Intensive surveillance, rapid response and border collaboration for malaria elimination: China Yunnan's ''3 + 1''strategy.

BACKGROUND: Eliminating malaria and preventing re-establishment of malaria transmission in border areas requires universal coverage of malaria surveillance and a rapid response to any threats (i.e. malaria cues) of re-establishing transmission. MAIN TEXT: Strategy 1: Intensive interventions within 2.5 km-wide perimeter along the border to prevent border-spill malaria. The area within 2.5 km along the international border is the travel radius of anopheline mosquitoes. Comprehensive interventions should include: (1) proactive and passive case detection, (2) intensive vector surveillance, (3) evidence-based vector control, and (4) evidence-based preventative treatment with anti-malarial drugs. Strategy 2: Community-based malaria detection and screening of migrants and travellers in frontier townships. Un-permitted travellers cross borders frequently and present in frontier townships. Maintenance of intensified malaria surveillance should include: (1) passive malaria detection in the township hospitals, (2) seek assistance from villager leaders and health workers to monitor cross border travellers, and refer febrile patients to the township hospitals and (3) the county's Centre for Disease Control and Prevention maintain regular proactive case detection. Strategy 3: Universal coverage of malaria surveillance to detect malaria cues. Passive detection should be consolidated into the normal health service. Health services personnel should remain vigilant to ensure universal coverage of malaria detection and react promptly to any malaria cues. Strategy + 1: Strong collaborative support with neighbouring countries. Based on the agreement between the two countries, integrated control strategies should be carried out to reduce malaria burden for both countries. There should be a clear focus on the border areas between neighbouring countries. CONCLUSION: The 3 + 1 strategy is an experience summary of border malaria control and elimination, and then contributed to malaria elimination in Yunnan's border areas, China. Nevertheless, Yunnan still has remaining challenges of re-establishment of malaria transmission in the border areas, and the 3 + 1 strategy should still be carried out.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Loxocephala perpunctata (Hemiptera: Eurybrachidae).

In this study, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of Loxocephala perpunctata (Jacobi, 1944) (Hemiptera: Eurybrachidae). The mitogenome of L. perpunctata is 15,017 bp long and includes 37 genes and a large control region. Consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a D-loop. All protein-coding genes have the usual ATN start codons, except for ND5, which uses the noncanonical codon GTG. 22 tRNAs, the length ranging from 59 to 69 bp, having the clover-leaf structure except for the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm of trnS2 forming a simple loop.

The complete mitogenome of Lophops carinata (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Lophopidae).

In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Lophops carinata (Hemiptera: Lophopidae) was sequenced for the first time through next-generation sequencing. The complete mitogenome of L. carinata is 15,553 bp in length, with the typical gene content and arrangement usually observed in Hexapods. The mitogenome consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 1 D-loop. The overall nucleotide composition of the mitogenome was 44.6% A, 14.0% C, 8.3% G, and 33.2% T, with an A + T bias of 77.8%. Phylogenetic analyses from 12 Fulgoroidea species by maximum likelihood were consistent and well supported the basal position of Delphacidae, a close affinity among the families Ricaniidae, Issidae, and Flatidae, and a close relationship between Achilidae and Fulgoridae. And L. carinata belong to a separate lineage, located in the middle of the phylogenetic tree.

[Serological detection of malaria for people entering China from 19 ports of entry covering 8 border prefectures of Yunnan].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate malaria situation in areas of Yunnan Province bordering with Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. METHODS: Blood samples on filter paper were collected from the entry people in March to December of 2007 involving 19 national and provincial ports of entry. Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was carried out by using the blood samples collected before June 30 as the first half year and after July 1 as the second half year. Analysis was made on the relationship of IFAT positive rate and GMRT to malaria incidence in the province reported by the China information system for disease control and prevention. RESULTS: IFAT positive rate in the first half year (5.6%) was 20.9% higher than that of second half year (4.4%) (chi2=12.95%, P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between IFAT positive rate and the number of malaria cases reported in 2007 from the 8 bordering prefectures (r=0.8124, P<.05). The highest IFAT positive rate was found in Dehong (8.7%), Baoshan (7.1%), and Lingcang (65%). Among the 19 entry ports, the highest IFAT positive rate was found in 5 entry ports: Lvliang, Laying, Jiegao, Houqiao, and Qingshuihe, all in China-Myanmar border. The IFAT positive rate in the Chinese entry people increased with their days of staying outside the border. Among the entry people, the highest antibody positive rate was from those of Myanmar nationality (11.7%) followed by those from Yunnan (3.7%). CONCLUSION: To certain extent, higher malaria incidence outside the border impacts that of Yunnan Province.

Comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes of five Achilidae species (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) and other Fulgoroidea reveals conserved mitochondrial genome organization.

In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of five Achilidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea), Betatropis formosana, two new species (Magadhaideus luodiana sp. nov and Peltatavertexalis horizontalis sp. nov), Plectoderini sp. and Paracatonidia sp., were sequenced for the first time through next-generation sequencing. The five mitogenomes ranged from 15,214 to 16,216 bp in length, with the typical gene content and arrangement usually observed in Hexapods. The motif "ATGATAA" between atp8 and atp6 was found in all the analyzed species. An overlap "AAGCTTA" between trnW and trnC was observed in the mitogenomes of most Fulgoroidea. The structural and compositional analyses of 26 Fulgoroidea mitogenomes, including the gene rearrangement of five tRNAs (trnW, trnC and trnY; trnT and trnP), the A + T content and AT-skew of the whole mitogenomes, and the nuclear acid and amino acid compositions of the protein-coding genes (PCGs), revealed family-level differences between Delphacidae and other families (Achilidae, Flatidae, Fulgoridae, Issidae and Ricaniidae). Phylogenetic analyses of 13 protein-coding genes from 26 Fulgoroidea species by maximum likelihood and Bayesian Inference were consistent and well supported the basal position of Delphacidae, a close affinity among the families Flatidae, Issidae and Ricaniidae, and a close relationship between Achilidae and Fulgoridae.

Two new species of genus Magadhaideus Long & Chen, 2017 from China (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Achilidae).

Two new species of the planthopper genus Magadhaideus Long & Chen, 2017 from China, Magadhaideusluchunensis sp. n. and Magadhaideuspingbianensis sp. n., are described and illustrated. Photographs of the new species are provided and a key to species of Magadhaideus is also given.

[Genotype of thalassemia genes and the polymorphism of ß- globin gene in Cantonese].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the genotype of α and ß-globin, as well as the polymorphism of ß-globin gene in Cantonese in recent years, and to provide an effective genetic diagnosis for thalassemia (thal). METHODS: The single-tube complex PCR was used to detect 3 types of deletional α-thal, reverse dot blotting (RDB)/PCR to detect 3 kinds of undeletional α-thal-αCS, αQS, αWSand 18 kinds of ß-thal mutations which were common in Chinese population. A total of 454 cases from Guangdong were undergone thal genotype genetic diagnosis. Among the 454 cases, 142 cases were selected to perform the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis of ß- globin gene by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC)combining the whole gene sequencing. RESULTS: Of the 454 cases, 438 were diagnosed as thalassemia, including 246 of α-thal, 164 of ß-thal and 28 of αß-thal. In 246 α-thal cases, deletions were the dominant mutations, including 197 cases of αα/--(SEA), 20 of αα/-α(3.7) and 9 of αα/-α(4.2). In 164 ß- thal cases, heterozygotes accounted for 92.7% (152/164), the main genotypes were CD41- 42, IVS-II-654, ï¹£28 and CD17, and the dual heterozygotes and homozygotes accounted for 4.9% (8/164) and 2.4% (4/164), respectively. The result of ß-globin gene screening by DHPLC combining with sequencing was consistent with that of RDB. Moreover, we also found 9 kinds of SNP, in which 2 were unreported, the IVS-I-13 G> A and IVS-II- 310 T>C. In the tested samples, the frequency of 4 kinds SNP was high, among which 3 kinds SNPs-rs713040, rs10768683 and rs1609812 were carried together. CONCLUSION: The dominant genotypes were αα/--(SEA) in α-thal cases, CD41-42, IVS-II-654, -28 and CD17 in ß-thal. The frequency of ß-thal heterozygotes, homozygotes and αß-thal is high. DHPLC combining the whole ß-globin gene sequencing can effectively detect the common ß-thal mutation and even new mutations or SNPs. In Cantonese, the frequency of SNP rs713040, rs10768683, rs7480526 and rs1609812 of ß-globin gene was high, and there may exist genetic linkage between rs713040, rs10768683 and rs1609812.