Ferroptosis Contributes to Microvascular Dysfunction in Diabetic Retinopathy.

Ferroptosis is a new form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Whether ferroptosis is involved in retinal microvascular dysfunction under diabetic condition is not known. Herein, the expression of ferroptosis-related genes in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and in diabetic mice was determined with quantitative RT-PCR. Reactive oxygen species, iron content, lipid peroxidation products, and ferroptosis-associated proteins in the cultured human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and in the retina of diabetic mice were examined. The association of ferroptosis with the functions of endothelial cells in vitro was evaluated. After administration of ferroptosis-specific inhibitor, Fer-1, the retinal microvasculature in diabetic mice was assessed. Characteristic changes of ferroptosis-associated markers, including glutathione peroxidase 4, ferritin heavy chain 1, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4, transferrin receptor protein 1, and cyclooxygenase-2, were detected in the retinal fibrovascular membrane of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, cultured HRMECs, and the retina of diabetic mice. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and iron content were found in the retina of diabetic mice and in cultured HRMECs. Ferroptosis was found to be associated with HRMEC dysfunction under high-glucose condition. Inhibition of ferroptosis with specific inhibitor Fer-1 in diabetic mice significantly reduced the severity of retinal microvasculopathy. Ferroptosis contributes to microvascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy, and inhibition of ferroptosis might be a promising strategy for the therapy of early-stage diabetic retinopathy.

AaSEPALLATA1 integrates jasmonate and light-regulated glandular secretory trichome initiation in Artemisia annua.

Glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) can secrete and store a variety of specific metabolites. By increasing GST density, valuable metabolites can be enhanced in terms of productivity. However, the comprehensive and detailed regulatory network of GST initiation still needs further investigation. By screening a complementary DNA library derived from young leaves of Artemisia annua, we identified a MADS-box transcription factor, AaSEPALLATA1 (AaSEP1), that positively regulates GST initiation. Overexpression of AaSEP1 in A. annua substantially increased GST density and artemisinin content. The HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN 1 (AaHD1)-AaMYB16 regulatory network regulates GST initiation via the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway. In this study, AaSEP1 enhanced the function of AaHD1 activation on downstream GST initiation gene GLANDULAR TRICHOME-SPECIFIC WRKY 2 (AaGSW2) through interaction with AaMYB16. Moreover, AaSEP1 interacted with the JA ZIM-domain 8 (AaJAZ8) and served as an important factor in JA-mediated GST initiation. We also found that AaSEP1 interacted with CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (AaCOP1), a major repressor of light signaling. In this study, we identified a MADS-box transcription factor that is induced by JA and light signaling and that promotes the initiation of GST in A. annua.

Optimizing surgical strategies for retroperitoneal liposarcoma: a comprehensive evaluation of standardized aggressive surgical policies.

BACKGROUND: Retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RLPS) constitutes the majority of retroperitoneal sarcomas. While surgical resection remains the sole curative approach, determining the optimal surgical strategy for RLPS remains elusive. This study addresses the ongoing debate surrounding the optimal surgical strategy for RLPS. METHODS: We recruited 77 patients with RLPS who underwent aggressive surgical policies. Patients were categorized into three surgical subtypes: suprapancreatic RLPS, pancreatic RLPS, and subpancreatic RLPS. Our standardized surgical strategy involved resecting macroscopically uninvolved adjacent organs according to surgical subtypes. We collected clinical, pathological and prognostic data for analyses. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 45.5 months. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were significantly correlated with multifocal RLPS, pathological subtype, recurrent RLPS and histological grade (P for OS = 0.011, 0.004, 0.010, and < 0.001, P for RFS = 0.004, 0.001, < 0.001, and < 0.001, respectively). The 5-Year Estimate OS of well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS), G1 RLPS, de novo RLPS and unifocal RLPS were 100%, 89.4%, 75.3% and 69.1%, respectively. The distant metastasis rate was 1.4%. The morbidity rates (≥ grade III) for suprapancreatic, pancreatic, and subpancreatic RLPS were 26.7%, 15.6%, and 13.3%, respectively. The perioperative mortality rate is 2.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized aggressive surgical policies demonstrated prognostic benefits for RLPS, particularly for G1 RLPS, WDLPS, unifocal RLPS, and de novo RLPS. This approach effectively balanced considerations of adequate exposure, surgical safety, and thorough removal of all fat tissue. G1 RLPS, WDLPS, unifocal RLPS, and de novo RLPS could be potential indications for aggressive surgical policies.

Auranofin inhibits the occurrence of colorectal cancer by promoting mTOR-dependent autophagy and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transformation.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the world's most common and deadly cancers. According to GLOBOCAN2020's global incidence rate and mortality estimates, CRC is the third main cause of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved auranofin for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is a gold-containing chemical that inhibits thioredoxin reductase. Auranofin has a number of biological activities, including anticancer activity, although it has not been researched extensively in CRC, and the mechanism of action on CRC cells is still unknown. The goal of this research was to see how Auranofin affected CRC cells in vivo and in vitro . The two chemical libraries were tested for drugs that make CRC cells more responsive. The CCK-8 technique was used to determine the cell survival rate. The invasion, migration, and proliferation of cells were assessed using a transwell test and a colony cloning experiment. An electron microscope was used to observe autophagosome formation. Western blotting was also used to determine the degree of expression of related proteins in cells. Auranofin's tumor-suppressing properties were further tested in a xenograft tumor model of human SW620 CRC cells. Auranofin dramatically reduced the occurrence of CRC by decreasing the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells, according to our findings. Through a mTOR-dependent mechanism, auranofin inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induces autophagy in CRC cells. Finally, in-vivo tests revealed that auranofin suppressed tumor growth in xenograft mice while causing no harm. In summary, auranofin suppresses CRC cell growth, invasion, and migration. Auranofin inhibits the occurrence and progression of CRC by decreasing EMT and inducing autophagy in CRC cells via a mTOR-dependent mechanism. These findings suggest that auranofin could be a potential chemotherapeutic medication for the treatment of human CRC.

Superoxide dismutases: marker in predicting reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome.

AIM: To examine the prognostic value of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity for monitoring reduced left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)in the patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: The population of this cross-sectional study included 2377 inpatients with type 2 diabetes who had an ACS admitted to the Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University from January 2016 to January 2021. RESULTS: Diabetic patients with ACS were divided into 2 subgroups based on LVEF. The mean SOD activity was significantly lower in patients with an LVEF ≤ 45% than in those with an LVEF > 45% (149.1 (146.4, 151.9) versus 161.9 (160.8, 163.0)). Using ROC statistic, a cut-off value of 148.8 U/ml indicated an LVEF ≤ 45% with a sensitivity of 51.6% and a specificity of 73.7%. SODs activity were found to be correlated with the levels of NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, the inflammatory marker CRP and fibrinogen. Despite taking the lowest quartile as a reference (OR 0.368, 95% CI 0.493-0.825, P = 0.001) or examining 1 normalized unit increase (OR 0.651, 95% CI 0.482-0.880, P = 0.005), SOD activity was found to be a stronger predictor of reduced LVEF than CRP and fibrinogen, independent of confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our cross-sectional study suggests that SOD activity might be a valuable and easily accessible tool for assessing and monitoring reduced LVEF in the diabetic patients with ACS.

Discovery of novel Akt1 inhibitors by an ensemble-based virtual screening method, molecular dynamics simulation, and in vitro biological activity testing.

Akt1, as an important member of the Akt family, plays a controlled role in cancer cell growth and survival. Inhibition of Akt1 activity can promote cancer cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth. Therefore, in this investigation, a multilayer virtual screening approach, including receptor-ligand interaction-based pharmacophore, 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and deep learning methods, was utilized to construct a virtual screening platform for Akt1 inhibitors. 17 representative compounds with different scaffolds were identified as potential Akt1 inhibitors from three databases. Among these 17 compounds, the Hit9 exhibited the best inhibitory activity against Akt1 with inhibition rate of 33.08% at concentration of 1 µM. The molecular dynamics simulations revealed that Hit9 and Akt1 could form a compact and stable complex. Moreover, Hit9 interacted with some key residues by hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions and induced substantial conformation changes in the hinge region of the Akt1 active site. The average binding free energies for the Akt1-CQU, Akt1-Ipatasertib, and Akt1-Hit9 systems were - 34.44, - 63.37, and - 39.14 kJ mol-1, respectively. In summary, the results obtained in this investigation suggested that Hit9 with novel scaffold may be a promising lead compound for developing new Akt1 inhibitor for treatment of various cancers with Akt1 overexpressed.

Identification of attractants for adult Spodoptera litura based on the interaction between odorant-binding protein 34 and host volatiles.

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) play key roles in host plant location by insects, and can accordingly serve as important targets for the development of attractants. In this study, we detected the high expression of SlitOBP34 in male antennae of Spodoptera litura. Subsequently, the fluorescence competitive binding experiments displayed that the SlitOBP34 protein has binding affinity for different ligands. Then, protein-ligand interaction analyses found the presence of six amino acid residues may serve as key recognition sites. Further electroantennographic and biobehavioral assessments revealed that the electrophysiological responses of male antennae were evoked in response to stimulation with the six identified host volatiles, and that these volatiles attracted male moths to varying extents. Notably, low concentrations of benzaldehyde, 1-hexanol, and cis-3-hexenyl acetate were found to have significant attractant effects on male moths, thereby identifying these three host volatiles as potential candidates for the development of male attractants. These findings advance our current understanding of the olfactory-encoded mechanisms of host plants selection in S. litura and have enabled us to develop novel adult attractants for controlling the pest in the future.

Binding properties of chemosensory protein 4 in Riptortus pedestris to aggregation pheromones.

In insects, chemosensory proteins (CSPs) play an important role in the perception of the external environment and have been widely used for protein-binding characterization. Riptortus pedestris has received increased attention as a potential cause of soybean staygreen syndrome in recent years. In this study, we found that RpedCSP4 expression in the antennae of adult R. pedestris increased with age, with no significant difference in expression level observed between males and females, as determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Subsequently, we investigated the ability of RpedCSP4 to bind various ligands (five aggregated pheromone components and 13 soybean volatiles) using a prokaryotic expression system and fluorescence competitive binding assays. We found that RpedCSP4 binds to three aggregated pheromone components of R. pedestris, namely, ((E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate (E2Z3), (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate (E2E2), and (E)-2-hexenyl hexenoate (E2HH)), and that its binding capacities are most stable under acidic condition. Finally, the structure and protein-ligand interactions of RpedCSP4 were further analyzed via homology modeling, molecular docking, and targeted mutagenesis experiments. The L29A mutant exhibited a loss of binding ability to these three aggregated pheromone components. Our results show that the olfactory function of RpedCSP4 provides new insights into the binding mechanism of RpedCSPs to aggregation pheromones and contributes to discover new target candidates that will provide a theoretical basis for future population control of R. pedestris.

Proteogenomics in Cancer: Then and Now.

For years, the paths of sequencing technologies and mass spectrometry have occurred in isolation, with each developing its own unique culture and expertise. These two technologies are crucial for inspecting complementary aspects of the molecular phenotype across the central dogma. Integrative multiomics strives to bridge the analysis gap among different fields to complete more comprehensive mechanisms of life events and diseases. Proteogenomics is one integrated multiomics field. Here in this review, we mainly summarize and discuss three aspects: workflow of proteogenomics, proteogenomics applications in cancer research, and the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis of proteogenomics in cancer research. In conclusion, proteogenomics has a promising future as it clarifies the functional consequences of many unannotated genomic abnormalities or noncanonical variants and identifies driver genes and novel therapeutic targets across cancers, which would substantially accelerate the development of precision oncology.

Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses identified the mode of sucrose degradation as a metabolic marker for early vegetative propagation in bulbs of Lycoris.

Vegetative propagation (VP) is an important practice for production in many horticultural plants. Sugar supply constitutes the basis of VP in bulb flowers, but the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. By performing a combined sequencing technologies coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry approach for metabolic analyses, we compared two Lycoris species with contrasting regeneration rates: high-regeneration Lycoris sprengeri and low-regeneration Lycoris aurea. A comprehensive multi-omics analyses identified both expected processes involving carbohydrate metabolism and transcription factor networks, as well as the metabolic characteristics for each developmental stage. A higher abundance of the differentially expressed genes including those encoding ethylene responsive factors was detected at bulblet initiation stage compared to the late stage of bulblet development. High hexose-to-sucrose ratio correlated to bulblet formation across all the species examined, indicating its role in the VP process in Lycoris bulb. Importantly, a clear difference between cell wall invertase (CWIN)-catalyzed sucrose unloading in high-regeneration species and the sucrose synthase-catalyzed pathway in low-regeneration species was observed at the bulblet initiation stage, which was supported by findings from carboxyfluorescein tracing and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Collectively, the findings indicate a sugar-mediated model of the regulation of VP in which high CWIN expression or activity may promote bulblet initiation via enhancing apoplasmic unloading of sucrose or sugar signals, whereas the subsequent high ratio of hexose-to-sucrose likely supports cell division characterized in the next phase of bulblet formation.

Short- and long-term surgical outcomes of pancreatic resection for retroperitoneal sarcoma: A long-term single-center experience of 90 cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resection of retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) en bloc with pancreas is challenging and controversial. This single-center retrospective study aimed to analyze the impact of pancreatic resection (PR) and its different types on short- and long-term outcomes in patients with RPS. METHODS: Data from 242 consecutive patients with RPS who underwent surgical treatment at the Peking University Cancer Hospital Sarcoma Center between January 2010 and February 2021 were analyzed. Out of these, 90 patients underwent PR, including pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in 31 and distal pancreatectomy (DP) in 59. RESULTS: Patients in the PR group had a higher major morbidity (37.8% vs. 14.5%) and mortality (8.9% vs. 1.3%) than those in the non-PR group, with a similar 5-year overall survival (OS) rate (46.9% vs. 53.6%). Patients in the PD and DP groups had a slight difference in major morbidity (48.4% vs. 32.2%), mortality (6.4% vs. 10.2%), and 5-year OS rates (43.3% vs. 49.3%). The PR type was not an independent risk factor for major morbidity or OS. CONCLUSIONS: PR in RPS resection was associated with increased morbidity and mortality with minimal influence on survival. Patients with RPS undergoing PD and DP showed slight differences in terms of safety and OS.

Bavachin protects against diet-induced hepatic steatosis and obesity in mice.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health concern worldwide, and the incidence of metabolic disorders associated with NAFLD is rapidly increasing because of the obesity epidemic. There are currently no approved drugs that prevent or treat NAFLD. Recent evidence shows that bavachin, a flavonoid isolated from the seeds and fruits of Psoralea corylifolia L., increases the transcriptional activity of PPARγ and insulin sensitivity during preadipocyte differentiation, but the effect of bavachin on glucose and lipid metabolism remains unclear. In the current study we investigated the effects of bavachin on obesity-associated NAFLD in vivo and in vitro. In mouse primary hepatocytes and Huh7 cells, treatment with bavachin (20 µM) significantly suppressed PA/OA or high glucose/high insulin-induced increases in the expression of fatty acid synthesis-related genes and the number and size of lipid droplets. Furthermore, bavachin treatment markedly elevated the phosphorylation levels of AKT and GSK-3ß, improving the insulin signaling activity in the cells. In HFD-induced obese mice, administration of bavachin (30 mg/kg, i.p. every other day for 8 weeks) efficiently attenuated the increases in body weight, liver weight, blood glucose, and liver and serum triglyceride contents. Moreover, bavachin administration significantly alleviated hepatic inflammation and ameliorated HFD-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. We demonstrated that bavachin protected against HFD-induced obesity by inducing fat thermogenesis and browning subcutaneous white adipose tissue (subWAT). We revealed that bavachin repressed the expression of lipid synthesis genes in the liver of obese mice, while promoting the expression of thermogenesis, browning, and mitochondrial respiration-related genes in subWAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the mice. In conclusion, bavachin attenuates hepatic steatosis and obesity by repressing de novo lipogenesis, inducing fat thermogenesis and browning subWAT, suggesting that bavachin is a potential drug for NAFLD therapy.

Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoints Stimulation Improves Spontaneous Voiding Recovery After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Facilitating the recurrence of spontaneous voiding is considered to be a way to prevent urinary retention after surgery, which is of great importance in cholecystectomy. This study aimed to assess the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on spontaneous voiding recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectom. METHODS: Participants who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to either the TEAS group or the sham group. Active TEAS or sham TEAS at specific acupuncture points was conducted intraoperatively and postoperatively. The primary outcome was the recovery speed of spontaneous voiding ability after surgery and secondary outcomes included postoperative urinary retention (POUR), voiding dysfunction, pain, anxiety and depression, and early recovery after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 1,948 participants were recruited and randomized to TEAS (n = 975) or sham (n = 973) between August 2018 and June 2020. TEAS shortens the time delay of the first spontaneous voiding after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (5.6 h [IQR, 3.7-8.1 h] in the TEAS group vs 7.0 h [IQR, 4.7-9.7 h] in the sham group) (p < 0.001). The TEAS group experienced less POUR (p = 0.020), less voiding difficulty (p < 0.001), less anxiety and depression (p < 0.001), reduced pain (p = 0.007), and earlier ambulation (p = 0.01) than the sham group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that TEAS is an effective approach to accelerate the recovery of spontaneous voiding and reduce POUR which facilitates recovery for patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Preoperative assessment of retroperitoneal Liposarcoma using volume-based 18F-FDG PET/CT: implications for surgical strategy and prognosis.

PURPOSE: Retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RLPS) poses a challenging scenario for surgeons due to its unpredictable biological behavior. Surgery remains the primary curative option for RLPS; however, the need for additional information to guide surgical strategies persists. Volume-based 18F-FDG PET/CT may solve this issue. METHODS: We analyzed data from 89 RLPS patients, measuring metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and explored their associations with clinical, prognostic, and pathological factors. RESULTS: MTV, TLG of multifocal and recurrent RLPS were significantly higher than unifocal and primary ones (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.003 and P = 0.002, respectively). SUVmax correlated with FNCLCC histological grade, mitotic count and Ki-67 index (P for G1/G2 = 0.005, P for G2/G3 = 0.017, and P for G1/G3 = 0.001, P < 0.001 and P = 0.024, respectively). MTG, TLG and SUVmax of WDLPS were significantly lower than DDLPS and PLPS (P for MTV were 0.009 and 0.022, P for TLG were 0.028 and 0.048, and P for SUVmax were 0.027 and < 0.001, respectively). Multivariable Cox analysis showed that MTV > 457.65 (P = 0.025), pathological subtype (P = 0.049) and FNCLCC histological grade (P = 0.033) were related to overall survival (OS). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that MTV is an independent prognostic factor for RLPS, while MTV, TLG, and SUVmax can preoperatively predict multifocal lesions, histological grade, and pathological subtype. Volume-based 18F-FDG PET/CT offers valuable information to aid in the decision-making process for RLPS surgical strategies.

Dysmorphic Gallbladder Found on Prenatal Ultrasound as a Hint for Biliary Atresia.

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare but devastating cholangiopathy. We report a case series of dysmorphic gallbladders detected during prenatal ultrasound, which were confirmed as BA after birth. We present the prenatal ultrasound findings as well as integral follow-up, with an aim to raise awareness regarding the association between BA and dysmorphic gallbladder. Although this dysmorphic gallbladder is a strong hint for BA, it is also important to search for other related sonographic features, such as the presence of microcysts at the hepatic hilum, dilated right hepatic artery, and seroperitoneum, which may provide more evidence for the diagnosis of BA.

Effects of calcium-free ageing on ethanol-induced activation and developmental potential of mouse oocytes.

Although ethanol treatment is widely used to activate oocytes, the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. Roles of intracellular calcium stores and extracellular calcium in ethanol-induced activation (EIA) of oocytes remain to be verified, and whether calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in EIA is unknown. This study showed that calcium-free ageing (CFA) in vitro significantly decreased intracellular stored calcium (sCa) and CaSR expression, and impaired EIA, spindle/chromosome morphology and developmental potential of mouse oocytes. Although EIA in oocytes with full sCa after ageing with calcium does not require calcium influx, calcium influx is essential for EIA of oocytes with reduced sCa after CFA. Furthermore, the extremely low EIA rate in oocytes with CFA-downregulated CaSR expression and the fact that inhibiting CaSR significantly decreased the EIA of oocytes with a full complement of CaSR suggest that CaSR played a significant role in the EIA of ageing oocytes. In conclusion, CFA impaired EIA and the developmental potential of mouse oocytes by decreasing sCa and downregulating CaSR expression. Because mouse oocytes routinely treated for activation (18 h post hCG) are equipped with a full sCa complement and CaSR, the present results suggest that, while calcium influx is not essential, CaSR is required for the EIA of oocytes.

Functional differentiation of two general odorant-binding proteins to sex pheromones in Spodoptera frugiperda.

A precise chemosensory system can help insects complete various important behavioral responses by accurately identifying different external odorants. Therefore, deeply understanding the mechanism of insect recognition of important odorants will help us develop efficient and environmentally-friendly behavioral inhibitors. Spodoptera frugiperda is a polyphagous pest that feeds on >350 different host plants worldwide and also harms maize production in China. However, the molecular mechanism of the first step for males to use odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) to recognize sex pheromones remains unclear. Here, we obtained 50 OBPs from the S. frugiperda genome, and the expression level of SfruGOBP1 in females was significantly higher than that in males, whereas SfruGOBP2 displayed male-biased expression. Fluorescence competitive binding assays showed that only SfruGOBP2 showed binding affinities for the four sex pheromones of female S. frugiperda. Subsequently, we identified some key amino acid residues that can participate in the interaction between SfruGOBP2 and sex pheromones using molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis methods. These findings will help us explore the interaction mechanism between GOBPs and sex pheromones in moths, and provide important target genes for developing new mating inhibitors of S. frugiperda in the future.

Binding properties of chemosensory protein 12 in Riptortus pedestris to aggregation pheromone (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate.

Riptortus pedestris (bean bug), a common soybean pest, has a highly developed olfactory system to find hosts for feeding and oviposition. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) have been identified in many insect species; however, their functions in R. pedestris remain unknown. In this study, quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that the expression of RpedCSP12 in the adult antennae of R. pedestris increased with age. Moreover, a significant difference in the expression levels of RpedCSP12 was observed between male and female antennae at one and three days of age. We also investigated the binding ability of RpedCSP12 to different ligands using a prokaryotic expression system and fluorescence competitive binding assays. We found that RpedCSP12 only bound to one aggregation pheromone, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate, and its binding decreased with increasing pH. Furthermore, homology modelling, molecular docking, and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the Y27A, L74A, and L85A mutants lost their binding ability to (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate. Our findings highlight the olfactory roles of RpedCSP12, providing insights into the mechanism by which RpedCSPs bind to aggregation pheromones. Therefore, our study can be used as a theoretical basis for the population control of R. pedestris in the future.

Identification and Functional Verification of CITED2 Gene Promoter Region in Patients with Patent Ductus Arteriosus.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital heart disease. CITED2 plays an important role in the development of the heart, and genetic variants in its coding region are significantly associated with cardiac malformations. However, the role of variants in the promoter region of CITED2 in the development of PDA remains unclear. We extracted the peripheral blood of 646 subjects (including 353 PDA patients and 293 unrelated healthy controls) for sequencing. We identified 13 promoter variants of the CITED2 gene (including 2 novel heterozygous variants). Of the 13 variants, 10 were found only in PDA patients. In mouse cardiomyocytes (HL-1) and rat cardiac myocytes (RCM), the transcriptional activity of the CITED2 gene promoter was significantly changed by the variants (p < 0.05). The results of the experiments of electrophoretic mobility indicated that these variants may affect the transcription of the CITED2 gene by influencing the binding ability of transcription factors. These results, combined with the JASPAR database analysis, showed that the destruction/production of transcription factor binding sites due to the variants in the promoter region of the CITED2 gene may directly or indirectly affect the binding ability of transcription factors. Our results suggest for the first time that variants at the CITED2 promoter region may cause low expression of CITED2 protein related to the formation of PDA.

[Diagnostic Value of American Thyroid Association Guidelines,American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System,and Chinese Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System Alone and Combined With BRAFV600E Mutation in Atypia of Undetermined Significance/Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance].

Objective To explore the diagnostic efficacy of American Thyroid Association(ATA)guidelines,American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Report and Data System(ACR-TIRADS),and Chinese Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System(C-TIRADS)alone and combined with BRAFV600E mutation in atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance(AUS/FLUS).Methods A total of 138 patients who underwent ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration(FNA)in the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2020 to May 2023 were selected.The clinicopathological and ultrasound characteristics were retrospectively analyzed for each nodule.Each nodule underwent preoperative BRAFV600E mutation testing and was diagnosed according to the ATA guidelines,ACR-TIRADS,and C-TIRADS.The diagnostic efficacy of ATA guidelines,ACR-TIRADS,and C-TIRADS alone and combined with BRAFV600E mutation was assessed based on the results of histopathological diagnosis.Results The 138 AUS/FLUS thyroid nodules included 45(32.6%)benign ones and 93(67.4%)malignant ones.The patient age(t=1.444,P=0.151),gender(χ2=0.259,P=0.611),and location of nodules(χ2=2.055,P=0.358)had no statistical significance for the differentiation between benign and malignant nodules,while nodule size(Z=2.500,P=0.012),echo(χ2=14.693,P<0.001),composition(χ2=17.075,P<0.001),aspect ratio ≥1(χ2=9.477,P=0.002),and microcalcification(χ2=6.892,P=0.009)were of significance for the differentiation.When applied alone,BRAFV600E mutation showed high specificity(95.56%)and positive predictive value(95.65%).Among the three ultrasound grading systems,ACR-TIRADS had the highest sensitivity(χ2=37.923,P<0.001;χ2=40.462,P<0.001)and accuracy(χ2=81.595,P<0.001;χ2=76.912,P<0.001),while C-TIRADS had the highest specificity(χ2=11.746,P<0.001;χ2=21.235,P<0.001).However,the three systems showed no statistically significant difference in the diagnostic efficiency when applied alone(Z=1.177,P=0.239;Z=0.213,P=0.831;Z=1.016,P=0.310).The combination of BRAFV600E mutation with ACR-TIRADS or C-TIRADS improved the diagnostic efficacy of BRAFV600E mutation in distinguishing the benign and malignant AUS/FLUS nodules(Z=2.107,P=0.035;Z=2.752,P=0.006).The combination of ATA guidelines with BRAFV600E mutation increased the diagnostic accuracy of BRAFV600E mutation(χ2=20.679,P<0.001),while it had no statistically significant difference in distinguishing the benign and malignant AUS/FLUS nodules(Z=1.321,P=0.186).The combination of ATA guidelines,ACR-TIRADS,or C-TIRADS with BRAFV600E mutation improved the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasound grading systems for AUS/FLUS nodules(Z=2.770,P=0.006;Z=2.770,P=0.006;Z=2.890,P=0.004).Specifically,ACR-TIRADS combined with BRAFV600E mutation showed the highest sensitivity(χ2=4.712,P=0.030;χ2=4.712,P=0.030),while C-TIRADS combined with BRAFV600E mutation showed the highest accuracy(χ2=77.627,P<0.001;χ2=85.827,P<0.001).However,there were no statistically significant differences in diagnostic performance between the combinations(Z=1.276,P=0.202;Z=0.808,P=0.419;Z=1.615,P=0.106).Conclusion ATA guidelines,ACR-TIRADS,and C-TIRADS combined with BRAFV600E mutation can improve the diagnostic efficacy of BRAFV600E mutation or ultrasound grading system alone in AUS/FLUS nodules,which can facilitate the further management and treatment of such patients.