Association between depression and infertility risk among American women aged 18-45 years: the mediating effect of the NHHR.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Depression and infertility are major medical and social problems. The non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) serves as an innovative and reliable lipid marker for cardiovascular disease risk assessment. Previous research has indicated a potential correlation among lipid metabolism, depression, and infertility. Nonetheless, the exact involvement of lipid metabolism in modulating the pathological mechanisms associated with depression-induced infertility remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore the connection between depression and infertility and to assess whether the NHHR mediates this association. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed utilizing data from there cycles (2013-2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Female infertility was assessed according to the responses to the RHQ074 question in the reproductive health questionnaire module. Depression states were evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and classified into three grades based on the total scores: no depression (0-4 points), minimal-to-mild depression (5-9 points) and moderate-to-severe depression (10 or more points). The NHHR was calculated from laboratory cholesterol test results. Baseline population characteristics were compared, and subgroup analyses were carried out based on the stratification of age and body mass index (BMI). Weighted multivariable logistic regression and linear regression models, with adjustments for various covariables, were employed to examine the associations among depression, infertility and the NHHR. Finally, mediation analysis was utilized to explore the NHHR's potential mediating role in depression states and female infertility. RESULTS: Within this cross-sectional study, 2,668 women aged 18 to 45 years residing in the United States were recruited, 305 (11.43%) of whom experienced infertility. The study revealed a markedly higher prevalence of depression (P = 0.040) and elevated NHHR (P < 0.001) among infertile women compared to the control cohort. Furthermore, moderate-to-severe depression states independently correlated with increased infertility risk, irrespective of adjustments for various covariables. Subgroup analysis indicated a positive association between depression and infertility risk within certain age categories, although no such relationship was observed within subgroups stratified by BMI. The findings from the weighted logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the elevated NHHR is positively associated with heightened infertility risk. Additionally, the weighted linear regression analysis indicated that moderate-to-severe depression is positively linked to the NHHR levels as well. Finally, the association between depression states and female infertility was partially mediated by the NHHR, with the mediation proportion estimated at 6.57%. CONCLUSION: In the United States, depression is strongly correlated with an increased likelihood of infertility among women of childbearing age, with evidence suggesting that this relationship is mediated by the NHHR. Subsequent research efforts should further explore the underlying mechanisms connecting depression and infertility.

Genome-scale CRISPR screen identifies TMEM41B as a multi-function host factor required for coronavirus replication.

Emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) pose a severe threat to human and animal health worldwide. To identify host factors required for CoV infection, we used α-CoV transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as a model for genome-scale CRISPR knockout (KO) screening. Transmembrane protein 41B (TMEM41B) was found to be a bona fide host factor involved in infection by CoV and three additional virus families. We found that TMEM41B is critical for the internalization and early-stage replication of TGEV. Notably, our results also showed that cells lacking TMEM41B are unable to form the double-membrane vesicles necessary for TGEV replication, indicating that TMEM41B contributes to the formation of CoV replication organelles. Lastly, our data from a mouse infection model showed that the KO of this factor can strongly inhibit viral infection and delay the progression of a CoV disease. Our study revealed that targeting TMEM41B is a highly promising approach for the development of broad-spectrum anti-viral therapeutics.

A circular RNA produced by LRBA promotes cirrhotic mouse liver regeneration through facilitating the ubiquitination degradation of p27.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Accumulating circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in tissue repair and organ regeneration. However, the biological effects of circRNAs on liver regeneration remain largely unknown. This study aims to systematically elucidate the functions and mechanisms of circRNAs derived from lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) in regulating liver regeneration. METHODS: CircRNAs derived from mouse LRBA gene were identified using CircBase. In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to confirm the effects of circLRBA on liver regeneration. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Clinical samples and cirrhotic mouse models were used to evaluate the clinical significance and transitional value of circLRBA. RESULTS: Eight circRNAs derived from LRBA were registered in CircBase. The circRNA mmu_circ_0018031 (circLRBA) was significantly upregulated in the liver tissues after 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PHx). Adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8)-mediated knockdown of circLRBA markedly inhibited mouse liver regeneration after 2/3 PHx. In vitro experiments confirmed that circLRBA exerted its growth-promoting function mainly through liver parenchymal cells. Mechanistically, circLRBA acted as a scaffold for the interaction between E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ring finger protein 123 and p27, facilitating the ubiquitination degradation of p27. Clinically, circLRBA was lowly expressed in cirrhotic liver tissues and negatively correlated with perioperative levels of total bilirubin. Furthermore, overexpression of circLRBA enhanced cirrhotic mouse liver regeneration after 2/3 PHx. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that circLRBA is a novel growth promoter in liver regeneration and a potential therapeutic target related to deficiency of cirrhotic liver regeneration.

Epigenomics analysis of miRNA cis-regulatory elements in pig muscle and fat tissues.

Although large-scale and accurate identification of cis-regulatory elements on pig protein-coding and long non-coding genes has been reported, similar study on pig miRNAs is still lacking. Here, we systematically characterized the cis-regulatory elements of pig miRNAs in muscle and fat by adopting miRNAomes, ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq and Hi-C data. In total, the cis-regulatory elements of 257 (85.95%) expressed miRNAs including 226 known and 31 novel miRNAs were identified. Especially, the miRNAs associated with super-enhancers, active promoters, and "A" compartment were significantly higher than those associated by typical enhancers, prompters without H3K27ac, and "B" compartment, respectively. The tissue specific transcription factors were the primary determination of core miRNA expression pattern in muscle and fat. Moreover, the miRNA promoters are more evolutionarily conserved than miRNA enhancers, like other type genes. Our study adds additional important information to existing pig epigenetic data and provides essential resource for future in-depth investigation of pig epigenetics.

Transcriptome Changes of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Peripheral Blood of COVID-19 Patients by scRNA-seq.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatens public health all over the world. It is well-accepted that the immune cells in peripheral blood are widely involved in the pathological process of COVID-19. However, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), as the main source of peripheral immune cells, have not been well studied during COVID-19 infection. We comprehensively revealed the transcriptome changes of peripheral blood HSPCs after COVID-19 infection and vaccination by single-cell RNA-seq. Compared with healthy individuals, the proportion of HSPCs in COVID-19 patients significantly increased. The increase in the proportion of HSPCs might be partly attributed to the enhancement of the HSPCs proliferation upon COVID-19 infection. However, the stemness damage of HSPCs is reflected by the decrease of differentiation signal, which can be used as a potential specific indicator of the severity and duration of COVID-19 infection. Type I interferon (IFN-I) and translation signals in HSPCs were mostly activated and inhibited after COVID-19 infection, respectively. In addition, the response of COVID-19 vaccination to the body is mild, while the secondary vaccination strengthens the immune response of primary vaccination. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into understanding the immune mechanism of COVID-19 infection.

Tuning oxygen vacancies in epitaxial LaInO3 films for ultraviolet photodetection.

LaInO3 (LIO) represents a new, to the best of knowledge, type of perovskite oxides for deep-ultraviolet (DUV) photodetection owing to the wide bandgap nature (∼5.0 eV) and the higher tolerance of defect engineering for tunable carrier transport. Here we fabricate fast-response DUV photodetectors based on epitaxial LIO thin films and demonstrate an effective strategy for balancing the photodetector performance using the oxygen growth pressure as a simple control parameter. Increasing the oxygen pressure is effective to suppress the oxygen vacancy formation in LIO, which is beneficial to suppress the dark current and enhance the response speed. The optimized LIO photodetector achieves a fast rise/fall time of 20 ms/73 ms, a low dark current of 2.0 × 10-12 A, a photo-to-dark current ratio of 1.2 × 103, and a detectivity of 6 × 1012 Jones.

SETD3 is regulated by a couple of microRNAs and plays opposing roles in proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

A previous study reported that histone methyltransferase SETD3 is up-regulated in tumor tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is associated with the growth of HCC. However, the clinical significance and the effect of SETD3 on HCC metastasis remain unclear. In the present study, both the protein and mRNA expression levels of SETD3 were measured in a larger cohort of HCC patients. The results showed that the protein level of SETD3 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in non-tumorous tissues, which was inconsistent with the mRNA expression level of SETD3. The high protein level of SETD3 in HCC tissues was significantly associated with male gender, poor pathological differentiation, liver cirrhosis and unfavorable prognosis of HCC patients. Subsequently, we demonstrated that SETD3 could be regulated at post-transcriptional step by a couple of miRNAs (miR-16, miR-195 and miR-497). Additionally, in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that SETD3 played opposing roles in proliferation and metastasis of HCC: promoting proliferation but inhibiting metastasis. Mechanistic experiments revealed that doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) was a downstream target of SETD3. SETD3 could increase the DNA methylation level of DCLK1 promoter to inhibit the transcription of DCLK1. Further study revealed that DCLK1/PI3K/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 (MMP-2) was an important pathway that mediated the effect of SETD3 on HCC metastasis. In conclusion, the present study revealed that SETD3 is associated with tumorigenesis and is a promising biomarker for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients after surgical resection. In addition, SETD3 plays inhibitory role in HCC metastasis partly through DCLK1/PI3K/MMP-2 pathway.

Do we feel the same level of guilt about the wrongdoings of close ones and distant ones? The mediating role of behavioural control.

Understanding whether and why individuals' emotional responses are different to the same behaviour performed by different others is important for understanding phenomena in social interaction. Given that there is no relevant research in Eastern culture testing such issues, the present research including two studies was conducted with Chinese samples and investigated whether Easterners experience more vicarious guilt about close ones' immoral behaviours than distant ones' immoral behaviours and the underlying mechanism of the effect. Study 1 showed that people felt more guilty when recalling close ones' misdeeds than distant ones' misdeeds. Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 using the scenario method and demonstrated that behavioural control partially mediated the effect of relationship closeness on vicarious guilt, that is, people reported more behavioural control over close ones' immoral behaviours, which in turn resulted in more vicarious guilt. Implications for social interaction and directions for future research are discussed.

Factor Structure of the Gender Role Conflict Scale-Short Form in Chinese Heterosexual and Gay Samples.

The current study examined the validity of Gender Role Conflict Scale-Short Form (GRCS-SF) among a sample of 256 Chinese heterosexual men and 250 Chinese gay men. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the conclusion that a Chinese translated version of the GRCS-SF had acceptable structural validity. Specifically, the four-factor solution (i.e., Success, Power, Competition; Restricted Emotionality; Restricted Affectionate Behavior Between Men; Conflict Between Work and Family Relations) was confirmed with all items loading on their respective factors. Furthermore, the four-factor solution provided a better fit than either a single factor or a four-factor solution with a higher-order single factor. Cronbach's α reliabilities reached the acceptable criterion in both samples for the overall score as well as for the subscale scores. Measurement invariance also suggested that the GRCS-SF has a similar structure between heterosexual and gay Chinese men.

Preliminary Study on 53BP1-Mediated DNA Double-Strand Break Response in Spermatogonial Stem Cells.

53BP1 mediates DNA repair process in somatic cells; however, the function of 53BP1 in germline stem cells still remains unclear. In the present study, animals and cells DNA damage repair (DDR) model was established by irradiation and HU treatment; immunofluorescence staining and laser confocal microscopy were used to detect the expression of 53BP1, p-CHK2, and p-P53 in the DDR process of mSSCs. 53BP1 knockdown expression mSSCs cell line conducted by Trp53bp1-shRNA was established and EdU staining was adopted to analyze cell cycle and cell proliferation. Moreover, NHEJ reporter vector was applied to detect the repair efficacy after Trp53bp1 knocked-down (KD) expression. Results showed that 53BP1 could form foci signals in mSSCs during DDR process both in vivo and in vitro, which was independent of γH2AX. 53BP1 downstream protein, p-P53, and p-CHK2 were involved and dynamically expressed in DDR response. Knocking down of Trp53bp1 expression in mSSCs could not dramatically inhibit cell proliferation, but may increase cell sensitivity to HU. The NHEJ repair efficacy was sharply decreased in Trp53bp-KD SSCs via flow cytometry analysis. We revealed the specific mechanism of 53BP1 in SSCs DDR process, which is expected to provide a new theoretical basis and insights for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.

Directional Carrier Transport in Micrometer-Thick Gallium Oxide Films for High-Performance Deep-Ultraviolet Photodetection.

Incorporating emerging ultrawide bandgap semiconductors with a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) architecture is highly desired for deep-ultraviolet (DUV) photodetection. However, synthesis-induced defects in semiconductors complicate the rational design of MSM DUV photodetectors due to their dual role as carrier donors and trap centers, leading to a commonly observed trade-off between responsivity and response time. Here, we demonstrate a simultaneous improvement of these two parameters in ε-Ga2O3 MSM photodetectors by establishing a low-defect diffusion barrier for directional carrier transport. Specifically, using a micrometer thickness far exceeding its effective light absorption depth, the ε-Ga2O3 MSM photodetector achieves over 18-fold enhancement of responsivity and simultaneous reduction of the response time, which exhibits a state-of-the-art photo-to-dark current ratio near 108, a superior responsivity of >1300 A/W, an ultrahigh detectivity of >1016 Jones, and a decay time of 123 ms. Combined depth-profile spectroscopic and microscopic analysis reveals the existence of a broad defective region near the lattice-mismatched interface followed by a more defect-free dark region, while the latter one serves as a diffusion barrier to assist frontward carrier transport for substantially enhancing the photodetector performance. This work reveals the critical role of the semiconductor defect profile in tuning carrier transport for fabricating high-performance MSM DUV photodetectors.

[Chronic Injury of Mice Bone Marrow Multipotent Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Induced by Ionizing Radiation].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the chronic injury and its possible mechanism of ionizing radiation on multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells (MPPs) by determining the related indicators of MPPs in bone marrow of mice post-radiation. METHODS: Sixteen C57BL/6 adult mice were randomly divided into normal control and irradiation groups, 8 mice in each group. The mice in irradiation group were exposed to 6 Gy X-ray. The proportion of bone marrow MPPs, their apoptosis and proliferation 2 months after irradiation were detected by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial activity and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in each MPPs population were detected by Mitotracker Red and DCFDA probes, and the senescent state of MPPs in the bone marrow was analyzed. RESULTS: Ionizing radiation could reduce the proportion of MPPs in mouse bone marrow. The proportions and numbers of MPP1, MPP3 and MPP4 in the bone marrow were significantly decreased after whole-body irradiation with 6 Gy X-ray (P<0.05). In addition, radiation significantly reduced the colony-forming capacity of MPPs in bone marrow (P<0.05), the proportions of apoptotic cells in the MPP1 and MPP4 cell populations increased significantly in the bone marrow (P<0.05). The activity of mitochondria was significantly reduced in the bone marrow MPP2, MPP3 and MPP4 cell populations compared with that of the control group (P<0.05). It was also found that the radiation could significantly increase the ROS levels of MPPs in bone marrow, and the content of ROS in the MPP2, MPP3 and MPP4 cell population of the bone marrow was significantly increased(P<0.05). The senescent cells ratios of MPP1, MPP3 and MPP4 cells in the bone marrow after irradiation were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Ionizing radiation can cause chronic MPPs damage in mice, which is closely associated with persistent oxidative stress, cells apoptosis, and cellular senescence.

Sensitive and Specific Exonuclease III-Assisted Recombinase-Aided Amplification Colorimetric Assay for Rapid Detection of Nucleic Acids.

The development of a contamination-free and on-site nucleic acid detection platform with high sensitivity and specificity but low-cost for the detection of pathogenic nucleic acids is critical for infectious disease diagnosis and surveillance. In this study, we combined the recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) with the exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted signal amplification into a platform for sensitive and specific detection of nucleic acids of African swine fever virus (ASFV). We found that this platform enabled a naked eye visual detection of ASFV at a detection limit as low as 2 copies/µL in 30 min. As expected, no cross-reactivity was observed with other porcine viruses. In addition, to avoid aerosol contamination, a one-tube RAA-Exo III colorimetric assay was also established for the accurate detection of ASFV in clinical samples. Taken together, we developed a rapid, instrument-free, and low-cost Exo III-assisted RAA colorimetric-assay-based nucleic acid detection platform.

Correction: Zhang et al. Genome-Scale CRISPR Knockout Screening Identifies BACH1 as a Key Regulator of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Oxidative Damage. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 1787.

In the original publication [...].

Neural mechanisms underlying the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts: pleasant bias and unpleasant resistance.

The present study investigated the neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts. The impact of extraversion on the human sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant pictures of diverse emotional intensities was examined. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) for highly positive (HP), moderately positive (MP), and neutral stimuli in the pleasant session, and for highly negative (HN), moderately negative (MN), and neutral stimuli in the unpleasant session, while subjects (16 extraverts and 16 ambiverts) performed a standard/deviant categorization task, irrespective of the emotionality of the deviant stimuli. The results showed significant emotion effects for HP and MP stimuli at the P2 and P3 components in extraverts, but not in ambiverts. Despite a pronounced emotion effect for HN stimuli across the P2, N2, and P3 components in both samples, ambiverts displayed a significant emotion effect for MN stimuli at the N2 and P3 components that was absent in extraverts. The posterior cingulate cortices, which connect multiple neural regions that are important in interactions of emotion and extraversion, may mediate the extravert-specific emotion effect for pleasant stimuli. Thus, extraverts are less susceptible to unpleasant stimuli of mild intensity than are ambiverts, while extraverts have an additional enhanced sensitivity to pleasant stimuli, regardless of emotion intensity. Consequently, the decreased threshold for pleasant emotion and the increased threshold for unpleasant emotion might be essential neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts.

The Protective Effects of γ-Tocotrienol on Muscle Stem Cells Through Inhibiting Reactive Oxidative Stress Production.

Pseudotrophic muscular dystrophy is a common clinical skeletal muscle necrotic disease, among which Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the predominant. For such diseases, there is no clinically effective treatment, which is only symptomatic or palliative treatment. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are common pathological features of DMD. In recent years, it has been found that the pathophysiological changes of skeletal muscle in DMD mice are related to muscle stem cell failure. In the present study, we established a DMD mice model and provided tocotrienol (γ-tocotrienol, GT3), an antioxidant compound, to explore the relationship between the physiological state of muscle stem cells and oxidative stress. The results showed that the application of GT3 can reduce ROS production and cellular proliferation in the muscle stem cells of DMD mice, which is beneficial to promote the recovery of muscle stem cell function in DMD mice. GT3 treatment improved the differentiation ability of muscle stem cells in DMD mice with increasing numbers of MyoD+ cells. GT3 application significantly decreased percentages of CD45+ cells and PDGFRα+ fibro-adipogenic progenitors in the tibialis anterior of DMD mice, indicating that the increased inflammation and fibro-adipogenic progenitors were attenuated in GT3-treated DMD mice. These data suggest that increased ROS production causes dysfunctional muscle stem cell in DMD mice, which might provide a new avenue to treat DMD patients in the clinic.

Responses of bitter melon saponins to oxidative stress and aging via the IIS pathway linked with sir-2.1 and hlh-30.

Saponins from bitter melon (BMS) exert potential bioactivities and pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation and lifespan extension. However, the exact mechanisms of BMS in response to oxidative stress remain unknown. Results demonstrated that bitter melon saponins could strengthen locomotive activities (body bend and head thrashing) accompanied by delaying the muscle fiber damage with age in Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition, BMS inhibited the ROS accumulation, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes like SOD (by 57.90% and 94.34% for 100 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml BMS, respectively) and CAT (by 51.45% and 56.91% for 100 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml BMS, respectively), and extend the lifespan of N2 and CL2006 worms under paraquat-induced oxidative stress. Mechanism study suggested that BMS modulated the mRNA expressions of oxidation-related regulators, like the upregulation of cat-1, hsf-1, sir-2.1, and hlh-30. Furthermore, gene-deficient mutants verified that IIS (insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling) pathway linked with sir-2.1 and hlh-30 factors were involved in the BMS's lifespan-extension effects under oxidative stress. In general, this study supplemented the explanation of BMS in promoting oxidation-resistance and lifespan-extension activities, which could be served as a potential candidate for anti-aging. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Our previous studies have suggested that saponins from bitter melon exhibited fat-lowering activity in C. elegans. However, little was known about the mechanism underlying the anti-oxidation effects of BMS in C. elegans. Current results indicated that the IIS pathway linked with sir-2.1 and hlh-30 transcriptional factors jointly to increase the lifespan in BMS' responses to oxidative stress. Our findings are beneficial to understand the main nutritional ingredients in bitter melon, which are ideal and expected in functional foods for aging.

Saponins from bitter melon reduce lipid accumulation via induction of autophagy in C. elegans and HepG2 cell line.

Saponins from bitter melon (BMS) are well-known to have various biological activities, especially in the field of fat-lowering. However, many gaps remain in our knowledge of BMS-induced fat reduction and health benefits. Here, we aimed to investigate the precise mechanism of BMS in alleviating fat accumulation in C. elegans and HepG2 cell line. Results indicated that BMS showed strong fat-lowering and lifespan-extension properties. Lipidomic analysis illustrated that BMS could alter the lipid profile, especially represented by phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) increase, which plays an essential role in autophagy. Furthermore, we applied gene-deficient mutants and RNAi technology to confirm that BMS largely depended on daf-16/FoxO1 and hlh-30/TFEB mediated lipophagy to reduce fat deposition. In addition, BMS could ameliorate oil acid (OA)-induced fat accumulation in HepG2 cells by induction of autophagy-related proteins, such as the phosphorylated AMPK and LC3B. In conclusion, our results elucidated the underlying mechanism of bitter melon saponins interfering with lipid metabolism from the autophagy point of view, which provide new insights into a nutraceutical to mitigate obesity.

Genome-Scale CRISPR Knockout Screening Identifies BACH1 as a Key Regulator of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Oxidative Damage.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is amongst the mycotoxins commonly affecting human and animal health, raising global food safety and control concerns. The mechanisms underlying AFB1 toxicity are poorly understood. Moreover, antidotes against AFB1 are lacking. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening in porcine kidney cells identified the transcription factor BTB and CNC homolog 1 (BACH1) as a gene required for AFB1 toxicity. The inhibition of BACH1 expression in porcine kidney cells and human hepatoma cells resulted in increased resistance to AFB1. BACH1 depletion attenuates AFB1-induced oxidative damage via the upregulation of antioxidant genes. Subsequently, virtual structural screening identified the small molecule 1-Piperazineethanol, α-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl] -4-(2-methoxyphenyl) (M2) as an inhibitor of BACH1. M2 and its analogues inhibited AFB1-induced porcine and human cell death in vitro, while M2 administration significantly improved AFB1-induced symptoms of weight loss and liver injury in vivo. These findings demonstrate that BACH1 plays a central role in AFB1-induced oxidative damage by regulating antioxidant gene expression. We also present a potent candidate small-molecule inhibitor in developing novel treatments for AFB1 toxicity.

The advancements, challenges, and future implications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in swine research.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genome editing technology has dramatically influenced swine research by enabling the production of high-quality disease-resistant pig breeds, thus improving yields. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used extensively in pigs as one of the tools in biomedical research. In this review, we present the advancements of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in swine research, such as animal breeding, vaccine development, xenotransplantation, and disease modeling. We also highlight the current challenges and some potential applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 technologies.