Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of a 2'-(2-Methoxyethyl)-D-ribose Antisense Oligonucleotide-Triantenarry N-Acetyl-galactosamine Conjugate that Targets the Human Transmembrane Protease Serine 6.

Cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is one of the main determinants of in vivo activity and potency. A significant advancement in improving uptake into cells has come through the conjugation of ASOs to triantenarry N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc3), a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes. The impact for antisense oligonucleotides, which are already taken up into hepatocytes, is a 10-fold improvement in potency in mice and up to a 30-fold potency improvement in humans, resulting in overall lower effective dose and exposure levels. 2'-Methoxyethyl-modified antisense oligonucleotide conjugated to GalNAc3 (ISIS 702843) is specific for human transmembrane protease serine 6 and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of ß-thalassemia. This report summarizes a chronic toxicity study of ISIS 702843 in nonhuman primates (NHPs), including pharmacokinetic and pharmacology assessments. Suprapharmacologic doses of ISIS 702843 were well tolerated in NHPs after chronic dosing, and the data indicate that the overall safety profile is very similar to that of the unconjugated 2'-(2-methoxyethyl)-D-ribose (2'-MOE) ASOs. Notably, the GalNAc3 moiety did not cause any new toxicities nor exacerbate the known nonspecific class effects of the 2'-MOE ASOs. This observation was confirmed with multiple GalNAc3-MOE conjugates by querying a data base of monkey studies containing both GalNAc3-conjugated and unconjugated 2'-MOE ASOs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This report documents the potency, pharmacology, and overall tolerability profile of a triantenarry N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc3)-conjugated 2'-(2-methoxyethyl)-D-ribose (2'-MOE) antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) specific to transmembrane protease serine 6 after chronic treatment in the cynomolgus monkey. Collective analysis of 15 independent GalNAc3-conjugated and unconjugated 2'-MOE ASOs shows the consistency in the dose response and character of hepatic and platelet tolerability across sequences that will result in much larger safety margins for the GalNAc3-conjugated 2'-MOE ASOs when compared with the unconjugated 2'-MOE ASOs given the increased potency.

Inhibiting C-reactive protein for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: promising evidence from rodent models.

Raised blood C-reactive protein (CRP) level is a predictor of cardiovascular events, but whether blood CRP is causal in the disease process is unknown. The latter would best be defined by pharmacological inhibition of the protein in the context of a randomized case-control study. However, no CRP specific drug is currently available so such a prospective study cannot be performed. Blood CRP is synthesized primarily in the liver and the liver is an organ where antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs accumulate. Taking advantage of this we evaluated the efficacy of CRP specific ASOs in rodents with experimentally induced cardiovascular damage. Treating rats for 4 weeks with a rat CRP-specific ASO achieved >60% reduction of blood CRP. Notably, this effect was associated with improved heart function and pathology following myocardial infarction (induced by ligation of the left anterior descending artery). Likewise in human CRP transgenic mice treated for 2 weeks with a human CRP-specific ASO, blood human CRP was reduced by >70% and carotid artery patency was improved (2 weeks after surgical ligation). CRP specific ASOs might pave the way towards a placebo-controlled trial that could clarify the role of CRP in cardiovascular disease.

Pharmacodynamics and subchronic toxicity in mice and monkeys of ISIS 388626, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide that targets human sodium glucose cotransporter 2.

ISIS 388626, a 2'-methoxyethyl (MOE)-modified antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that targets human sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) mRNA, is in clinical trials for the management of diabetes. SGLT2 plays a pivotal role in renal glucose reabsorption, and inhibition of SGLT2 is anticipated to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic subjects by increasing urinary glucose elimination. To selectively inhibit SGLT2 in the kidney, ISIS 388626 was designed as a "shortmer" ASO, consisting of only 12 nucleotides with two 2'-MOE-modified nucleotides at the termini. Mice and monkeys received up to 30 mg/kg/week ISIS 388626 via subcutaneous injection for 6 or 13 weeks. Dose-dependent decreases in renal SGLT2 mRNA expression were observed, which correlated with dose-related increases in glucosuria without concomitant hypoglycemia. There were no histologic changes in the kidney attributed to SGLT2 inhibition after 6 or 13 weeks of treatment. The remaining changes observed in these studies were typical of those produced in these species by the administration of oligonucleotides, correlated with high doses of ISIS 388626, and were unrelated to the inhibition of SGLT2 expression. The kidney contained the highest concentration of ISIS 388626, and dose-dependent basophilic granule accumulation in tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, which is evidence of oligonucleotide accumulation in these cells, was the only histologic change identified. No changes in kidney function were observed. These results revealed only readily reversible changes after the administration of ISIS 388626 and support the continued investigation of the safety and efficacy of ISIS 388626 in human trials.

IONIS-PKKRx a Novel Antisense Inhibitor of Prekallikrein and Bradykinin Production.

Kallikrein is the key contact system mediator responsible for the conversion of high-molecular-weight kininogen into the inflammatory vasodilator peptide bradykinin, a process regulated by C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). In hereditary angioedema (HAE), genetic mutations result in deficient or dysfunctional C1-INH and dysregulation of the contact system leading to recurrent, sometimes fatal, angioedema attacks. IONIS-PKKRx is a second-generation 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-modified chimeric antisense oligonucleotide, designed to bind and selectively reduce prekallikrein (PKK) mRNA in the liver. IONIS-PKKRx demonstrated dose-dependent reduction of human prekallikrein hepatic mRNA and plasma protein in transgenic mice and dose- and time-dependent reductions of plasma PKK in Cynomolgus monkeys. Similar dose-dependent reductions of plasma PKK levels were observed in healthy human volunteers accompanied by decreases in bradykinin generation capacity with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. These results highlight a novel and specific approach to target PKK for the treatment of HAE and other diseases involving contact system activation and overproduction of bradykinin.

Chronic Toxicity Assessment of 2'-O-Methoxyethyl Antisense Oligonucleotides in Mice.

Advances in antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) chemistry and screening have enabled the design and selection of molecules that are optimized for a particular therapeutic application in terms of both potency and tolerability. The most-well studied of the chemically modified ASOs are single-stranded antisense inhibitors with phosphorothioate backbones and 2'-O-methoxyethyl modifications (2'-MOE ASO). The 2'-MOE chemical modification in the design of the ASO has conferred increased hybridization affinity, increased stability, and/or enhanced tissue residence time, resulting in better potency and pharmacokinetics. Compound screening and selection are also important in optimizing the tolerability of intended therapeutic antisense inhibitors. In this study, we report the chronic toxicity of multiple 2'-MOE ASOs in mice for several representative compounds that have progressed to later phases of clinical development. The results show that these 2'-MOE ASOs selected for development have consistent behavior between sequences, have tolerability profiles suitable for chronic administration, and exhibit a relative lack of progression of findings observed in subchronic studies in mice.

Elucidation of the Biotransformation Pathways of a Galnac3-conjugated Antisense Oligonucleotide in Rats and Monkeys.

Triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc3) is a high-affinity ligand for hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptors. Conjugation with GalNAc3 via a trishexylamino (THA)-C6 cluster significantly enhances antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) potency. Herein, the biotransformation, disposition, and elimination of the THA cluster of ION-681257, a GalNAc3-conjugated ASO currently in clinical development, are investigated in rats and monkey. Rats were administered a single subcutaneous dose of (3)H-radiolabeled ((3)H placed in THA) or nonradiolabeled ION-681257. Mass balance included radiometric profiling and metabolite fractionation with characterization by mass spectrometry. GalNAc3-conjugated ASOs were extensively distributed into liver. The THA-C6 triantenerrary GalNAc3 conjugate at the 5'-end of the ASO was rapidly metabolized and excreted with 25.67 ± 1.635% and 71.66 ± 4.17% of radioactivity recovered in urine and feces within 48 hours postdose. Unchanged drug, short-mer ASOs, and linker metabolites were detected in urine. Collectively, 14 novel linker associated metabolites were discovered including oxidation at each branching arm, initially by monooxidation at the ß-position followed by dioxidation at the α-arm, and lastly, tri and tetra oxidations on the two remaining ß-arms. Metabolites in bile and feces were identical to urine except for oxidized linear and cyclic linker metabolites. Enzymatic reaction phenotyping confirmed involvement of N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase, deoxyribonuclease II, alkaline phosphatase, and alcohol + aldehyde dehydrogenases on the complex metabolism pathway for THA supplementing in vivo findings. Lastly, excreta from monkeys treated with ION-681257 revealed the identical series as observed in rat. In summary, our findings provide an improved understanding of GalNAc3-conjugated-ASO metabolism pathways which facilitate similar development programs.

Renal uptake and tolerability of a 2'-O-methoxyethyl modified antisense oligonucleotide (ISIS 113715) in monkey.

The primary target organ for uptake of systemically administered phosphorothioate oligonucleotides is the kidney cortex and the proximal tubular epithelium in particular. To determine the effect of oligonucleotide uptake on renal function, a detailed renal physiology study was performed in cynomolgus monkeys treated with 10-40 mg/kg/week ISIS 113715 for 4 weeks. The concentrations of oligonucleotide in the kidney cortex ranged from 1400 to 2600 µg/g. These concentrations were associated with histologic changes in proximal tubular epithelial cells that ranged from the appearance of cytoplasmic basophilic granules to atrophic and degenerative changes at higher concentrations. However, there were no renal functional abnormalities as determined by the typical measurements of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, or urine specific gravity. Nor were there changes in glomerular filtration rate, or renal blood flow. Specific urinary markers of tubular epithelial cell damage, such as N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and α-glutathione-s-transferase were not affected. Tubular function was further evaluated by monitoring the urinary excretion of amino acids, ß(2)-microglobulin, or glucose. Renal function was challenged by administering a glucose load and by examining concentrating ability after a 4-h water deprivation. Neither challenge produced any evidence of change in renal function. The only change observed was a low incidence of increased urine protein/creatinine ratio in monkeys treated with ≥40 mg/kg/week which was rapidly reversible. Collectively, these data indicate that ISIS 113715-uptake by the proximal tubular epithelium has little or no effect on renal function at concentrations of 2600 µg/g.