Paraburkholderia pallida sp. nov. and Paraburkholderia silviterrae sp. nov., isolated from forest soil.

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, white-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterial strains, 7MH5T and 4 M-K11T, were isolated from forest soil of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, PR China. Strain 7MH5T grew at 4-37 °C (optimum, 28-33 °C), pH 3.5-9.0 (pH 4.0-5.5) and in the presence of 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl (0-1.5 w/v); while strain 4 M-K11T grew at 4-42 °C (20-33 °C), pH 3.5-8.5 (pH 4.5-6.0) and in the presence of 0-2.5 % (w/v) NaCl (0-1.5 w/v). Strains 7MH5T and 4 M-K11T have the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.6 and 98.7 % to Paraburkholderia peleae PP52-1T, and 98.4 % between themselves. In the 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogram, strains 4 M-K11T and Paraburkholderia ferrariae NBRC 106233T formed a clade while 7MH5T were relatively distinct from other Paraburkholderia species. Based on the UBCG phylogenomic analysis, strains 7MH5T and 4 M-K11T formed a clade with Paraburkholderia oxyphila NBRC 105797T and Paraburkholderia sacchari LMG 19450T in the genus of Paraburkholderia. The DNA G+C contents of strains 7MH5T and 4 M-K11T were 64.2 and 64.3 %, respectively. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and the average nucleotide identity values of strains 7MH5T, 4 M-K11T and closely related strains were in the ranges of 25.2-63.6 % and 81.0-95.5 %, respectively. The two strains had the same major respiratory quinone: ubiquinone-8. Strain 7MH5T had C16 : 0, C17 : 0cyclo, C19 : 0cyclo ω8c and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c/C18 : 1 ω6c) as its major fatty acids, while strain 4 M-K11T had major fatty acids of C16 : 0, C17 : 0cyclo and summed feature 2 (iso-C16 : 1 I/C14 : 0-3OH). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses based on both 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences, as well as chemotaxonomic data, strains 7MH5T and 4 M-K11T represent two novel species of the genus Paraburkholderia, for which the names Paraburkholderia pallida sp. nov. (type strain 7MH5T=GDMCC 1.1450T=KACC 19962T) and Paraburkholderia silviterrae sp. nov. (type strain 4 M-K11T=GDMCC 1.1284T=CGMCC 1.15450T=KACC 19961T=LMG 29217T) are proposed.

Paraburkholderia telluris sp. nov., isolated from subtropical forest soil.

Strain DHOC27T is a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, light yellow-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterium isolated from the forest soil of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, PR China. It grew at 4-37 °C (optimal 28-33 °C), pH 4.0-8.5 (optimal 4.5-6.0) and 0-1.5 (optimal 0-0.5) % (w/v) NaCl. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain formed a clade with Paraburkholderia phenazinium LMG 2247T, Paraburkholderia. sartisoli LMG 24000T and Paraburkholderia. pallidirosea DHOK13T, with a sequence similarity of 98.5, 97.5 and 98.1 % to the above strains, respectively. The DNA G+C content of DHOC27T was 62.3 mol%. The digital DNA-DNA relatedness values and the average nucleotide identities between strain DHOC27T and P. phenazinium LMG 2247T and P. sartisoli LMG 24000T were 26.9 and 24.3 % and 82.3 and 79.9 %, respectively. C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c were the major fatty acids, and ubiquinone-8 was the major respiratory quinone detected, all of which supported the affiliation of DHOC27T to the genus Paraburkholderia. On the basis of the data presented above, strain DHOC27T represents a novel species of the genus Paraburkholderia and the name Paraburkholderia telluris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DHOC27T (=LMG 30263T=GDMCC 1.1281T).

Paraburkholderia caseinilytica sp. nov., isolated from the pine and broad-leaf mixed forest soil.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated HM451T, was isolated from forest soil sampled at the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, PR China (112° 31' E 23° 10' N). It grew optimally at 28 °C, pH 5.0-6.0 and in the presence of 0-2.5 % (w/v) NaCl on R2A medium. Strain HM451T was closely related to Paraburkholderia mimosarum NBRC 106338T (98.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Paraburkholderia heleia NBRC 101817T (98.4 %) and Paraburkholderia silvatlantica SRMrh-20T (98.0 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain HM451T and the three closely related strains formed a clade within the genus Paraburkholderia, but was clearly separated from the established species. The DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain HM451T and its phylogenetically closest relative, P. mimosarum NBRC 106338T, was much lower than 70 %. Strain HM451T contained ubiquinone 8 as the major respiratory quinone. Major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C17 : 0cyclo and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The DNA G+C content of strain HM451T was 65.4 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and a polar lipid. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data showed that strain HM451T represents a novel species of the genus Paraburkholderia, for which the name Paraburkholderia caseinilytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HM451T (=GDMCC 1.1190T=LMG 30092T).