Innate Lymphoid Cells: A Link between the Nervous System and Microbiota in Intestinal Networks.

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a novel family of innate immune cells that act as key coordinators of intestinal mucosal surface immune defense and are essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and barrier integrity by responding to locally produced effector cytokines or direct recognition of exogenous or endogenous danger patterns. ILCs are also involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Many studies have demonstrated the occurrence of crosstalk between ILCs and intestinal microbiota, and ILCs have recently been shown to be connected to the enteric nervous system (ENS). Thus, ILCs may act as a key link between the nervous system and microbiota in intestinal networks. In this review, we briefly summarize the role of the ILCs in the intestinal tract (particularly in the context of IBD) and discuss the relationship between ILCs and the microbiota/ENS.

Different intervention strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus in China: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Different strategies are increasingly used for early intervention in prediabetes in China, but the effects of these strategies on incident diabetes have not yet been confirmed. The aim of the present study was to assess systematically the effects of different strategies for preventing diabetes, aimed at Chinese people with prediabetes. Seven electronic databases were searched to identify eligible trials published from inception to September 20, 2016. Randomized controlled trials with a minimum follow-up duration of 6 months were included. Standard pairwise meta-analysis with a random-effects model and network meta-analysis with a frequentist framework were performed. A total of 63 studies, including 11 intervention strategies, were included. Compared with placebo, all strategies, except for lipid-affecting drugs and sitagliptin, reduced the rate of incident diabetes with different levels of effectiveness, ranging from 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12, 0.27) to 0.39 (95% CI 0.20, 0.75). Ranking probability analysis indicated that metformin and ß-cell-stimulating drugs reduced the risk of diabetes most, with probabilities of 87.4% and 81%, respectively. Ethnicity and cultural factors should be considered for diabetes prevention. Most of the included trials were of poor methodological quality, however, and the results should be interpreted with caution.

Probiotic Fermentation of Herbal Medicine: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities.

Fermentation is a processing method used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, traditional fermentation methods suffer from poor production control. In contrast, probiotic fermented herbal medicine (PFHM) offers advantages such as the use of pure strains, a controllable process, and the ability to produce a variety of active enzymes during fermentation. As a result, PFHM has become a research hotspot. This review focuses on the progress, challenges, and opportunities in the research of PFHM. The use of probiotic enzymes during fermentation alters the active ingredients of TCM, resulting in positive pharmacological effects such as increased active ingredients, reduced toxicity, new pharmacological effects, and the reuse of herbal residues. PFHM has the potential to transfer the metabolic transformation of the effective components of TCM by intestinal flora outside the body during production and preparation, which has a broad application prospect. However, due to the complexity of the chemical composition of TCM, the mechanism of PFHM requires further investigation. Finally, we discuss the prospects of industrializing PFHM, which is essential for promoting the innovation and modernization of TCM.

Treatment of COVID-19 in Hemodialysis Patients Using Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study.

Background: To explore the effect of combining traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine in hemodialysis patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This study was conducted from 27 January 2020 to 17 March 2020 in Wuhan Third Hospital Guanggu Branch, Wuhan, China. Fifty-three patients were included and divided into a control group (CG), which received Western medicine and a combined treatment group, which received TCM and Western medicine (TG). Clinical and laboratory data, TCM symptom scores, and chest computed tomography results were extracted and compared between the two groups. Results: The TG included 21 (67.7%) men and 10 (32.3%) women with a mean age of 61.02 (standard deviation [SD] 15.07, range 26-89) years. The mean dialysis duration in the TG was 49 (SD 31) months. Of all patients in the TG, 27 (87.1%) had fatigue, 18 (58.1%) had dry cough, 16 (51.6%) had anorexia, 11 (35.5%) had dyspnea, and 11 (35.5%) had fever. The CG included 14 (63.6%) men and 8 (36.4%) women with a mean age of 61.45 (SD 13.78, range 36-84) years. The mean dialysis duration in the CG was 63 (SD 46) months. Of all patients in the CG, 21 (95.5%) had fatigue, 12 (54.5%) had dry cough, 17 (77.3%) had anorexia, 12 (54.5%) had dyspnea, and 7 (31.8%) had fever. After treatment, the TCM symptom scores of the two groups decreased; the anorexia scores were lower in the TG than in the CG (p < 0.05). After treatment, albumin increased and D-dimer, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase levels decreased in the TG. The d-dimer levels were lower and the albumin level was higher in the TG than in the CG after treatment (p < 0.05). The cure rate was higher, and the mortality rate was lower in the TG than in the CG (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A combination of TCM and Western medicine in hemodialysis patients with COVID-19 could relieve symptoms and help recovery. Further evidence from larger randomized controlled trials is needed to confirm our results.

Effectiveness of the Shenzhuo formula in the treatment of patients with macroalbuminuria secondary to diabetic kidney disease: protocol update and statistical analysis plan.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a significant complication of diabetes and has garnered considerable attention. Our previous retrospective study indicated that Shenzhuo formula (SZF) potentially reduces macroalbuminuria secondary to DKD. METHODS: This trial is a 24-week, randomized, multicentric, double-blinded, double-dummy clinical trial. A total of 120 patients with DKD will be equally and randomly divided into two groups: SZF+ irbesartan simulator or irbesartan + SZF simulator. The 24-h urinary protein change from baseline to week 24 is the primary outcome measure. The secondary outcome measures include serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion rate, improvement in traditional Chinese medicine symptoms, fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, blood pressure, albumin to creatinine ratio, and the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life 19. Our recruitment began in May 2015; currently, we have recruited 100 participants, with a designed maximum sample size of 120. The interim results were reviewed at N = 60, and continuing recruitment was recommended. This statistical analysis plan includes our approach to missing data imputation, primary and secondary outcomes analyses, and safety endpoints. DISCUSSION: This statistical analysis plan will standardize the clinical trial's statistical analysis and avoid outcome selective reporting bias and data-driven analysis. This trial will provide further clinical evidence regarding the effectiveness of SZF in managing macroalbuminuria secondary to DKD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-ICR-15006311. Registered on 26 May 2013. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=10862.

Efficacy and safety of traditional chinese medicine treatment for overweight and obese individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, causing a global health issue. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used in treating overweight/obesity has been widely implemented in clinical practice, but its overall efficacy and safety remain unclear. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TCM based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and Clinical Trails from their inception to March 2021. Two reviewers screened studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias independently. The data were pooled for meta-analysis or presented narratively. Results: Twenty-five RCTs involving 1,947 participants were included. Compared with placebo or blank control, TCM preparations reduced Body Mass Index (BMI) [MD = -1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1.44, -0.89; I2 = 34%], reduced weight (MD = -2.53; 95% CI = -3.08, -1.99; I2 = 34%), reduced waist circumference (MD = -2.64; 95% CI = -3.42, -1.87; I2 = 0%), reduced hip circumference (MD = -3.48; 95% CI = -4.13, -2.83; I2 = 0%), reduced total cholesterol (TCHO) (MD = -10.45; 95% CI = -18.92, -1.98; I2 = 63%), reduced triglycerides (TG) (MD = -4.19; 95% CI = -6.35, -2.03; I2 = 25%), increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (MD = -3.60; 95% CI = -6.73, -0.47; I2 = 81%), reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) (MD = -0.77; 95% CI = -1.24, -0.29; I2 = 91%). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)、body fat rate、low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were not statistically significant. For people with hypertension, decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD = -5.27; 95% CI = -8.35, -2.19; I2 = 58%), decreased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD = -4.30; 95% CI = -5.90, -2.69; I2 = 0%). For people with normal blood pressure, there was no significant change. There was no significant difference in liver function. Conclusion: It has been demonstrated that TCM preparations have good clinical efficacy and safety for overweight/obesity. TCM may be suitable for overweight/obesity in adult populations for its efficacy and safety of long-term treatment.

Evidence and Potential Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Adjuvant Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been used to treat diabetes mellitus and angina. It has also gained widespread clinical applications in China as a common adjuvant treatment. Although there is high-quality evidence that TCM is effective in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, the cardiovascular protective effect of TCM in the treatment of diabetes mellitus has not been fully elucidated, especially in patients with both diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease (CHD). We systematically assessed the efficacy and safety of TCM for the adjuvant treatment of patients with CHD and diabetes mellitus and examined the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of TCM medication/herbs on diabetes mellitus with CHD. We found that TCM could improve the control effect of conventional treatment on cardiac function, hemorheology, blood glucose, blood lipid, and inflammation, thus reducing the frequency of angina and the incidence of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. These findings indicate that TCM may be used as a complementary approach for patients with diabetes mellitus and CHD. Nevertheless, more rigorously designed randomized controlled trials and long-term evaluations are needed to support these findings.

Clinical observations on the dose-effect relationship of gegen qin lian decoction on 54 out-patients with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of different dosages of Gegen Qin Lian Decoction on type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Fifty-four type 2 diabetic patients from low dosage group (20 cases), medium dosage group (19 cases) and high dosage group (15 cases) were treated with different dosage of Gegen Qin Lian Decoction for 12 weeks. Fasting blood-glucose (FBG), postprandial blood sugar (PBG) and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were determined before and after treatment. RESULTS: With the increase of dosage, the overall effective rate of glycaemic control increased, and FBG, PBG HbA1c decreased. The overall effective rate of blood glucose control of high dosage, medium dosage and low dosage group were 80%, 47%, 30% respectively, and there were significant differences between high dosage group and low dosage group. The decrease of FBG, PBG and HbA1c of high dosage showed significant differences from low dosage too. These data was analyzed by trend chi2 test and covariance analysis. CONCLUSION: The result indicated that different dosage of Gegen Qin Lian Decoction has dose-effect relationship in reducing HbA1c and FBG.

Mechanism exploration of Gouqi-wentang formula against type 2 diabetes mellitus by phytochemistry and network pharmacology-based analysis and biological validation.

BACKGROUND: The Gouqi-wentang formula (GQWTF) is a herbal formula used by Academician Xiao-lin Tong for the clinical treatment of T2DM. GQWTF is beneficial to qi, nourishes Yin, clears heat, and promotes fluid production, but the effective components and their mechanism of action remain unclear. METHODS: The main components of GQWTF were detected by LC-MS, and the multi-target mechanisms of GQWTF in T2DM were elucidated using network pharmacology analysis, including target prediction, protein-protein interaction network construction and analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation, and other network construction. Finally, the efficacy of the GQWTF was verified using biological experiments. RESULTS: First, the "herb-channel tropism" network suggested that GQWTF focuses more on treating diseases by recuperating the liver, which is considered as an important insulin-sensitive organ. Subsequently, a total of 16 active ingredients in GQWTF were detected and screened, and their biological targets were predicted. Then, "compound-target" network was constructed, where enrichment analysis of GQWTF targets reflected its potential pharmacological activities. After T2DM-related target identification, 39 cross targets of GQWTF and T2DM were obtained, and 30 key targets highly responsible for the beneficial effect of GQWTF on T2DM were identified by PPI analysis. GO analysis of these key targets showed that many biological processes of GQWTF in treating T2DM are key in the occurrence and development of T2DM, including components related to inflammatory/immune response, insulin, and metabolism. KEGG analysis revealed the regulation of multiple signalling pathways, such as insulin resistance, PPAR signalling pathway, FoxO signalling pathway, Fc epsilon RI signalling pathway, and pathways that influence diabetes primarily by regulating metabolism as well as other T2DM directly related pathways. Furthermore, a "formula-compound-pathway-symptom" network was constructed to represent a global view of GQWTF in the treatment of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: This study explored the mechanism of action of GQWTF in T2DM by multi-component and multi-target multi pathways, which could provide a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of GQWTF.

Potential mechanism prediction of Cold-Damp Plague Formula against COVID-19 via network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new global public health emergency. The therapeutic benefits of Cold‒Damp Plague Formula (CDPF) against COVID-19, which was used to treat "cold‒dampness stagnation in the lung" in Trial Versions 6 and 7 of the "Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19", have been demonstrated, but the effective components and their mechanism of action remain unclear. METHODS: In this study, a network pharmacology approach was employed, including drug-likeness evaluation, oral bioavailability prediction, protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network construction and analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation, and virtual docking, to predict the bioactive components, potential targets, and molecular mechanism of CDPF for COVID-19 treatment. RESULTS: The active compound of herbs in CDPF and their candidate targets were obtained through database mining, and an herbs-ingredients-targets network was constructed. Subsequently, the candidate targets of the active compounds were compared to those relevant to COVID-19, to identify the potential targets of CDPF for COVID-19 treatment. Subsequently, the PPI network was constructed, which provided a basis for cluster analysis and hub gene screening. The seed targets in the most significant module were selected for further functional annotation. GO enrichment analysis identified four main areas: (1) cellular responses to external stimuli, (2) regulation of blood production and circulation, (3) free radical regulation, (4) immune regulation and anti-inflammatory effects. KEGG pathway analysis also revealed that CDPF could play pharmacological roles against COVID-19 through "multi components‒multi targets‒multi pathways" at the molecular level, mainly involving anti-viral, immune-regulatory, and anti-inflammatory pathways; consequently, a "CDPF-herbs-ingredients-targets-pathways-COVID-19" network was constructed. In hub target analysis, the top hub target IL6, and ACE2, the receptor via which SARS-CoV-2 typically enters host cells, were selected for molecular docking analyses, and revealed good binding activities. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanism by which CDPF treatment is effective against COVID-19, and provides a reference basis for the wider application and further mechanistic investigations of CDPF in the fight against COVID-19.

Interactions Between Therapeutics for Metabolic Disease, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Gut Microbiota.

With improved standards of living, the incidence of multiple metabolic disorders has increased year by year, especially major risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, continues to increase. Emerging epidemiological data and clinical trials have shown the additional protective effects of some metabolic therapy drugs against cardiovascular diseases. A series of studies have found that these drugs may work by modulating the composition of gut microbiota. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the contribution of the gut microbiota to both metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the response of gut microbiota to metabolic therapy drugs with cardiovascular benefits. In this manner, we link the recent advances in microbiome studies on metabolic treatment drugs with their cardiovascular protective effects, suggesting that intestinal microorganisms may play a potential role in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. We also discuss the potential of microorganism-targeted therapeutics as treatment strategies for preventing and/or treating cardiovascular disease and highlight the need to establish causal links between therapeutics for metabolic diseases, gut microbiota modulation, and cardiovascular protection.

A Novel Antidiabetic Monomers Combination Alleviates Insulin Resistance Through Bacteria-Cometabolism-Inflammation Responses.

The present study sought to examine the therapeutic effect of a novel antidiabetic monomer combination (AMC) in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); while also elucidating the potential functional mechanism. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to establish T2DM. The AMC group showed significant reduction in weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and experienced reduced insulin resistance based on oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp testing ("gold standard" for determining in vivo insulin sensitivity). Further, AMC restored the altered intestinal flora by increasing the abundance of the beneficial bacteria Akkermansia, and decreasing the number of harmful bacteria, including Bacteroides, Odoribacter, Prevotella 9, Alistipes, and Parabacteroides. Components of the host-microbial metabolome were also significantly changed in the AMC group compared to the HFD group, including hydroxyphenyllactic acid, palmitoleic acid, dodecanoic acid, linoleic acid, and erucic acid. Furthermore, AMC was found to inhibit inflammation and suppress signaling pathways related to insulin resistance. Lastly, spearman correlation analysis revealed relationships between altered microbial community and co-metabolite levels, co-metabolites and inflammatory cytokines. Hence, the potential mechanism responsible for AMC-mediated alleviation of insulin resistance was suggested to be involved in modulation of bacteria-cometabolism-inflammation responses.

Chinese herbal medicine Shenzhuo Formula treatment in patients with macroalbuminuria secondary to diabetic kidney disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a serious complication associated with diabetes mellitus and can cause end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used in China to treat DKD, and in particular microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. This study will address the efficacy and safety of Shenzhuo Formula (SZF), a frequently prescribed TCM, in DKD patients with macroalbuminuria. METHODS/DESIGN: This study is a 24-week, randomized, multi-center, double-blinded, double-dummy, controlled, clinical trial that will include 120 DKD patients aged 18 to 80 years old with a 24-h urinary protein (24-h UP) level of between 0.5 g and 3 g and serum creatinine (SCr) ≤ 133 µmol/L (1.5 mg/dL) and compare SZF to irbesartan. The 24-h UP change from baseline to week 24 will represent the primary endpoint with secondary endpoints including SCr, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), TCM symptoms, urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER), etc. Safety assessments will also be evaluated. DISCUSSION: This study will provide initial evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of SZF relative to irbesartan in the treatment of DKD patients with macroalbuminuria. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ID: ChiCTR-ICR-15006311 . Registered on 15 April 2015.

[Study on the differential gene expression of peripheral CD4+ among rheumatoid arthritis patients of cold or heat syndrome type with or without rheumatoid factor].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the differential gene expression of peripheral CD4+ among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients of cold or heat syndrome type with or without rheumatoid factor (RF). METHODS: Differential gene expression of peripheral CD4+ lymphocytes purified from fasting venous blood of RA patients and healthy subjects was studied using gene chip technique. RESULTS: There were 55 differential genes between RA patients with and without RF, mainly involving those related with immune response and signal transduction. In patients with RF, 71 differential genes, mainly related with functional metabolism and immune response, and in those without RF, 70 related with functional metabolism were found between patients of cold and heat syndrome type respectively, all of them were not repetitive with the above-mentioned 55, and only 2 were found repetitive between the 70 and the 71 differential genes, mainly involving functional metabolism. CONCLUSION: The differential genes between RA patients with or without RF are different with those between patients of heat and cold syndrome type, suggesting the TCM syndrome classification has its own basis of gene expression profile.

Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis was performed to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of the Chinese herbal medicine Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction (HGWWD) for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy. DATA SOURCES: Six electronic databases, including the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE database, Chinese Biomedical Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Chinese Science and Technique Journals Database, and the Wanfang Database, were searched on the internet for randomized controlled trials published up until 1 December 2015. The search terms included "Chinese herbal medicine", "diabetic peripheral neuropathy" and "randomized controlled trials" in Chinese and in English. DATA SELECTION: We included randomized controlled trials using HGWWD/modified HGWWD for the treatment group, without restriction for the control group. We assessed literature quality in accordance with the Cochrane Review Handbook. A random or a fixed effects model was used to analyze outcomes using RevMan 5.2 software. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes were changes in symptoms and nerve conduction velocities. The secondary outcomes were fasting blood glucose and hemorheological indexes. RESULTS: Sixteen randomized controlled trials, with a total of 1,173 patients, were included. Meta-analysis revealed that the efficacy of HGWWD for diabetic peripheral neuropathy was significantly superior compared with the control treatment (i.e., control group) (risk ratio = 0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.29-0.46, Z =8.33, P < 0.00001) Compared with the control group, there was an increase in median motor nerve conduction velocity (mean difference (MD) = 3.46, 95%CI: 1.88-5.04, Z = 4.30, P < 0.01) and median sensory nerve conduction velocity (MD = 3.30, 95%CI: 2.04-4.56, Z = 5.14, P < 0.01). There was also an increase in peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity (MD = 3.22, 95%CI: 2.45-3.98, Z = 8.21, P < 0.01) and peroneal sensory nerve conduction velocity (MD = 3.05, 95%CI: 2.01-4.09, Z = 5.75, P < 0.01) in the treatment groups. No significant difference in fasting blood glucose was found between the treatment groups and the control groups (MD = -0.12, 95%CI: -0.42-0.19, Z = 0.76, P = 0.45). Plasma viscosity was significantly decreased after treatment (MD = -0.11, 95%CI: -0.21 to -0.02, Z = 2.30, P = 0.02). No significant difference in fibrinogen was detectable (MD = -0.53, 95%CI: -1.28-0.22, Z = 1.38, P = 0.17). Four trials reported that treatment groups experienced no adverse reactions. Adverse events were not mentioned in the other 12 trials. No trial reported the incidence of complications, quality of life outcomes, or health economics. CONCLUSION: HGWWD treatment improves diabetic neurologic symptoms and ameliorates nerve conduction velocities. Our study suggests that HGWWD may have significant therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. However, the methodological quality of the randomized controlled trials was generally low. Larger and better-designed randomized controlled trials are required to more reliably assess the clinical effectiveness of HGWWD.

Effect of Gui Zhi decoction on enteric mucosal immune in mice with collagen-induced arthritis.

AIM: To explore the effect of Gui Zhi decoction on enteric mucosal immune in type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA mice. METHODS: Eighty DBA/1, weighing 18-22 g, were randomly divided into four groups with 20 in each group: control group, CIA group, treatment groups at high dosage and low dosage (GZH and GZL). CIA was induced by immunization with type II collagen (CII) emulsified with equal complete adjuvant at 0.1 mg CII each mouse. Blood lymphocyte suspension was screened for CD4 and CD8 expression using a flow cytometry, the CD4 and CD8 and secretory IgA (sIgA)-positive cells in enteric lamina propria tested with immunohistochemical staining. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1)-beta, and IL-6 concentrations in serum were assayed with RIA. RESULTS: Gui Zhi decoction can lower the arthritic scores and decrease the occurrence of arthritis. The CD4, CD8, and sIgA-positive cells in CIA mice are less than in control mice, and in Gui Zhi decoction at high dosage could restore the lowered CD4- and CD8-positive cells in lamina propria, and at both high and low dosages could increase the lowered sIgA-positive cells in lamina propria, even still lower than in normal mice. In periphery, the CD4 cells in periphery are higher in CIA mice than in control mice, and Gui Zhi decoction at high and low dosages could decrease the CD4 and CD8 cells. Also, Gui Zhi decoction at high dosage could decrease the IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentration in serum. CONCLUSION: Gui Zhi decoction can lower the arthritic scores and decrease the incidence of CIA in mice, and the mechanism is in part regulating enteric mucosal immune.

[Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of cyanidin from cherries on rat adjuvant-induced arthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the possible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of cyanidin from cherries on adjuvant induced arthritis (AA) in SD rats. METHOD: Arthritis was induced by the complete Freud's adjuvant in male Sprague Dauley rats and assessed based on paw swelling. Rats were randomly divided into normal group (NM), adjuvant arthritis group (AA) and three cyanidin-treated groups in high dosage (HA), middle dosage (MA), and low dosage (LA). The morphological changes in the hind limbs were conducted under a light microscope. We detected glutathione (GSH) in whole blood and malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) activity in serum by special kits to assess the antioxidant effects of cyanidin on AA. Moreover, the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in paw tissues were determined by radioimmunoassay and TNF-alpha levels in serum were determined using ELISA kits specific for rat. RESULT: The cyanidin could protect against the paws swelling in AA rats. From the day 14 after AA induction, the swellings of the cyanidin treated groups at high dosage and low dosage were significantly reduced compared with the model group (P < 0.05, 0.01). Histological examination of sections through the hind limbs revealed alleviation of inflammatory reaction in the joint after the treatment. The cyanidin at high and low dosage could increase the GSH, SOD activity and T-AOC levels in whole blood or serums and decrease MDA in AA rats (P < 0.01). The cyanidin could decrease the PGE2 levels in paw tissues and the TNF-alpha levels in serum at high and low dosages (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The cyanidin could protect against the paws swelling in AA rats, and alleviate the inflammatory reaction in the joint, and the mechanism might be via the increase activity of GSH, SOD and T-AOC that improve the total antioxidative capacity and scavenge the free radicals, perhaps as a result of that the levels of the PGE2 in paw tissues and TNF-alpha contents in serum were decreased. The results suggest that the cyanidin from cherries could be one of the potential candidates for the alleviation of arthritis.

Innovative Thoughts on Treating Diabetes from the Perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

The rapidly increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is becoming a major public health issue. As one of the important parts in complementary and alternative therapies, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is promising in treating DM. In this review, we summarize new thoughts on treating DM that aim to improve the clinical efficacy of TCM from the perspectives of principle, methods, formula, herbs, and doses. Our approach is as follows: principle: we use a combination of symptoms, syndromes, and diseases as a new mode for treating diabetes; methods: emphasizing heat-clearing in the early and middle stage of T2DM and invigorating blood circulation throughout the whole process of T2DM are two innovative methods to treat T2DM; formulas and herbs: choosing formulas and herbs based on the combination of TCM theory and current medicine. We will emphasize four strategies to help doctors choose formulas and herbs, including treatment based on syndrome differentiation, choosing herbs of bitter and sour flavors to counteract sweet flavor, choosing formulas and herbs aimed at main symptoms, and using modern pharmacological achievements in clinical practice; dose: reasonable drug dose plays an important role in the treatment of DM and a close relationship exists between dose and clinical efficacy.

Application of berberine on treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) performs a good clinical practice and is showing a bright future in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). TCM treatment has certain advantages of less toxicity and/or side effects, and herbs could provide multiple therapeutic effects. Berberine (BBR) is a classical natural medicine. In this review, we summarize the application of BBR in the treatment of DM from two aspects. First, modern pharmacological effects of BBR on glucose metabolism are summarized, such as improving insulin resistance, promoting insulin secretion, inhibiting gluconeogenesis in liver, stimulating glycolysis in peripheral tissue cells, modulating gut microbiota, reducing intestinal absorption of glucose, and regulating lipid metabolism. BBR is used to treat diabetic nephropathy (DPN), diabetic neuropathy (DN), and diabetic cardiomyopathy due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Second, the clinical application of BBR is reviewed, such as listing some clinical trials on the effectiveness and safety of BBR, explaining applicable stage and syndrome, the reasonable dose and dose formulation, and the toxicity and/or side effects. This review provides scientific evidence about BBR, as well as introducing some traditional Chinese medical theory and clinical experience, in order to guide clinician to use BBR more suitably and reasonably.

Treatment of refractory diabetic gastroparesis: Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine therapies.

Refractory diabetic gastroparesis (DGP), a disorder that occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics, is associated with severe symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, and results in an economic burden on the health care system. In this article, the basic characteristics of refractory DGP are reviewed, followed by a discussion of therapeutic modalities, which encompasses the definitions and clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy evaluation of refractory DGP. The diagnostic standards assumed in this study are those set forth in the published literature due to the absence of recognized diagnosis criteria that have been assessed by an international organization. The therapeutic modalities for refractory DGP are as follows: drug therapy, nutritional support, gastric electrical stimulation, pyloric botulinum toxin injection, endoscopic or surgical therapy, and traditional Chinese treatment. The therapeutic modalities may be used alone or in combination. The use of traditional Chinese treatments is prevalent in China. The effectiveness of these therapies appears to be supported by preliminary evidence and clinical experience, although the mechanisms that underlie these effects will require further research. The purpose of this article is to explore the potential of combined Western and traditional Chinese medicine treatment methods for improved patient outcomes in refractory DGP.