Triterpenoids from the hook-bearing stems of Uncaria rhynchophylla.

An unprescribed nortriterpenoid with an aromatic E ring, uncanortriterpenoid A (1), together with fourteen known triterpenoids (2-15), were isolated from the hook-bearing stems of Uncaria rhynchophylla Miq. Based on extensive spectroscopic analyses, the NMR data of 2, 5, and 10 in CD3OD were assigned for the first time, and the wrongly assigned δC of C-27 and C-29 of 2 were revised. Among the known compounds, 7, 13, and 15 were isolated from this species for the first time, and 15 represents the first lanostane triterpenoid bearing an extra methylidene at C-24 for the Rubiaceae family. Additionally, compounds 6 and 14 exhibited moderate ferroptosis inhibitory activity, with an EC50 value of 14.74 ± 0.20 µM for 6 and 23.11 ± 1.31 µM for 14.

Ultrasensitive Plasmon-Enhanced Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry.

IR spectroelectrochemistry (EC-IR) is a cutting-edge operando method for exploring electrochemical reaction mechanisms. However, detection of interfacial molecules is challenged by the limited sensitivity of existing EC-IR platforms due to the lack of high-enhancement substrates. Here, we propose an innovative plasmon-enhanced infrared spectroelectrochemistry (EC-PEIRS) platform to overcome this sensitivity limitation. Plasmonic antennae with ultrahigh IR signal enhancement are electrically connected via monolayer graphene while preserving optical path integrity, serving as both the electrode and IR substrate. The [Fe(CN)6 ]3- /[Fe(CN)6 ]4- redox reaction and electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) are investigated on the EC-PEIRS platform with a remarkable signal enhancement. Notably, the enhanced IR signals enable a reconstruction of the electrochemical curve of the redox reactions and unveil the CO2 RR mechanism. This study presents a promising technique for boosting the in-depth understanding of interfacial events across diverse applications.

Whole-genome resequencing of wild and cultivated cannabis reveals the genetic structure and adaptive selection of important traits.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis is an important industrial crop species whose fibre, seeds, flowers and leaves are widely used by humans. The study of cannabinoids extracted from plants has been popular research topic in recent years. China is one of the origins of cannabis and one of the few countries with wild cannabis plants. However, the genetic structure of Chinese cannabis and the degree of adaptive selection remain unclear. RESULTS: The main morphological characteristics of wild cannabis in China were assessed. Based on whole-genome resequencing SNPs, Chinese cannabis could be divided into five groups in terms of geographical source and ecotype: wild accessions growing in the northwestern region; wild accessions growing in the northeastern region; cultivated accessions grown for fibre in the northeastern region; cultivated accessions grown for seed in northwestern region, and cultivated accessions in southwestern region. We further identified genes related to flowering time, seed germination, seed size, embryogenesis, growth, and stress responses selected during the process of cannabis domestication. The expression of flowering-related genes under long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions showed that Chinese cultivated cannabis is adapted to different photoperiods through the regulation of Flowering locus T-like (FT-like) expression. CONCLUSION: This study clarifies the genetic structure of Chinese cannabis and offers valuable genomic resources for cannabis breeding.

[Steroids from Uncaria rhynchophylla].

Thirteen steroids(1-13) were isolated from the non-alkaloid constituents of Uncaria rhynchophylla by column chromatography on silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20, and preparative HPLC chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by analyses of the MS and NMR spectral data. All the compounds were isolated from the genus Uncaria for the first time, and 1 was a new compound. The ~1H-NMR and ~(13)C-NMR data of two compounds(12 and 13) in deuteron-chloroform were completely assigned. This study enriched the steroid constituents of U. rhynchophylla and provided scientific references for the elucidation of active constituents and further development and utilization of U. rhynchophylla.

[Quality standard of Lobeliae Chinensis Herba].

In light of related methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), this study established the quality standard for Lobeliae Chinensis Herba. The TLC identification method was established with silica gel GF_(254) thin layer plate, diosmin standard, linarin standard, and the reference material of Lobeliae Chinensis Herba. The loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and ethanol-soluble extracts of 18 batches of Lobeliae Chinensis Herba samples were determined according to the general principles in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Then, HPLC was adopted in the establishment of characteristic chromatogram and content determination. The results showed that the established method can achieve good separation for diosmin, linarin, and lobetyolin. Based on the results of detection for 18 batches of Lobeliae Chinensis Herba samples, the draft quality standard was established, which was expected to provide reference for the revision of this medicinal herb in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Estimation of salt intake assessed by 24-h urinary sodium level among adults speaking different dialects from the Chaoshan region of southern China.

OBJECTIVE: Dietary salt intake may vary depending on different lifestyles. We aimed to estimate the different salt intakes and evaluate the knowledge and self-awareness about salt among people speaking the Teochew, Teochew-Hakka and Hakka dialects in the Chaoshan region of southern China. DESIGN: The study followed a cluster sampling of residents in Chaoshan region. General characteristics, lifestyles, health status as well as knowledge and self-awareness related to salt intake were investigated using a questionnaire. Anthropometric variables as well as Na and K excretion in a 24-h urine collection were measured. SETTING: Chaoshan region of China. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred fifteen adults who spoke only one of these three dialects. RESULTS: The salt intake of adults who spoke the Teochew, Teochew-Hakka and Hakka dialects was 7·19 (interquartile range (IQR) 5·29-10·17), 9·03 (IQR 6·62-11·54) and 10·12 (IQR 7·61-12·82) g/d, respectively, with significant differences between Teochew and Teochew-Hakka speakers and between Teochew and Hakka speakers (both P < 0·05). The Na:K ratio for adults who spoke the three dialects was 3·00 (IQR 2·00-4·11), 3·50 (IQR 2·64-4·82) and 4·52 (IQR 3·35-5·97), respectively, and differed significantly among the groups (all P < 0·05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed increased Na:K ratio associated with hypertension (ß = 0·71, P = 0·043) in Hakka speakers. Knowledge and self-awareness about salt intake were poor in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Salt intake was closely related to lifestyles and was higher than the upper limit (5 g/d) recommended by the WHO in adults of Chaoshan, especially those speaking the Hakka dialect.

[Research advances of Zaoren Anshen prescription preparations].

Zaoren Anshen prescription preparations(ZRASs), which are prepared from three traditional Chinese herb medicines, namely fried Zizyphi Spinosae Semen, Salvia Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and vinegar-processed Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, are a series of proprietary Chinese medicines for the treatment of insomnia, amnesia and dizzy in clinic. In recent years, pharmacodynamic effect, chemical constituents and quality control of ZRASs had been extensively studied for the purpose of ensuring their safety, efficacy and stability, and a great progress had been made. However, there is no review of the research advance of ZRASs up to date. The present review summarized the research advance of ZRASs in quality control standards, chemical constituents, pharmacodynamic effects, and chemical analysis for the first time, with the aim to provide a reference for further studies on the effective constituents and quality control of ZRASs.

[Research on in vivo metabolites of Longxue Tongluo Capsules by liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry].

Longxue Tongluo Capsules(LTC) has good efficacy against blood stasis syndrome during the recovery period of ischemic stroke. Its main active ingredient is the phenolic extract of Chinese dragon's blood. In our previous study, the primary mass fragmentation pathways of phenolic derivatives from LTC were clarified. Herein, the metabolites in rat plasma were characterized following the oral administration of loureirin A and loureirin C using liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectro-metry(LC-IT-TOF-MS), with 18 and 55 metabolites identified, respectively. On this basis, with the help of the obtained accurate molecular weight, characteristic fragment ions, reference comparison, combined with LTC database and natural products database self-created in our group, 18 prototypes and 106 metabolites were tentatively identified in rat plasma after oral gavage of LTC at a dose of 500 mg·kg~(-1). Glucuronidation, sulfonation, and methylation were major biotransformation pathways of LTC. This study preliminarily clarified the LTC constituents absorbed into blood and laid the foundation for clarifying the effective substances of LTC.

Three new compounds from Dictamnus dasycarpus and their anti-inflammatory activities.

Three new compounds (1-3), named dasycarine G (1), dasycarether (2), and dasycarester (3), along with seven known compounds (4-10) obtained from the genus Dictamnus for the first time, were isolated from the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and CD). In the in vitro assay, compounds 1, 5, 6, 9, and 10 exhibited NO inhibitory effects of LPS-induced BV-2 cells with IC50 values in the range of 10.4 µM to 27.2 µM.

Bioactive cytosporone derivatives isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Dothiorella sp. ML002.

Three new cytosporone derivatives dothiorelones K-M (1, 2 and 7), together with six known ones (3-6, 8 and 9) were isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Dothiorella sp. ML002. Their structures were determined by comprehensive 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopic and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic data. Compounds 1, 2 and 5 displayed inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase with the IC50 values of 22.0, 77.9 and 5.4 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, compounds 1, 2, and 5 also exhibited antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) with the same MIC values of 50 µg/mL, respectively. The results indicated that cytosporone derivatives will be useful to as diabetes control agents.

A new coumarin and a new norlignan from Ficus tsiangii.

Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Ficus tsiangii led to the isolation of a new coumarin ficuscoumarin (1) and a new norlignan ficuslignan (2) by chromatographic methods. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses.

Three new triterpenoid saponins from Albizia julibrissin.

Three new triterpenoid saponins, julibrosides A5-A7 (1-3), together with five known saponins (4-8), were isolated from the stem bark of Albizia julibrissin. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analysis of MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and chemical methods. Compounds 7 and 8 were isolated from the genus Albizia for the first time. The new compounds showed no cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity.

Mucroniferanines A-G, Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Corydalis mucronifera.

Five pairs of isoquinoline alkaloid enantiomers, mucroniferanines A-E (1-5), two inseparable epimeric pairs, mucroniferanines F and G (6, 7), and 10 known isoquinoline alkaloids (8-17) were obtained from Corydalis mucronifera. The structures were characterized using spectroscopic data analysis, and the absolute configurations were established by ECD and X-ray data analysis. The new compounds except for 3 possess a rare 9-methyl group in the isoquinoline alkaloids, and compounds 2 and 3 possess rare benzo[1,2-d:3,4-d]bis[1,3]dioxole moieties. It is the first report of stereoisomerism involving the 9-methyl phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids. Compounds (-)-4, 6, and 7 exhibited acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 28.3, 12.2, and 11.3 µM, respectively.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Concentrations in Human Breast Milk Specimens Worldwide.

BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants of ubiquitous presence in numerous consumer products. PBDEs may impair neurodevelopment in infants. There is a lack of meta-analysis on PBDE concentrations in human breast milk worldwide. We aimed to summarize global research data on PBDE concentrations in human breast milk specimens in recent years. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review through PubMed search of original studies on PBDE concentrations in human individual breast milk specimens collected in the general population over the recent 15-year period (2000-2015) worldwide. RESULTS: A total of 49 eligible studies (total number of study subjects = 7,502) were identified. The pooled means (95% CI) of total PBDE concentration in breast milk (ng/g lipid) were 66.8 (44.7, 88.9) in North America, 2.6 (2.2, 3.1) in Europe, and 2.8 (2.4, 3.3) in Asia, respectively. The pooled means (95% CI) of median total PBDEs concentration in breast milk (ng/g lipid) were 40.0 (30.8-49.1) in North America, 1.9 (1.4-2.4) in Europe, and 2.2 (1.3-3.2) in Asia. The high concentrations of total PBDEs in breast milk in North America were mainly due to high concentrations of brominated diphenyl ether-47 (BDE-47), BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-153. There were too few studies from other continents (Africa, South America, and Oceania) for meaningful meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: Total PBDE concentrations in breast milk in the recent 15-year period were over 20 times higher in North America versus Asia or Europe, and comparable in Europe versus Asia. There is a need for more research data from other continents.

Two new prenylated isoflavones from Hedysarum multijugum.

Chemical investigation on the ethyl acetate extract of the roots of Hedysarum multijugum resulted in the isolation of two new prenylated isoflavonoids: 5, 7, 2'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-3'-(γ, γ-dimethylallyl) isoflavone (hedysarimisoflavone A, 1) and 5, 7, 2'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-6, 8-di-(γ, γ-dimethylallyl) isoflavone (hedysarimisoflavone B, 2). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, especially, 1H and 13C NMR spectra in conjunction with their 2D experiments, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY.

Four new minor brominated indole related alkaloids with antibacterial activities from Laurencia similis.

Four new minor brominated indole related alkaloids (one indoles, 1, one 1,3-dihydro-indole-2-one, 2, one carbazole, 3, and one 2-carbonylamino-benzoate, 4) were isolated and identified from Laurencia similis by extensive chromatographic and spectrometric methods. Among them, 1 and 2 were the first example of naturally occurring indole with 3-benzyl group and 1,3-dihydro-indole-2-one with 2-isopropylidene group, respectively, whereas 3 and 4 were the first carbazole alkaloids and 2-carbonylamino-benzoate, respectively, isolated from the genus Laurencia. Moreover, 1 showed the most potent antibacterial activity against seven bacterial strains with MIC values ranging from 2 to 8µg/mL.

New phenolic glycosides from Pilea cavaleriei.

Five new phenolic glycosides, 2-hydroxy-(2'E)-prenyl benzoate-2,4'-di-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2-hydroxy-(2'E)-prenyl benzoate-2-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), 4-methylphenol-1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3), 4-methylphenol-1-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (4), and 3,5-dimethoxyphenol-1-O-ß-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (5), together with six known glycosides (6-11), were isolated from the n-BuOH fraction of the EtOH extract of Pilea cavaleriei Levl subsp. cavaleriei. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as HR-ESI-MS, and chemical evidences. All these compounds were isolated from the genus Pilea for the first time.

[Subacute toxicity and chemical analysis of Tibetan medicine Oxytropis falcata].

Four different extracts of Oxytropis falcata, including the aerial aqueous extract, and the underground aqueous extract, the aerial lipophilic extract, and the underground lipophilic extract were prepared and then administrated orally to mice at the maximum dose (50 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) calculated by raw material) for fifteen days respectively. Compared with the control group, which was administrated of 1.0% tween-80, the treatment groups did not show significant differences in appearance and behavior. However, the organcoefficient, blood biochemical indicator and pathological section results showed that the lipophilic extracts of the aerial and underground parts of O. flacata showed mild injury to the liver of mice, while the aerial and underground aqueous extracts and the underground lipophilic extract showed mild toxicity to the kidney of male mice. Chemical analysis showed that the lipophilic extracts of the aerial and underground parts, especially aerial lipophilic extract, consisted of large amount of flavonoid aglycones with little amount of polysaccharides and proteins, while the aqueous extracts contained much polysaccharides and proteins with almost no flavonoid aglycones detected.

Cevanine-type steroidal alkaloids from the bulbs of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don.

Eight previously undescribed cevanine-type steroidal alkaloids, cirrhosinones I-N and cirrhosinols A-B, along with five known analogs, were isolated from the bulbs of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive analysis of HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. All compounds revealed weak NO inhibitory activities in the LPS-stimulated NR8383 cells at the concentration of 20 µM, with inhibition ratios ranging from 5.1% to 14.3%.

Two new glycosides from Carduus acanthoides.

Two new glycosides, syringic acid-4-O-ß-L-arabinopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranoside, were isolated from whole plants of Carduus acanthoides (Asteraceae), and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.