Effects of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules in adults with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019: an international, multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: In a randomized trial, Lianhuaqingwen (LHQW) capsule was effective for accelerating symptom recovery among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the lack of blinding and limited sample sizes decreased the level of clinical evidence. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of LHQW capsule in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (17 sites from China, Thailand, Philippine and Vietnam). Patients received standard-of-care alone or plus LHQW capsules (4 capsules, thrice daily) for 14 days. The primary endpoint was the median time to sustained clinical improvement or resolution of nine major symptoms. RESULTS: The full-analysis set consisted of 410 patients in LHQW capsules and 405 in placebo group. LHQW significantly shortened the primary endpoint in the full-analysis set (4.0 vs. 6.7 days, hazards ratio: 1.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.39-1.90). LHQW capsules shortened the median time to sustained clinical improvement or resolution of stuffy or runny nose (2.8 vs. 3.7 days), sore throat (2.0 vs. 2.6 days), cough (3.2 vs. 4.9 days), feeling hot or feverish (1.0 vs. 1.3 days), low energy or tiredness (1.3 vs. 1.9 days), and myalgia (1.5 vs. 2.0 days). The duration to sustained clinical improvement or resolution of shortness of breath, headache, and chills or shivering did not differ significantly between the two groups. Safety was comparable between the two groups. No serious adverse events were reported. INTERPRETATION: LHQW capsules promote recovery of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 via accelerating symptom resolution and were well tolerated. Trial registration ChiCTR2200056727 .

PM2.5 induces autophagy-dependent ferroptosis by endoplasmic reticulum stress in SH-SY5Y cells.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) has been a global environmental problem threatening public health in recent years. PM2.5 exposure was associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases related to neuronal apoptosis. Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic form of programmed the cell death, characterized by excess iron-dependent lipid peroxidation products. Whether PM2.5 could induce ferroptosis in cells and thus be involved in its neurotoxicity is unknown. In this study, we found that PM2.5 induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis in neuroblastoma human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Interestingly, ferroptosis was the predominant form of mortality in the presence of high doses of PM2.5 exposure. In addition, the endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) inhibited PM2.5 -induced cellular autophagy, apoptosis, and ferroptosis. Autophagy inhibitors chloroquine (CQ) alleviated PM2.5 -induced ferroptosis but did not reverse apoptosis. We also found that inhibition of both endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy reversed the PM2.5 -induced increase in the expression level of cytophagy nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4). Our results suggested that PM2.5 -induced ferroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells was autophagy-dependent ferroptosis due to endoplasmic reticulum stress, which might be associated with the elevation of iron content caused by NCOA4-mediated ferritin autophagy.

Prevalence and Population-Attributable Risk for Chronic Airflow Obstruction in a Large Multinational Study.

Rationale: The Global Burden of Disease program identified smoking and ambient and household air pollution as the main drivers of death and disability from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: To estimate the attributable risk of chronic airflow obstruction (CAO), a quantifiable characteristic of COPD, due to several risk factors. Methods: The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study is a cross-sectional study of adults, aged ≥40, in a globally distributed sample of 41 urban and rural sites. Based on data from 28,459 participants, we estimated the prevalence of CAO, defined as a postbronchodilator FEV1-to-FVC ratio less than the lower limit of normal, and the relative risks associated with different risk factors. Local relative risks were estimated using a Bayesian hierarchical model borrowing information from across sites. From these relative risks and the prevalence of risk factors, we estimated local population attributable risks. Measurements and Main Results: The mean prevalence of CAO was 11.2% in men and 8.6% in women. The mean population attributable risk for smoking was 5.1% in men and 2.2% in women. The next most influential risk factors were poor education levels, working in a dusty job for ≥10 years, low body mass index, and a history of tuberculosis. The risk of CAO attributable to the different risk factors varied across sites. Conclusions: Although smoking remains the most important risk factor for CAO, in some areas, poor education, low body mass index, and passive smoking are of greater importance. Dusty occupations and tuberculosis are important risk factors at some sites.

PK/PD modelling of enrofloxacin against Glaesserella parasuis infection in pigs.

A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to optimize the dosing regimen of enrofloxacin (EN) against Glaesserella parasuis in pigs. EN (2.5 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to eight healthy pigs and eight pigs that were experimentally infected with G. parasuis SW124. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Plasma EN concentrations were determined, and the main PK parameters were estimated. The PD of EN against G. parasuis SW124 was also investigated in vitro and ex vivo. The dynamic behaviour of EN in pigs was consistent with a one-compartment model. Significant differences were observed between healthy and infected pigs in the area under the curve (AUC) (3.58 ± 0.94 and 5.39 ± 1.01 µg h/ml, respectively) and the systemic clearance (CL) (736.32 ± 171.46 and 479.36 ± 96.81 ml/h/kg, respectively), suggesting that the pathogenicity of G. parasuis SW124 to pigs might alter the PK profile of EN, and therefore should be considered in dose optimization. Both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 0.125 µg/ml in tryptone soya broth (TSB) medium or plasma. The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) was 0.6 µg/ml. EN inhibited or killed G. parasuis SW124 in a concentration-dependent manner. The targeted endpoints of AUC24 h /MIC for bacteriostasis, bactericidal action, and eradication were 5.10, 7.34, and 8.65 h and 5.91, 9.01, and 10.90 h in healthy and infected pigs, respectively. The optimal doses were 3.58-6.08 mg/kg in healthy pigs and 2.71-4.99 mg/kg in infected pigs from the point of view of preventing drug resistance.

The effect of low-dose corticosteroids and theophylline on the risk of acute exacerbations of COPD: the TASCS randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The highest burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) occurs in low- and middle-income countries. Low-cost oral medications, if effective, could enable affordable, accessible COPD treatment. METHODS: In this randomised, three-arm, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled study conducted in 37 centres in China, symptomatic patients with moderate to very severe COPD were randomised 1:1:1 to placebo twice daily plus placebo once daily, low-dose theophylline 100 mg twice daily plus placebo once daily or low-dose theophylline 100 mg twice daily plus low-dose oral prednisone 5 mg once daily for 48 weeks. The primary end-point was annualised exacerbation rate. RESULTS: 1670 subjects were randomised and 1242 completed the study (1142 with acceptable data at week 48). Subjects (75.7% male) had a mean age of 64.4 years, with mean±sd baseline post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 1.1±0.4 L (42.2% predicted) and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score 45.8±20.1. There were negligible differences between annualised exacerbation rates across the three treatments: 0.89 (95% CI 0.78-1.02) on theophylline plus prednisone, 0.86 (95% CI 0.75-0.99) on theophylline plus placebo and 1.00 (95% CI 0.87-1.14) on placebo. The rate ratio for theophylline plus prednisone versus pooled theophylline plus placebo and placebo was 0.96 (95% CI 0.83-1.12), for theophylline plus placebo versus placebo was 0.87 (95% CI 0.73-1.03; p=0.101) and for theophylline plus prednisone versus placebo was 0.90 (95% CI 0.76-1.06; p=0.201). Secondary outcomes of hospitalisations, FEV1, SGRQ and COPD Assessment Test score showed no statistically significant difference between treatment arms. Serious adverse events other than exacerbations were <2% and did not differ between treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose theophylline alone or in combination with prednisone did not reduce exacerbation rates or clinically important secondary end-points compared with placebo.

Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is evolving rapidly worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of serious adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 by stratifying the comorbidity status. METHODS: We analysed data from 1590 laboratory confirmed hospitalised patients from 575 hospitals in 31 provinces/autonomous regions/provincial municipalities across mainland China between 11 December 2019 and 31 January 2020. We analysed the composite end-points, which consisted of admission to an intensive care unit, invasive ventilation or death. The risk of reaching the composite end-points was compared according to the presence and number of comorbidities. RESULTS: The mean age was 48.9 years and 686 (42.7%) patients were female. Severe cases accounted for 16.0% of the study population. 131 (8.2%) patients reached the composite end-points. 399 (25.1%) reported having at least one comorbidity. The most prevalent comorbidity was hypertension (16.9%), followed by diabetes (8.2%). 130 (8.2%) patients reported having two or more comorbidities. After adjusting for age and smoking status, COPD (HR (95% CI) 2.681 (1.424-5.048)), diabetes (1.59 (1.03-2.45)), hypertension (1.58 (1.07-2.32)) and malignancy (3.50 (1.60-7.64)) were risk factors of reaching the composite end-points. The hazard ratio (95% CI) was 1.79 (1.16-2.77) among patients with at least one comorbidity and 2.59 (1.61-4.17) among patients with two or more comorbidities. CONCLUSION: Among laboratory confirmed cases of COVID-19, patients with any comorbidity yielded poorer clinical outcomes than those without. A greater number of comorbidities also correlated with poorer clinical outcomes.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 treated in Hubei (epicentre) and outside Hubei (non-epicentre): a nationwide analysis of China.

BACKGROUND: During the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), consistent and considerable differences in disease severity and mortality rate of patients treated in Hubei province compared to those in other parts of China have been observed. We sought to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients being treated inside and outside Hubei province, and explore the factors underlying these differences. METHODS: Collaborating with the National Health Commission, we established a retrospective cohort to study hospitalised COVID-19 cases in China. Clinical characteristics, the rate of severe events and deaths, and the time to critical illness (invasive ventilation or intensive care unit admission or death) were compared between patients within and outside Hubei. The impact of Wuhan-related exposure (a presumed key factor that drove the severe situation in Hubei, as Wuhan is the epicentre as well the administrative centre of Hubei province) and the duration between symptom onset and admission on prognosis were also determined. RESULTS: At the data cut-off (31 January 2020), 1590 cases from 575 hospitals in 31 provincial administrative regions were collected (core cohort). The overall rate of severe cases and mortality was 16.0% and 3.2%, respectively. Patients in Hubei (predominantly with Wuhan-related exposure, 597 (92.3%) out of 647) were older (mean age 49.7 versus 44.9 years), had more cases with comorbidity (32.9% versus 19.7%), higher symptomatic burden, abnormal radiologic manifestations and, especially, a longer waiting time between symptom onset and admission (5.7 versus 4.5 days) compared with patients outside Hubei. Patients in Hubei (severe event rate 23.0% versus 11.1%, death rate 7.3% versus 0.3%, HR (95% CI) for critical illness 1.59 (1.05-2.41)) have a poorer prognosis compared with patients outside Hubei after adjusting for age and comorbidity. However, among patients outside Hubei, the duration from symptom onset to hospitalisation (mean 4.4 versus 4.7 days) and prognosis (HR (95%) 0.84 (0.40-1.80)) were similar between patients with or without Wuhan-related exposure. In the overall population, the waiting time, but neither treated in Hubei nor Wuhan-related exposure, remained an independent prognostic factor (HR (95%) 1.05 (1.01-1.08)). CONCLUSION: There were more severe cases and poorer outcomes for COVID-19 patients treated in Hubei, which might be attributed to the prolonged duration of symptom onset to hospitalisation in the epicentre. Future studies to determine the reason for delaying hospitalisation are warranted.

Sub-chronic administration of benzo[a]pyrene disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation via inhibiting CaMK II/PKC/PKA-ERK-CREB signaling in rats.

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is recognized as a neurotoxic pollutant to mammals, which could impair learning and memory function. Although there is some evidence to suggest that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein in nerve cells, is involved into the B[a]P induced neurotoxicity, the exact molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, particularly the effects of B[a]P on the NMDAR downstream signaling transduction pathways. In the present study, we examined the neurotoxicity of sub-chronic administrated B[a]P on male Sprague-Dawley rats. Our data suggested that B[a]P exposure caused significant deficits in learning and memory function and the impairment of hippocampal LTP in rats. Further mechanistic studies indicate that B[a]P-induced learning and memory deficits are associated with the inhibition of NMDAR NR1 subunit transcription and protein phosphorylation. More importantly, the inactivation of CaMK II/PKC/PKA-ERK-CREB signaling pathways in hippocampus was detected at both the 2.5 and 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P-treated groups, indicating that multiple targets in NMDAR and downstream signaling pathways are involved in the B[a]P-induced neurotoxicity.

Interaction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) polymorphisms and occupational hazards increases the risk of hypertension in coke oven workers.

OBJECTIVES: The interaction between genetic, epigenetic inheritance and environmental factors determines susceptibility to hypertension. Previous epidemiology studies have shown that coke oven workers who are frequently exposed to various occupational hazards have remarkable increase in the risk for hypertension. Among many genetic variants identified in hypertension, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was found to play important roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension and associated diseases. We therefore explore the possible role of HSP70 polymorphisms and their interaction with occupational environment in hypertension risk. METHODS: We carried out a case-control study among 367 coke oven workers in northwest China, focused on three common HSP70 polymorphisms (HSP70-1 G190C, HSP70-2 A1267G and HSP70-hom T2437C), and evaluated the association of HSP70 gene polymorphisms with work sites for high risk of hypertension. RESULTS: The results indicated that HSP70-1 GC and CC genotype had 2.73-fold and 4.26-fold increased relative risk (95% CI 1.33 to 5.55 and 1.17 to 15.53), respectively, comparing with HSP70-1 GG genotype. HSP70-2 AG and GG conferred a 47% and 36% reduced risk (95% CI 0.23 to 0.99 and 0.14 to 0.92) comparing with HSP70-2 AA genotype. Further analysis of the interaction of HSP70 polymorphisms with occupational environment indicated a strong positive interaction between HSP70 genotype (HSP70-1 GC+CC, HSP70-2 AA and HSP70-hom TC+CC) and oven top workplace. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these data indicate that HSP70 polymorphisms interact with occupational hazards might increase the risk of hypertension in coke oven workers.

Carbocisteine attenuates TNF-α-induced inflammation in human alveolar epithelial cells in vitro through suppressing NF-κB and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways.

AIM: We previously proven that carbocisteine, a conventional mucolytic drug, remarkably reduced the rate of acute exacerbations and improved the quality of life in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study we investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of carbocisteine in human alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. METHODS: Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 was treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL). Carbocisteine was administered either 24 h prior to or after TNF-α exposure. The cytokine release and expression were measured using ELISA and qRT-PCR. Activation of NF-κB was analyzed with Western blotting, immunofluorescence assay and luciferase reporter gene assay. The expression of ERK1/2 MAPK signaling proteins was assessed with Western blotting. RESULTS: Carbocisteine (10, 100, 1000 µmol/L), administered either before or after TNF-α exposure, dose-dependently suppressed TNF-α-induced inflammation in A549 cells, as evidenced by diminished release of IL-6 and IL-8, and diminished mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-1ß. Furthermore, pretreatment with carbocisteine significantly decreased TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK1/2 MAPK, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65 subunit in A549 cells. In an NF-κB luciferase reporter system, pretreatment with carbocisteine dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α-induced transcriptional activity of NF-κB. CONCLUSION: Carbocisteine effectively suppresses TNF-α-induced inflammation in A549 cells via suppressing NF-κB and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways.

Aetiology of bronchiectasis in Guangzhou, southern China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Aetiologies of bronchiectasis in mainland China and their comparisons with those in western countries are unknown. We aimed to investigate bronchiectasis aetiologies in Guangzhou, southern China, and to determine ethnic or geographic differences with reports from western countries. METHODS: Consecutive patients with steady-state bronchiectasis were randomly recruited. Past history was meticulously extracted. Patients underwent physical examination, saccharine test, humoral immunity assays, gastroesophageal reflux scoring and sputum culture. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, total immunoglobin E (IgE) and Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgE measurement, 24-h gastroesophageal pH monitoring and miscellaneous screening tests were performed, if indicated. This entailed comparisons on aetiologies with literature reports. RESULTS: We enrolled 148 patients (44.6 ± 13.8 years, 92 females), most of whom had mild to moderate bronchiectasis. Idiopathic (46.0%), post-infectious (27.0%) and immunodeficiency (8.8%) were the most common aetiologies. Miscellaneous aetiologies consisted of asthma (5.4%), gastroesophageal reflux (4.1%), aspergillosis (2.7%), congenital lung malformation (2.0%), Kartagener syndrome (1.4%), rheumatoid arthritis (1.4%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.7%), Young's syndrome (0.7%), yellow nail's syndrome (0.7%), eosinophilic bronchiolitis (0.7%) and foreign bodies (0.7%). No notable differences in clinical characteristics between idiopathic and known aetiologies were found. Ethnic or geographic variations of aetiologies were overall unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic, post-infectious and immunodeficiency constitute major bronchiectasis aetiologies in Guangzhou. Clinical characteristics of patients between known aetiologies and idiopathic bronchiectasis were similar. Ethnicity and geography only account for limited differences in aetiologic spectra. These findings will offer rationales for early diagnosis and management of bronchiectasis in future studies and clinical practice in China.

Interleukin-10 promoter 1082/-819/-592 polymorphisms are associated with asthma susceptibility in Asians and atopic asthma: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent inhibitor of allergic diseases, the association between promoter -1082/-819/-592 polymorphisms and asthma susceptibility remains inconclusive. We sought to determine if IL-10 promoter -1082/-819/-592 polymorphisms contribute to asthma susceptibility and are associated with phenotypes of atopic asthma. METHODS: Systematic computerized searches were performed. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by using random-effect and fixed-effect models, based on between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, ethnicity, and atopy. Publication bias was detected by funnel plot using Egger's test. RESULTS: A total of 4,716 asthmatic patients and 5,093 controls were included. The asthma susceptibility correlated significantly with IL-10 promoter gene -1082 polymorphism [OR (95 % CI) 1.26 (1.02, 1.55) for AA vs. AG + GG] and -592 polymorphism [OR (95 % CI) 1.12 (1.07, 1.34) for AC + AA vs. CC] (both P < 0.05), but not with -819 polymorphism (P > 0.05). Subgroup analyzes suggested that the AA versus AG + GG genotype of -1082A/G polymorphism and AC + AA versus CC genotype of -592A/C polymorphism contributed significantly to increased asthma susceptibility in adults [OR (95 % CI) 1.39 (1.03, 1.87) for -1082A/G and 1.53 (1.25, 1.87) for -592A/C polymorphism]. The Asian population [OR (95 % CI) 1.35 (1.1, 1.7) for -1082A/G and 1.4 (1.12, 1.64) for -592A/C polymorphism] and subjects with atopic asthma [OR (95 % CI) 1.49 (1.18, 1.88) for -1082A/G and 1.23 (1.01, 1.48) for -592A/C polymorphism] also had an increased susceptibility of asthma. No publication bias was detected. CONCLUSIONS: IL-10 promoter -1028A/G, -592A/C polymorphisms and their haplotypes, but not -819T/C polymorphism, correlate with asthma susceptibility.

Response--dose ratio is a surrogate of cumulative provocative dosage for bronchial provocation tests in asthma.

BACKGROUND: Response-dose ratio (RDR) and cumulative provocative dosage (PD) are useful indices reflecting airway responsiveness in asthma. OBJECTIVES: To compare the diagnostic value of RDR and PD, by conducting leukotriene D4 (LTD4-BPT) and methacholine bronchial provocation test (MCh-BPT), in different asthma control levels. METHODS: Healthy subjects and asthmatic patients underwent LTD4-BPT and MCh-BPT, at 2-14-day interval. This entailed assessment of the distribution characteristics, correlation, and diagnostic value of PD inducing 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (PD20FEV1) and the RDR, defined as FEV1 fall (%) at the final step divided by the corresponding provocative dosage. RESULTS: Twenty uncontrolled, 22 partly controlled, 20 controlled asthmatics, and 21 healthy subjects were enrolled. Log10RDR was positively correlated with log10PD20FEV1 in both BPTs (all P < 0.05). Poorer asthma control was associated with significantly lower PD20FEV1 and higher RDR (both P < 0.05). The differences in PD20FEV1 and RDR between partly controlled and controlled asthma were unremarkable (both P > 0.05). Compared with log10PD20FEV1, the log10RDR yielded similar diagnostic values in both BPTs. A lower percentile of RDR (≤ 25th percentile) was associated with higher baseline FEV1 (P < 0.05) and an increased proportion of well-controlled asthmatic patients. The combination of RDR and PD20FEV1 led to an increased diagnostic value compared with either parameter alone. CONCLUSIONS: RDR is a surrogate of PD20FEV1 for BPTs in asthma. This finding was not modified by different asthma control levels or the types of bronchoprovocants.

Association between awareness of harmful effects of smoking and smoking cessation advice provided by hospital chest physicians in Guangzhou, China: a multi-institutional cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is unknown which factors are associated with smoking cessation interventions initiated by hospital chest physicians in China. We examined physicians' awareness of negative effects of smoking on smoking cessation advice given. METHODS: A cluster randomized cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to August 2011 in hospital chest physicians (n = 354) in Guangzhou, China. RESULTS: Of those who responded (n = 354, 92%), 63.8% were aware of negative effects of smoking and 64.5% initiated smoking cessation programmes with their patients. Awareness differed among physicians depending on their hospital affiliation (χ(2) = 54.7, P > 0.001), that is, primary (44.9%), secondary (55.1%) and tertiary hospitals (87.0%), (odds ratio = 1.732, 95% confidence interval: 1.072-2.797, P < 0.05). Physicians with less awareness prescribed smoking cessation medication less frequently (χ(2) = 137.71, P < 0.001). Smoking cessation practice by physicians also depended on hospital affiliation (χ(2) = 5.7, P > 0.001), (odds ratio = 4.074, 95% confidence interval: 1.399-11.860, P = 0.010). Smoking status of physicians was related to smoking cessation practice. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians more aware of the health hazards of smoking provided more smoking cessation advice. Awareness correlated with hospital levels and smoking status. Physician's advice correlated with their smoking status and educational background, but not with the levels of hospital, position or department affiliation.

High-dose N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of COPD exacerbations: rationale and design of the PANTHEON Study.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation; from a pathophysiological point of view it involves many components, including mucus hypersecretion, oxidative stress and inflammation. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Long-term efficacy of NAC 600mg/d in COPD is controversial; a dose-effect relationship has been demonstrated, but at present it is not known whether a higher dose provides clinical benefits. The PANTHEON Study is a prospective, ICS stratified, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-center trial designed to assess the efficacy and safety of high-dose (1200 mg/daily) NAC treatment for one year in moderate-to-severe COPD patients. The primary endpoint is the annual exacerbation rate. Secondary endpoints include recurrent exacerbations hazard ratio, time to first exacerbation, as well as quality of life and pulmonary function. The hypothesis, design and methodology are described and baseline characteristics of recruited patients are presented. 1006 COPD patients (444 treated with maintenance ICS, 562 ICS naive, aged 66.27±8.76 yrs, average post-bronchodilator FEV1 48.95±11.80 of predicted) have been randomized at 34 hospitals in China. Final results of this study will provide objective data on the effects of high-dose (1200 mg/daily) long-term NAC treatment in the prevention of COPD exacerbations and other outcome variables.

[The prevalence and risk factors of bronchiectasis in residents aged 40 years old and above in seven cities in China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of bronchiectasis in urban city of China. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 17 urban areas in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing cities, and Guangdong, Liaoning, Shanxi provinces. In this study, urban population-based cluster samples were randomly selected from each city/province. In the selected city communities, all residents at least 40 years old were recruited, interviewed with questionnaires and tested with spirometry. Each participant was asked whether he/she was ever diagnosed as bronchiectasis by physician, whether had symptoms of respiratory diseases and possible risk factors, etc. RESULT: Data of 10 811 participants was enrolled for analysis, with a response rate of 75.4% (10 811/14 337). The overall prevalence of physician-diagnosed bronchiectasis was 1.2% (135/10 811), with 1.5% (65/4382) in male and 1.1% (70/6429) in female, without statistical difference in gender (χ² = 3.289, P = 0.070). Prevalence of bronchiectasis increased with age (χ² = 31.029, P < 0.001). There were no statistical significances in crude prevalences of bronchiectasis among cities (χ² = 10.572, P = 0.103), while there was a significant difference among cities after adjustment with confounders (Wald value = 22.116, P = 0.001), by using logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis showed, bronchiectasis was significantly associated with elder ( ≥ 70 years vs 40-49 years; OR = 4.11, 95% CI 2.29-7.36), the family history of respiratory diseases (having two subjects with respiratory diseases in family vs no suffered relatives; OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.06-3.94), respiratory infection during childhood (suffering two kinds of respiratory diseases vs never; OR = 4.89, 95% CI 2.03-11.81), exposure to coal (OR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.17-4.52), chronic pharyngitis (OR = 3.96, 95% CI 1.38-11.40) and pulmonary tuberculosis (OR = 3.07, 95% CI 1.89-4.98), heart diseases (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.11-2.42) and lung cancer(OR = 18.61, 95% CI 7.67-45.18). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of bronchiectasis in population aged 40 years old and above in urban area in China is high and associated with multiple factors such as age, family history of respiratory diseases, respiratory infection during childhood, exposure to coal, chronic pharyngitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, heart diseases, lung cancer and so on.

[Single-breath and rebreathing methods for measurement of pulmonary diffusing function: a comparative study].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference of pulmonary diffusing capacity measured by single-breath (SB) and re-breathing (RB) in normal subjects, patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: We enrolled a cohort of subjects from the Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease between September 2011 and February 2012: control group 29 (male 9, female 20, 42-74 y), ILD group 32 (male 15, female 17, 41-72 y), COPD group 32 (male 28, female 4, 40-75 y). All subjects underwent pulmonary diffusing capacity test using SB or RB method according to random figures order list. Diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide per predicted measured by SB method (SB-DLCO%pred) of the normal group was used as the standard to adjust the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide per predicted measured by RB method (RB-DLCO%pred) and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide per liter of VA per predicted measured by RB (RB-DLCO/VA%pred) in the 3 groups, respectively. Comparisons between 2 groups were performed by using the independent-sample t test, among more than 2 groups by using the One-Way ANOVA test, while the ROC curve was used to calculate the area under curve (AUC) and its 95%CI. RESULTS: In the control group, 15 subjects' RB-DLCO%pred was lower than 80%, and the mean value (78.8 ± 2.1)% was also lower than 80%. Using SB-DLCO%pred of the normal group as a standard to adjust the RB-DLCO%pred, the corrected value was 1.097, and then this value was used to adjust RB-DLCO/VA%pred in the 3 groups, respectively. Before correction DLCO%pred [the control group: (91.2 ± 1.9)% vs (78.8 ± 2.1)%; the ILD group: (45.8 ± 2.6)% vs (60.0 ± 1.9)%;the COPD group: (66.3 ± 2.9)% vs (56.6 ± 1.6)%]and DLCO/VA%pred [the control group: (99.8 ± 2.3)% vs (84.6 ± 4.5)%; the ILD group: (75.9 ± 3.0)% vs (88.5 ± 5.4)%; the COPD group: (80.2 ± 3.7)% vs (50.6 ± 2.5)% ] between the SB and RB were statistically different among the 3 groups. After correction, only the DLCO%pred [(45.8 ± 2.6)% vs (65.8 ± 2.1)%], DLCO/VA%pred [ (75.9 ± 3.0)% vs (102.2 ± 6.2)%] of the ILD group and the DLCO/VA%pred [(80.2 ± 3.7) vs (58.3 ± 2.8)%] of the COPD group had significant difference between the 2 methods (t = -6.00-4.68, all P < 0.01) . The test time of re-breathing in the COPD group (106 ± 5) s was significant longer than that of the ILD group (73 ± 4) s and the control group (79 ± 5) s (F = 11.99, P < 0.01), and the correlation between DLCO/VA%pred and the test time(r = -0.661, P < 0.01) was higher than the relationship between DLCO%pred and the test time (r = -0.391, P < 0.01). Furthermore, in the ILD group, the area of RB-DLCO%pred under ROC was 0.893, 95%CI being 0.817-0.970. In the COPD group, the area of RB-DLCO/VA%pred under ROC was 0.895, 95%CI being 0.811-0.979. CONCLUSIONS: There were differences between re-breathing and single-breath in measuring diffusing capacity. The present predicted value of the re-breathing method needed further study to confirm its applicability. Re-breathing method was more consistent with the respiratory physiology, and might be a better method to detect diseased states.

[Effects of subchronic benzo[a]pyrene exposure on hippocampal cholinergic system in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of subchronic benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) exposure on the neurobehavior and hippocampal acetylcholine (Ach) level, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and mRNA and protein expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subtype (nAChR α7) in rats, and to investigate the neurotoxic mechanism of B[a]P. METHODS: Sixty healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group, solvent control group, and B [a]P exposure groups. Each rat in the exposure groups was intraperitoneally injected with B[a]P at 1.0, 2.5, or 6.25 mg/kg once every other day for 90 days. The learning and memory ability of the rats was examined by Morris water maze test and step-down test; the hippocampal Ach level was measured by alkaline hydroxylamine method; the AChE activity was measured by DNTB method; the mRNA and protein expression levels of hippocampal nAChR α7 were measured by quantitative PCR and Western blot. RESULTS: The 2.5 and 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P exposure groups showed significantly lower learning and memory abilities than the blank control group and solvent control group (P < 0.05); also, the two groups had significantly lower hippocampal Ach levels than the blank control group, solvent control group, and 1.0 mg/kg B[a]P exposure group (P < 0.05). The 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P exposure group showed significantly lower hippocampal AChE activity than the blank control group, solvent control group, and 1.0 mg/kg B[a]P exposure group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the mRNA and protein expression levels of nAChR α7 among all groups (P > 0.05). The hippocampal Ach level was negatively correlated with the mean escape latency period and total distance travelled (r = -0.567, P < 0.01; r = -0.503, P < 0.01) but positively correlated with the time in platform quadrant (r = 0.800, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Subchronic B[a]P exposure may impair the learning and memory ability in rats, which is related to the downregulation of hippocampal Ach level.

[The modification of apoptosis correlated gene, protein and protein activity in rat hippocampus induced by benzo[a] pyrene sub-chronic exposure].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of subchronic exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) on the mRNA and protein expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (bax, bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-9) and the activities of Caspase-3, Caspase-6, and Caspase-9 in the hippocampal neurons of rats and to investigate the neurotoxic mechanism by which B[a]P induces the apoptosis of neurons. METHODS: Fifty-two healthy SD rat were randomly divided into five groups according to preliminary neurobehavioral test results: blank control group, solvent control group, and 1.0, 2.5, and 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P exposure groups; the rats in exposure groups were intraperitoneally injected with B[a]P every other day for 90 days. The Morris water maze was used to test the learning and memory ability of rats; flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptosis ratio of hippocampal neurons; real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression levels of apoptosis-related genes; spectrophotometry was used to measure the activities of their en-coded proteins. RESULTS: Compared with the blank control group, solvent control group, and 1.0 mg/kg B[a]P exposure group, the 2.5 and 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P exposure groups hada significantly longer mean escape latency period (P < 0.05) and a significantly increased number of times of platform crossing (P < 0.05), and the 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P exposure group had significantly lower length and percentage of time spent in the platform quadrant (P < 0.05). The early apoptosis ratio rose as the dose of B[a]P increased (P trend < 0.05); the early apoptosis ratios of 1.0, 2.5, and 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P exposure groups were significantly higher than those of blank control group and solvent control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, solvent control group, and 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg B[a]P exposure groups, the 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P exposure group had significantly increased Bax expression (P < 0.05) and significantly decreased Bcl-2 expression and Bcl-2/Bax ratio (P < 0.05). The 2.5 and 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P exposure groups had significantly higher expression levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-6 than the blank control group, solvent control group, and 1.0 mg/kg B[a]P exposure group (P < 0.05). The activities of Caspase-3, Caspase-6, and Caspase-9 were significantly higher in the 2.5 and 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P exposure groups than in the blank control group and solvent control group (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the activities of Caspase-3, Caspase-6, and Caspase-9 and early apoptosis ratio of hippocampal neurons in rats (r = 0.793, P = 0.019; r = 0.886, P = 0.006; r = 0.773, P = 0.025). There were no significant differences in the mRNA expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-6, and Caspase-9 among these groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Subchronic exposure to B[a]P can induce apoptosis of hippocampal neurons; its mechanism may be related to the fact that B[a]P can induce upregulated expression of Bax, inhibit expression of Bcl-2, lead to decrease in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, induce upregulated expression of Caspase-3 and Caspase-6, and cause increase in the activities of Caspase-3, Caspase-6, and Caspase-9.

Nano-Calcium Carbonate Affect the Respiratory and Function Through Inducing Oxidative Stress: A Cross-sectional Study Among Occupational Exposure of Workers and a Further Research for Underlying Mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to investigate whether nano-calcium carbonate (nano-CaCO 3 ) occupational exposure could induce adverse health effects in workers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a nano-CaCO 3 manufacturing plant in China. Then, we have studied the dynamic distribution of nano-CaCO 3 in nude mice and examined the oxidative damage biomarkers of subchronic administrated nano-CaCO 3 on Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS: The forced vital capacity (%) and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC is the rate of one second of workers were significantly decreased than unexposed individuals. Dynamic imaging in mice of fluorescence labeled nano-CaCO 3 showed relatively high uptake and slow washout in lung. Similar to population data, the decline in serum glutathione level and elevation in serum MDA were observed in nano-CaCO 3 -infected Sprague-Dawley rats. CONCLUSIONS: We found that nano-CaCO 3 exposure may result in the poor pulmonary function in workers and lead to the changes of oxidative stress indexes.