Genus Litophyton: A Hidden Treasure Trove of Structurally Unique and Diversely Bioactive Secondary Metabolites.

Marine soft corals are prolific sources of various natural products that have served as a wealthy reservoir of diverse chemical scaffolds with potential as new drug leads. The genus Litophyton contains almost 100 species but only a small proportion of them has been chemically investigated, which calls for more attentions from global researchers. In the current work, 175 secondary metabolites have been discussed, drawing from published data spanning almost five decades, up to July 2023. The studied species of the genus Litophyton resided in various tropical and temperate regions and encompassed a broad range of biologically active natural products including terpenes, steroids, nitrogen-containing metabolites, lipids, and other metabolites. A wide spectrum of pharmacological effects of these compounds had been evaluated, such as cytotoxic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-malarial, antifeedant, anti-inflammatory, molluscicidal, PTP1B inhibitory, insect growth inhibitory, and neuroprotective activities. This review aims to offer an up-to-date survey of the literature and provide a comprehensive understanding of the chemical structures, taxonomical distributions, and biological activities of the reported metabolites from the title genus whenever available.

Cembrane Diterpenes Possessing Nonaromatic Oxacycles from the Hainan Soft Coral Sarcophyton mililatensis.

Documents on the chemical composition of the soft coral Sarcophyton mililatensis are sparse. The present investigation of the Hainan soft coral S. mililatensis resulted in the discovery of six new cembrane diterpenes, sarcoxacyclols A-F (1-6) and four known analogs (7-10). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis along with a comparison with the data in current literature. The nonaromatic oxacycles in their structures were the rarely found tetrahydrofuran ether across C-1 and C-12 and tetrahydropyran ether across C-1 and C-11, respectively. Moreover, the absolute configuration of compound 4 was established unambiguously by X-ray diffraction analysis using Ga Kα radiation (λ = 1.34139 Å). Based on the biogenetical consideration, the absolute configurations of other five new compounds were tentatively assumed. Assessment of the bioactivity for these secondary metabolites revealed that compound 1 exhibited significant tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitory activity (IC50 = 9.5 µmol/L), similar to the positive control dexamethasone (IC50 = 8.7 µmol/L), but no obvious cytotoxicity towards RAW264.7 cells (CC50 > 50 µmol/L). The preliminary molecular docking suggested the crucial roles of the hydroxyl and acetoxyl groups in the computational prediction of the binding mode between the diterpene and the protein.

Mililatensols A-C, New Records of Sarsolenane and Capnosane Diterpenes from Soft Coral Sarcophyton mililatensis.

Three unusual diterpenes with rare sarsolenane and capnosane skeletons, namely mililatensols A-C (1-3), were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton mililatensis, leading to the first record of sarsolenane and capnosane diterpenes from the title animal. The structures of compounds 1-3 were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the literature data. Moreover, the absolute configuration of 2 was determined by TDDFT ECD calculations. In an in vitro bioassay, none of the isolated compounds showed obvious anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-induced TNF-α release in RAW264.7 macrophages. In the preliminary virtual screening of inhibitory potential against SARS-CoV-2 by molecular docking, the results showed these three diterpenes were potential SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.

New flexible cembrane-type macrocyclic diterpenes as TNF-α inhibitors from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton mililatensis.

A further study on the rarely reported soft coral Sarcophyton mililatensis disclosed five new flexible cembrane-type macrocyclic diterpenes sarcomililatols C-G (1-5) and two known analogues 6 and 7. The structures and absolute configurations of natural macrocyclic compounds 1-6 were established by the extensive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, time-dependent density functional theory/electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT ECD) calculations, chemical reaction, and modified Mosher's method. In the bioassays, the macrocyclic diterpene 2 exhibited potent TNF-α inhibition (IC50 = 6.1 µmol/L), which was better than the positive control dexamethasone (IC50 = 8.7 µmol/L), and no obvious cytotoxicity against RAW264.7 cells with CC50 values over 50 µmol/L, indicating natural macrocyclic compound 2 could be served as a model compound to develop a new and prospective chemotype of an anti-inflammatory lead compound or drug candidate.