diode effect pose significant challenges. Here, we take a novel route with the deliberate manipulation of magnetic charge potentials to realize unconventional superconducting flux-quantum diode effects. We achieve this through suitably tailored nanoengineered arrays of nanobar magnets on top of a superconducting thin film. We demonstrate the vital roles of inversion antisymmetry and its breaking in evoking unconventional superconducting effects, namely a magnetically symmetric diode effect and an odd-parity magnetotransport effect. These effects are nonvolatilely controllable through in situ magnetization switching of the nanobar magnets. Our findings promote the use of antisymmetry (breaking) for initiating unconventional superconducting properties, paving the way for exciting prospects and innovative functionalities in superconducting electronics.

Synchronous Redox Reactions in Copper Oxalate Enable High-Capacity Anode for Proton Battery.

Proton batteries are competitive due to their merits such as high safety, low cost, and fast kinetics. However, it is generally difficult for current studies of proton batteries to combine high capacity and high stability, while the research on proton storage mechanism and redox behavior is still in its infancy. Herein, the polyanionic layered copper oxalate is proposed as the anode for a high-capacity proton battery for the first time. The copper oxalate allows for reversible proton insertion/extraction through the layered space but also achieves high capacity through synchronous redox reactions of Cu2+ and C2O42-. During the discharge process, the bivalent Cu-ion is reduced, whereas the C═O of the oxalate group is partially converted to C-O. This synchronous behavior presents two units of charge transfer, enabling the embedding of two units of protons in the (110) crystal face. As a result, the copper oxalate anode demonstrates a high specific capacity of 226 mAh g-1 and maintains stable operation over 1000 cycles with a retention of 98%. This work offers new insights into the development of dual-redox electrode materials for high-capacity proton batteries.

Microglia-derived exosomes modulate myelin regeneration via miR-615-5p/MYRF axis.

Demyelination and failure of remyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) characterize a number of neurological disorders. Spontaneous remyelination in demyelinating diseases is limited, as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are often present in demyelinated lesions in abundance, mostly fail to differentiate into oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells in the CNS. In addition to OPCs, the lesions are assembled numbers of activated resident microglia/infiltrated macrophages; however, the mechanisms and potential role of interactions between the microglia/macrophages and OPCs are poorly understood. Here, we generated a transcriptional profile of exosomes from activated microglia, and found that miR-615-5p was elevated. miR-615-5p bound to 3'UTR of myelin regulator factor (MYRF), a crucial myelination transcription factor expressed in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Mechanistically, exosomes from activated microglia transferred miR-615-5p to OPCs, which directly bound to MYRF and inhibited OPC maturation. Furthermore, an effect of AAV expressing miR-615-5p sponge in microglia was tested in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination model, the classical mouse models of multiple sclerosis. miR-615-5p sponge effectively alleviated disease progression and promoted remyelination. This study identifies miR-615-5p/MYRF as a new target for the therapy of demyelinating diseases.

Ferroelectricity and Thermochromism in a 2D Dion-Jacobson Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite.

2D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have become one of the hottest research topics due to their excellent environmental stability and unique optoelectronic properties. Recently, the ferroelectricity and thermochromism of 2D OIHPs have attracted increasing interests. Integrating ferroelectricity and thermochromism into perovskites can significantly promote the development of multichannel intelligent devices. Here, a novel 2D Dion-Jacobson OIHP of the formula (3AMP)PbI4 (where 3AMP is 3-(aminomethyl)pyridinium) is reported, which has a remarkable spontaneous polarization value (Ps) of 15.6 µC cm-2 and interesting thermochromism. As far it is known, such a large Ps value is the highest for 2D OIHPs recorded so far. These findings will inspire further exploration and application of multifunctional perovskites.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Mental Illnesses Among Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: An 18-year population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors surrounding mental illnesses in patients diagnosed with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used nationwide, population-based claim data taken from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to identify patients certified as having a catastrophic illness for Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Systemic sclerosis (SSc), Dermatomyositis (DM), Polymyositis (PM) or Sjogren's syndrome (SS) from the years 2002-2020. We furthermore calculated the incidence of mental illness in patients diagnosed with SARDs while exploring factors associated with the development of mental illness using multivariable Cox regression analysis shown as adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among the 28 588 participants, the average age was 47.4 (SD 14.9) years, with most participants being female (76.4%). When compared with patients with rheumatoid arthritis, patients with SLE (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10-1.32), SS (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.19-1.39), and DM (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.32) showed a significantly increased risk of developing mental illness. Additionally, when compared with patients with rheumatoid arthritis, patients with SLE (HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.21-1.44), SSc (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02-1.41), SS (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08-1.26), DM (HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.44-2.07), and PM (HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.32-2.03) showed a significantly increased risk of antidepressant use. CONCLUSIONS: This population-based cohort study revealed that patients diagnosed with SLE, SS and DM had significantly higher risks of developing mental illness when compared with patients with RA.

PHR1 involved in the regulation of low phosphate-induced leaf senescence by modulating phosphorus homeostasis in Arabidopsis.

Phosphorus (P) is a crucial macronutrient for plant growth, development, and reproduction. The effects of low P (LP) stress on leaf senescence and the role of PHR1 in LP-induced leaf senescence are still unknown. Here, we report that PHR1 plays a crucial role in LP-induced leaf senescence, showing delayed leaf senescence in phr1 mutant and accelerated leaf senescence in 35S:PHR1 transgenic Arabidopsis under LP stress. The transcriptional profiles indicate that 763 differentially expressed SAGs (DE-SAGs) were upregulated and 134 DE-SAGs were downregulated by LP stress. Of the 405 DE-SAGs regulated by PHR1, 27 DE-SAGs were involved in P metabolism and transport. PHR1 could bind to the promoters of six DE-SAGs (RNS1, PAP17, SAG113, NPC5, PLDζ2, and Pht1;5), and modulate them in LP-induced senescing leaves. The analysis of RNA content, phospholipase activity, acid phosphatase activity, total P and phosphate content also revealed that PHR1 promotes P liberation from senescing leaves and transport to young tissues under LP stress. Our results indicated that PHR1 is one of the crucial modulators for P recycling and redistribution under LP stress, and the drastic decline of P level is at least one of the causes of early senescence in P-deficient leaves.

Impact of third-order dispersion on the dynamics of dissipative solitons in an ultrafast fiber laser.

Dissipative solitons (DSs), due to the complex interplay among dispersion, nonlinear, gain and loss, illustrate abundant nonlinear dynamics behaviors. Especially, dispersion plays an important role in the research of DS dynamics in ultrafast fiber lasers. Previous studies have mainly focused on the effect of even-order dispersion, i.e., group velocity dispersion (GVD) and fourth-order dispersion. In fact, odd-order dispersions, such as third-order dispersion (TOD), also significantly influences the dynamics of DSs. However, due to the lack of dispersion engineering tools, few experimental researches in this domain have been reported. In this work, by employing a pulse shaper in ultrafast fiber laser, an in-depth exploration of the DS dynamics influenced by TOD was conducted. With the increase of TOD value, the stable single DS undergoes a splitting into two solitons and then enters explosion state, and ultimately evolves into a chaotic state. The laser operation state is correlated to dispersion profile, which could be controlled by TOD. Here, the positive dispersion at long-wavelength side will be gradually shifted to negative dispersion by increasing the TOD, where soliton effect will drive the transitions. These findings offer valuable insights into the nonlinear dynamics of ultrafast lasers and may also foster applications involving higher-order dispersion.

Periodically tunable multimode soliton pulsation in a spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber laser.

Multimode fiber lasers have become a new platform for investigating nonlinear phenomena since the report on spatiotemporal mode-locking. In this work, the multimode soliton pulsation with a tunable period is achieved in a spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber laser. It demonstrates that the pulsation period drops while increasing the pump power. Moreover, it is found that different transverse modes have the same pulsation period, asynchronous pulsation evolution and different dynamical characteristics through the spatial sampling technique and the dispersive Fourier transform technique. To further verify the experimental results, we numerically investigate the influences of the gain and the loss on the pulsation properties. It is found that within a certain parameter range, the pulsation period drops and rises linearly with the increase of the gain and the loss, respectively. The obtained results contribute to understanding the formation and regulating of soliton pulsations in fiber lasers.

Sub-50†fs, 0.5†W average power Nd-doped fiber amplifier at 920†nm.

We develop an all polarization-maintaining (PM) 920 nm Nd-doped fiber amplifier delivering a train of pulses with ∼0.53 W average power and sub-50 fs duration. The sub-50 fs pulse benefits from the pre-chirping management method that allows for over 60 nm broadening spectrum without pulse breaking in the amplification stage. By virtue of the short pulse duration, the pulse peak power can reach to ∼0.31 MW in spite of the moderate average power. These results represent a key step in developing high-peak-power pulse Nd-doped fiber laser systems at 920 nm, which will find important applications in fields such as biomedical imaging, ultrafast optical spectroscopy, and excitation of quantum-dot single photon sources.

Spatiotemporal dual-periodic soliton pulsation in a multimode fiber laser.

Spatiotemporal mode-locked (STML) fiber lasers have become a new platform for investigating nonlinear phenomena. In this work, spatiotemporal dual-periodic soliton pulsation (SDSP) is firstly observed in an STML fiber laser. It is found that in the SDSP, the long-period pulsations (LPPs) of different transverse modes are synchronous, while the short-period pulsations (SPPs) exhibit asynchronous modulations. The numerical simulation confirms the experimental results and further reveals that the proportion of transverse mode components can manipulate the periods of the LPP and SPP but does not affect the synchronous and asynchronous pulsations of different transverse modes. The obtained results bring the study of spatiotemporal dissipative soliton pulsation into the multi-period modulation stage, which helps to understand the complex spatiotemporal dynamics in STML fiber lasers and discover new dynamics in high-dimensional nonlinear systems.

ABA functions in low phosphate-induced anthocyanin accumulation through the transcription factor ABI5 in Arabidopsis.

KEY MESSAGE: ABI5 functions in ABA-mediated anthocyanin accumulation in plant response to low phosphate. Low phosphate (LP)-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation play an important role in plant adaptive response to phosphate starvation conditions. However, whether and how the stress phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) participates in LP-induced anthocyanin accumulation remain elusive. Here, we report that ABA is required for LP-induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Disrupting ABA DEFICIENT2 (ABA2), a key ABA-biosynthetic gene, or BETA-GLUCOSIDASE1 (BG1), a major gene implicated in converting conjugated ABA to active ABA, significantly impairs LP-induced anthocyanin accumulation, as LP-induced expression of the anthocyanin-biosynthetic genes Chalcone Synthase (CHS) is dampened in the aba2 and bg1 mutant. In addition, LP-induced anthocyanin accumulation is defective in the mutants of ABA signaling pathway, including ABA receptors, ABA Insensitive2, and the transcription factors ABA Insensitive5 (ABI5), suggesting a role of ABI5 in ABA-mediated upregulation of anthocyanin-biosynthetic genes in plant response to LP. Indeed, LP-induced expression of CHS is repressed in the abi5-7 mutant but further promoted in the ABI5-overexpressing plants compared to the wild-type. Moreover, ABI5 can bind to and transcriptionally activate CHS, and the defectiveness of LP-induced anthocyanin accumulation in abi5-7 can be restored by overexpressing CHS. Collectively, our findings illustrates that ABI5 functions in ABA-mediated LP-induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis.

Analysis of the impact of maternal sepsis on pregnancy outcomes: a population-based retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the association between maternal sepsis during pregnancy and poor pregnancy outcome and to identify risk factors for poor birth outcomes and adverse perinatal events. METHODS: We linked the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study (TBCS) database and the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Database (NHID) to conduct this population-based study. We analysed the data of pregnant women who met the criteria for sepsis-3 during pregnancy between 2005 and 2017 as the maternal sepsis cases and selected pregnant women without infection as the non-sepsis comparison cohort. Sepsis during pregnancy and fulfilled the sepsis-3 definition proposed in 2016. The primary outcome included low birth weight (LBW, < 2500 g) and preterm birth (< 34 weeks), and the secondary outcome was the occurrence of adverse perinatal events. RESULTS: We enrolled 2,732 women who met the criteria for sepsis-3 during pregnancy and 196,333 non-sepsis controls. We found that the development of maternal sepsis was highly associated with unfavourable pregnancy outcomes, including LBW (adjOR 9.51, 95% CI 8.73-10.36), preterm birth < 34 weeks (adjOR 11.69, 95%CI 10.64-12.84), and the adverse perinatal events (adjOR 3.09, 95% CI 2.83-3.36). We also identified that socio-economically disadvantaged status was slightly associated with an increased risk for low birth weight and preterm birth. CONCLUSION: We found that the development of maternal sepsis was highly associated with LBW, preterm birth and adverse perinatal events. Our findings highlight the prolonged impact of maternal sepsis on pregnancy outcomes and indicate the need for vigilance among pregnant women with sepsis.

Real-world evidence of lorlatinib therapy in Taiwanese patients with advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lorlatinib is a brain-penetrant, third-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor indicated for ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In a global phase II study, patients who experience disease progression despite prior treatment with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) was assessed. Herein, we report real-world clinical outcomes of lorlatinib-treated patients with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC who were heavily pretreated and progressed on first- and second-generation ALK-TKIs, in a Taiwanese population under the lorlatinib expanded access program (EAP). METHODS: This multicenter observational study examined the effectiveness and safety of ALK-positive advanced NSCLC patients that progressed from previous second-generation ALK-TKI therapy and received lorlatinib treatment subsequently. Patients who received lorlatinib treatment under EAP between Jul 2017 and Sep 2019 were eligible. Patients were followed for at least one year from the first lorlatinib treatment until study completion. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were eligible for safety analysis (male: 46.0 %; median age: 52.8 [27.5-78.3] years; brain metastases: 81.0 %). Fifty-four patients with more than one-month lorlatinib treatment were included in the effectiveness analysis. Prior to lorlatinib treatment, 10 patients (18.5 %) received one ALK-TKI, 27 (50.0 %) received two ALK-TKIs, and 17 (31.5 %) received three or more ALK-TKIs. The overall median rwPFS was 9.2 months (95 % confidence interval: 5.3-21.1). The best overall response rate (n = 51) was 13.7 %, with a disease control rate of 80.4 %. CONCLUSION: Lorlatinib exhibits substantial activity and tolerability when used clinically in a later-line setting in a Taiwanese population with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC.

Role of Trace Cadmium Exposure on the Development of Occlusal Traumatic Temporomandibular Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether heavy metal cadmium acts as a risk factor for temporomandibular joint disorder disease and to study its pathogenic mechanism. METHODS: A total of 57 rats were allocated into 6 distinct groups, distinguished by 2 interventions: occlusal elevation and cadmium water gavage. These groups included a blank control group, occlusal elevation group, occlusal elevation + 0.42 mg/mL cadmium water gavage group, occlusal elevation + 4.2 mg/mL cadmium water gavage group, no occlusal elevation + 0.42 mg/mL cadmium water gavage group, and no occlusal elevation + 4.2 mg/mL cadmium water gavage group. The impact of cadmium exposure on cartilage oxidative stress was evaluated through the assessment of SOD, CAT, GST, and GSH-Px enzyme activities. In addition, the influence of cadmium exposure on alterations in the extracellular matrix and inflammatory mediators was examined by analyzing the expression levels of type II collagen, protein aggregation polysaccharide, glycosaminoglycan, IL1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α. Histologic examination of the condylar process cartilage of rats in the occlusal elevation + cadmium water gavage group was conducted to ascertain the occurrence of osteoarthritis. RESULTS: The variance in the expression levels of inflammatory factors did not demonstrate statistical significance between the occlusal elevation group and the blank control group; however, statistical significance was observed between the occlusal elevation + cadmium water gavage group and both the control and occlusal elevation groups. CONCLUSION: The severity of inflammation and condylar lesions correlates directly with the concentration of cadmium.

Factors of preparedness for loss from cancer among Taiwanese family caregivers.

This cohort study investigated factors associated with 336 Taiwanese family caregivers' emotional and cognitive preparedness for death of a loved one with terminal cancer. Caregivers' death-preparedness states (no-death-preparedness [as reference], cognitive-death-preparedness-only, emotional-death-preparedness-only, and sufficient-death-preparedness states) were previously identified. Associations of factors with these states were determined by a hierarchical generalized linear model. Financial hardship decreased caregivers' likelihood for the emotional-death-preparedness-only and sufficient-death-preparedness states. Physician prognostic disclosure increased membership in the cognitive-death-preparedness-only and sufficient-death-preparedness states. The better the quality of the patient-caregiver relationship, the higher the odds for the emotional-death-preparedness-only and sufficient-death-preparedness states, whereas the greater the tendency for caregivers to communicate end-of-life issues with their loved one, the lower the odds for emotional-death-preparedness-only state membership. Stronger coping capacity increased membership in the emotional-death-preparedness-only state, but perceived social support was not associated with state membership. Providing effective interventions tailored to at-risk family caregivers' specific needs may facilitate their death preparedness.

Reactive oxygen species: Multidimensional regulators of plant adaptation to abiotic stress and development.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as undesirable by-products of metabolism in various cellular compartments, especially in response to unfavorable environmental conditions, throughout the life cycle of plants. Stress-induced ROS production disrupts normal cellular function and leads to oxidative damage. To cope with excessive ROS, plants are equipped with a sophisticated antioxidative defense system consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components that scavenge ROS or inhibit their harmful effects on biomolecules. Nonetheless, when maintained at relatively low levels, ROS act as signaling molecules that regulate plant growth, development, and adaptation to adverse conditions. Here, we provide an overview of current approaches for detecting ROS. We also discuss recent advances in understanding ROS signaling, ROS metabolism, and the roles of ROS in plant growth and responses to various abiotic stresses.

Assessment of emissions and exposure in 3D printing workplaces in Taiwan.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging and booming industry in Taiwan. Compared to traditional manufacturing, 3D printing has various advantages, such as advanced customization, additive manufacturing, reduced mold opening time, and reduced consumption of precursors. In this study, the real-time monitoring of particulate matter (PM) and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emissions from various filaments is investigated using fused deposition modeling with material extrusion technology, a liquid-crystal display, a stereolithography apparatus based on vat photopolymerization technology, and binder jetting for occupational settings. An exposure assessment for nearby workers using the 3D printing process was performed, and improvement measures were recommended. Nine 3D printing fields were measured. The generation rate of ultrafine particles ranged from 1.19 × 1010 to 4.90 × 1012 #/min, and the geometric mean particle size ranged from 30.91 to 55.50 nm. The average concentration of ultrafine particles ranged from 2.31 × 103 to 7.36 × 104 #/cm3, and the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in each field ranged from 0.74 ± 0.27 to 12.46 ± 5.61 µg/m3 and from 2.39 ± 0.60 to 30.65 ± 21.26 µg/m3, respectively. The TVOC concentration ranged from 0.127 ± 0.012 to 1.567 ± 0.172 ppm. The respiratory deposition (RDUFPs) dose ranged from 2.02 × 1013 to 5.54 × 1014 nm2/day. Depending on the operating conditions, appropriate control and protective measures should be employed to protect workers' health.