A strategy to comprehensively analyze the bioactivity of complex herbal prescriptions via peak-by-peak cutting and knock-out chromatography: Qiliqiangxin capsule as an example.

An herbal prescription is usually composed of several herbal medicines. The complex and diverse components bring great challenges to its bioactivity study. To comprehensively analyze the bioactivity of an herbal prescription, a new strategy based on peak-by-peak cutting and knock-out chromatography was proposed. In this strategy, active compounds were screened out via peak-by-peak cutting from an herbal extract, and the influence of a compound on the overall activity of the herbal extract was evaluated by knock-out chromatography. Qiliqiangxin capsule is an herbal prescription composed of 11 herbal medicines for the treatment of chronic heart failure. A total of 71 peaks were collected through peak-by-peak cutting, and each peak was identified by a high-resolution mass spectrum. The bioassay against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl showed that two types of compounds namely salvianolic acids and caffeoylquinic acids were potent scavengers. Knock-out chromatography suggested that the removal of one single compound had no obvious influence on the overall activity of the Qiliqiangxin capsule. After all the main peaks in the Qiliqiangxin capsule were knocked out, the remaining part still exhibited a potent activity, indicating high activity stability of the Qiliqiangxin capsule. The proposed strategy is helpful for the comprehensive analysis of the bioactivity of other herbal prescriptions.

[Identification of Dioscorea nipponica and its sects based on psbA-trnH barcode].

A rapid and accurate method was established by psbA-trnH sequence to distinguish Dioscorea nipponica from other species belonging to the same genus.In this study, we collected 144 samples of D. nipponica from 17 different producing areas in China, the psbA-trnH sequenced of 23 nucleotide sequences were downloaded from GenBank, the sequences from Dioscorea genus. DNAMAN 8.0 software was used to show splicing, MEGA 6.0 software was applied for sequence analysis and comparison. The results showed that the genetic relationship between D. nipponica and D. subcalva was the closest, and the genetic relationship with D. zingiberensis was the furthest. It is indicated that the psbA-trnH sequence as a DNA barcode can effectively distinguish between D. nipponica and other plants in the genus of Dioscorea.

Comprehensive exploration of a traditional Chinese medicinal plant of Magnolia officinalis based on high-coverage mass spectrometry and multidimensional chemical-biological analysis.

Magnolia bark is a traditional Chinese medicine used for hypoglycaemia. With the widespread use of Magnolia bark, its resources are facing a serious shortage. To address this issue, a strategy based on high-coverage mass spectrometry (HCMS) and multidimensional chemical-biological analysis (MCBA) was proposed for the comprehensive exploration of Magnolia officinalis which is the main source of Magnolia bark. The strategy is divided into three main steps. In the first step, the stem bark, stem xylem, root bark, root xylem, leaf and rootlet of Magnolia officinalis were comprehensively analyzed using high-coverage mass spectrometry. In the second step, multivariate statistical analysis was used to explore the heterogeneity of the six parts and detect differential chemical components. In the third step, a combination of experimental screening and molecular docking was used to explore α-glucosidase inhibitors from Magnolia officinalis. Multidimensional chemical-biological analysis (MCBA) of Magnolia officinalis was achieved by combining the last two steps. Finally, a total of 103 compounds were identified from the whole plant of Magnolia officinalis. Differential components of stem bark, stem xylem, leaf, root bark, root xylem and rootlet were systematically revealed. A pair of positional isomers, namely magnolol and honokiol, were found to be α-glucosidase inhibitors. The activity of their combination is superior to that of each single compound, indicating that magnolol and honokiol are in a synergistic relationship. This strategy contributes to comprehensive exploitation of functional plants and effective alleviation of resource shortage. This study also provides a research paradigm for other similar traditional Chinese medicinal plants.

Integration of High-Resolution LC-Q-TOF Mass Spectrometry and Multidimensional Chemical-Biological Analysis to Detect Nanomolar-Level Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Different Parts of Zanthoxylum nitidum.

Zanthoxyli radix is a popular tea among the elderly, and it is believed to have a positive effect on Alzheimer's disease. In this study, a highly effective three-step strategy was proposed for comprehensive analysis of the active components and biological functions of Zanthoxylum nitidum (ZN), including high-resolution LC-Q-TOF mass spectrometry (HRMS), multivariate statistical analysis for heterogeneity (MSAH), and experimental and virtual screening for bioactivity analysis (EVBA). A total of 117 compounds were identified from the root, stem, and leaf of ZN through HRMS. Bioactivity assays showed that the order of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity from strong to weak was root > stem > leaf. Nitidine, chelerythrine, and sanguinarine were found to be the main differential components of root, stem, and leaf by OPLS-DA. The IC50 values of the three compounds are 0.81 ± 0.02, 0.14 ± 0.01, and 0.48 ± 0.01 µM respectively, indicating that they are potent and high-quality AChE inhibitors. Molecular docking showed that pi-pi T-shaped interactions and pi-lone pairs played important roles in AChE inhibition. This study not only explains the biological function of Zanthoxyli radix in alleviating Alzheimer's disease to some extent, but also lays the foundation for the development of stem and leaf of ZN.

Cytotoxic constituents from the stems of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels.

Six compounds were isolated from the stems of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels by repeated sillica gel column chromatography. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basic of physicochemical and spectroscopic data. Among them, 8-geranyloxypsolaren (3) and 2-methoxy-1-(3-methyl-buten-1-yl)-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (6) were isolated for the first time from this plant. These compounds were screened for cytotoxicity in human cervical cancer (Hela), leukemia (K562), lung cancer (A549), non-small lung carcinoma (H1299) and liver cancer (SMMC-7721). Within the series of cytotoxic tests, compounds 4-6 displayed potent cytotoxic activity against H1299 and SMMC-7721, with the IC50 values of 6.19 to 26.84 µg/mL.

[Optimal extraction of polysaccharide from Dioscorea nipponica by central composite design and response surface methodology].

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the extracting technology for polysaccharides from Dioscorea nipponica by response surface methodology. METHODS: The independent variables were extraction temperature, reflux time and liquid-to-solid ratio, the dependent variable was extraction rate of polysaccharides in Dioscorea nipponica. Linear or nonlinear mathematic models were used to estimate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the process of extraction. The prediction was carried out through comparing the observed and predicted values. RESULTS: The optimum technological parameters were as follows: extraction temperature 91.5° C, reflux time 172.9 min, solid-to-liquid ratio 25.8:1 and 2 times for extraction. Bias between observed and predicted of rates was 1.3%. CONCLUSION: The extraction technology is simple, reliable and highly predictive.

Classification-based strategies to simplify complex traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) researches through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the last decade (2011-2020): Theory, technical route and difficulty.

The difficulty of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) researches lies in the complexity of components, metabolites, and bioactivities. For a long time, there has been a lack of connections among the three parts, which is not conducive to the systematic elucidation of TCM effectiveness. To overcome this problem, a classification-based methodology for simplifying TCM researches was refined from literature in the past 10 years (2011-2020). The theoretical basis of this methodology is set theory, and its core concept is classification. Its starting point is that "although TCM may contain hundreds of compounds, the vast majority of these compounds are structurally similar". The methodology is composed by research strategies for components, metabolites and bioactivities of TCM, which are the three main parts of the review. Technical route, key steps and difficulty are introduced in each part. Two perspectives are highlighted in this review: set theory is a theoretical basis for all strategies from a conceptual perspective, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a common tool for all strategies from a technical perspective. The significance of these strategies is to simplify complex TCM researches, integrate isolated TCM researches, and build a bridge between traditional medicines and modern medicines. Potential research hotspots in the future, such as discovery of bioactive ingredients from TCM metabolites, are also discussed. The classification-based methodology is a summary of research experience in the past 10 years. We believe it will definitely provide support and reference for the following TCM researches.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the ß-Amylase Gene Family in Chenopodium quinoa.

ß-Amylase (BAM) is an important starch hydrolase, playing a role in a variety of plant growth and development processes. In this study, 22 BAM gene family members (GFMs) were identified in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), an ancient crop gaining modern consumer acceptance because of its nutritional qualities. The genetic structure, phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns of CqBAM GFMs in different tissues, were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses assigned the CqBAMs, AtBAMs, and OsBAMs into four clades. The CqBAM gene family had expanded due to segmental duplication. RNA-seq analysis revealed expression of the duplicated pairs to be similar, with the expression of CqBAM GFM pairs showing a degree of tissue specificity that was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Several CqBAM GFMs were also responsive to abiotic stresses in shoots and/or roots. In conclusion, the BAM gene family in quinoa was identified and systematically analyzed using bioinformatics and experimental methods. These results will help to elucidate the evolutionary relationship and biological functions of the BAM gene family in quinoa.

[Identification on Geranium by X-ray diffraction fourier fingerprint patterns and similarity degree of different fingerprint patterns].

OBJECTIVE: To provide a X-ray diffraction (XRD) new method to identify different of herbal drugs of Geranium. METHODS: Analyse X-ray diffraction Fourier pattern of 1 plants of Geranium, 7 kinds substitute, and degree of different fingerprint patterns was calculated and analyzed according to the position (2 theta value) of peaks searched. RESULTS: Obtain the different X-ray diffraction Fourier pattern of 1 kinds plants of Geranium and 7 kinds substitutes of Geranium. CONCLUSION: This method can be used for indentification on different medicinal material of Geranium.

Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings total hip arthroplasty in young patients.

BACKGROUND: The results of ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) total hip arthroplasty (THA) in younger patients were not univocal. This study aims to evaluate the results of CoC bearing THA in patients younger than 50 years. METHODS: A total of 90 younger patients performed CoC THAs during March 2003 and May 2008 were included in this study. Hip function and activity were evaluated with Harris hip score and University of California Los Angeles activity score. We had discussed survival rates, radiological findings of component loosening or osteolysis, and ceramic-related complications in these patients. RESULTS: The mean Harris hip score increased from 46.3 ± 12.0 points (range, 28-70 points) before surgery to 92.5 ± 5.6 points (range, 78-100 points) at the final follow-up. The mean preoperative University of California Los Angeles activity score was 4.2 ± 1.1 points (range, 2-6 points), which improved to a mean of 7.2 ± 1.3 points (range, 4-10 points). At the time of the last follow-up, there was found to be 1 occurrence of hip dislocation, 1 squeaking, and 2 "sandwich" ceramic liners fractured during normal activity of daily living. No hips showed osteolysis or required revision for aseptic loosening. Kaplan-Meier survivorship with revision due to loosening or osteolysis was 100% and with revision due to ceramic fracture was 97.3% (95% confidence interval, 93.7%-100%) at a mean of 9.4 years. CONCLUSIONS: This study with the use of CoC bearings THAs in younger patients have shown promising results and higher rate of survivorship without evidence of osteolysis.

[Effect of compound duzhong jiangu granule on knee joint osteoarthritis: a report of 400 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical efficacy and adverse reaction of compound Duzhong Jiangu granule (CDJG) on knee joint osteoarthritis (KJO) of Gan-Shen deficiency with stasis in tendon and muscle syndrome. METHODS: The randomized controlled method was adopted in this study, comparative study was conducted in 400 patients in the treated group treated with CDJG and 200 patients in the control group treated with Zhuanggu Guanjie pill (ZGP). RESULTS: The total effective rate in the treated group was 92% and the curative-markedly effective rate was 47%, which were higher than those in the control group respectively. Moreover, CDJG showed superiority in improving symptoms and with shorter initiating time of action as compared with ZGP. However CDJG had the effect more favourable for patients of mild condition. CONCLUSION: CDJG is a kind of effective and safe medicine for treatment of KJO.

[Research progress on MAPK signal pathway in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis].

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signal is one of the important ways in eukaryotic cell,which adjusts and controls the structure and function of the cell. MAPKs in eukaryotes include p38, ERK, JNK and ERK5, etc. With the deepening research,we found that the activation of p38, ERK, JNK signal pathways were closely related with osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage injury. MAPKs are the key signaling systems involved in the production of matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of cartilage cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Expecially the matrix metalloproteinases can accelerate the degradation of articular cartilage. So it has been the new spot in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis study.

[Research progression of interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis].

Osteoarthritis is a common joint disease, which seriously affects the patient's health and quality of life. It results in substantial social and economic costs. Etiology and pathogenesis of OA is still not completely clear, but people paid more attention on Cytokines, especially IL-1, which is considered as core factor in the development of OA. In recent years, many clinical trials considered IL-1 as a target treatment for OA. It provided a new treatment method. This article is to overview the mechanism of IL-1 in OA cartilage damage.

[The evolution of related names of Bi syndrome and the theory of etiology and pathogenesis].

In the Traditional Chinese medical literature of ancient times, Bi referred to the pathogenesis, or the symptoms as well as the name of the disease. As the name of a disease, Bi has the different meanings of broad and narrow., joint-running, joint-running wind, white tiger joint-running, gout etc. referring to the narrow meaning of Bi disease. The theory of etiology and pathogenesis of the narrow meaning of Bi disease developed from damp-impediment, wind-cold-damp impediment to damp-hot impediment, stasis-hot impediment, which reflected the constant deepening of cognition.

Overexpression of SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) genes increases salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis.

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that decreases plant growth and productivity. Recently, it was reported that plants overexpressing AtNHX1 or SOS1 have significantly increased salt tolerance. To test whether overexpression of multiple genes can improve plant salt tolerance even more, we produced six different transgenic Arabidopsis plants that overexpress AtNHX1, SOS3, AtNHX1+SOS3, SOS1, SOS2+SOS3, or SOS1+SOS2+SOS3. Northern blot analyses confirmed the presence of high levels of the relevant gene transcripts in transgenic plants. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtNHX1 alone did not present any significant increase in salt tolerance, contrary to earlier reports. We found that transgenic plants overexpressing SOS3 exhibit increased salt tolerance similar to plants overexpressing SOS1. Moreover, salt tolerance of transgenic plants overexpressing AtNHX1+SOS3, SOS2+SOS3, or SOS1+SOS2+SOS3, respectively, appeared similar to the tolerance of transgenic plants overexpressing either SOS1 or SOS3 alone.