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Traditional lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) suffer from low drug loading capacity (DLC), weak stability, and lack of responsiveness. Conventional approaches to address these issues involve the synthesis of lipid-prodrug by incorporating responsive covalent linkers. However, such approaches often result in suboptimal sensitivity for drug release and undermine therapeutic effectiveness. Herein, the study reports a fundamentally different concept for designing lipid-like prodrugs through boron-nitrogen (B-N) coordination and dynamic covalent interaction. The 5-fluorouracil-based lipid-like prodrugs, featuring a borate ester consisting of a glycerophosphoryl choline head and a boronic acid-modified 5Fu/dodecanamine complex tail, are used to prepare pH/H2O2 cascade-responsive LNPs (5Fu-LNPs). The 5Fu-LNPs exhibit enhanced DLC and stability in a neutral physiological environment due to the B-N coordination and enhanced hydrophobicity. In tumors, acidic pH triggers the dissociation of B-N coordination to release prodrugs, which further responds to low H2O2 concentrations to release drugs, showcasing a potent pH/H2O2-cascade-responsive property. Importantly, 5Fu-LNPs demonstrate greater antitumor efficiency and lower toxicity compared to the commercial 5Fu. These results highlight 5Fu-LNPs as a safer and more effective alternative to chemotherapy. This work presents a unique LNP fabrication strategy that can overcome the limitations of conventional LNPs and broaden the range of intelligent nanomaterial preparation techniques.
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Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Lipídeos , Nanopartículas , Pró-Fármacos , Pró-Fármacos/química , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Nanopartículas/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/química , Humanos , Lipídeos/química , Fluoruracila/química , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Camundongos , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Achieving structural reconfiguration of supramolecular bottlebrush block copolymers toward topological engineering is of particular interest but challenging. Here, we address the creation of supramolecular architectures to discover how assembled topology influences the structured aggregates, combining hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) bottlebrush block copolymers and electrostatic interaction induced polymer/inorganic eutectics. We first design H-bonding linear-brush block copolymer P(NBDAP-co-NBC)-b-P(NBPEO), bearing linear block P(NBDAP-co-NBC) (poly(norbornene-terminated diaminopyridine-co-norbornene-terminated hexane)) with pendant H-bonding DAP (diaminopyridine) motifs, and PEO (poly(ethylene oxide)) densely grafted P(NBPEO) brush block. Thanks to H-bonding association between DAP and thymine (Thy), incorporation of Thy-functionalized polystyrene (Thy-PS) enables solution self-assembly and formation of H-bonded bottlebrush block copolymers, generating augmented nanospheres with increasing Thy-PS amount. Noteworthy that integration of inorganic cluster silicotungstic acid (STA) to P(NBC-co-NBDAP)-b-P(NBPEO), endows the formation of PEO/STA eutectic core. Therefore, co-crystallization-assistant self-assembly at the interfaces of polymeric, inorganic and supramolecular chemistry is realized, reflecting multi-stage morphology transformation from hexagonal platelets, needle-like, curved rod-like micelles, finally to end-to-end closed rings, by gradually increasing Thy-PS while fixing STA content. Interestingly, such solution self-assembly to co-crystallization-assistant self-assembly strategy not only endows unique nanostructure transition, also induce in-to-out switch of PS domains. These findings clearly provide unique methodology towards programmable fabrication of geometrical objects promising in smart materials.
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Nonradiative recombination losses occurring at the interface pose a significant obstacle to achieve high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly in inverted PSCs. Passivating surface defects using molecules with different functional groups represents one of the key strategies for enhancing PSCs efficiency. However, a lack of insight into the passivation orientation of molecules on the surface is a challenge for rational molecular design. In this study, aminothiol hydrochlorides with different alkyl chains but identical electron-donating (-SH) and electron-withdrawing (-NH3 +) groups were employed to investigate the interplay between molecular structure, orientation, and interaction on perovskite surface. The 2-Aminoethane-1-thiol hydrochloride with shorter alkyl chains exhibited a preference of parallel orientations, which facilitating stronger interactions with the surface defects through strong coordination and hydrogen bonding. The resultant perovskite films following defect passivation demonstrate reduced ion migration, inhibition of nonradiative recombination, and more n-type characteristics for efficient electron transfer. Consequently, an impressive power conversion efficiency of 25 % was achieved, maintaining 95 % of its initial efficiency after 500â hours of continuous maximum power point tracking.
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The outcomes of combined cancer therapy are largely related to loading content and contribution of each therapeutic agent; however, fine-tuning the ratio of two coloaded components toward precise cancer therapy is a great challenge and still remains in its infancy. We herein develop a supramolecular polymer scaffold to optimize the coloading ratio of chemotherapeutic agent and photosensitizer through hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) interaction, for maximizing the efficacy of intelligent cancer chemo/photodynamic therapies (CT/PDT). To do so, we first synthesize a thymine (THY)-functionalized tetraphenylporphyrin photosensitizer (i.e., TTPP), featuring the same molecular configuration of H-bonding array with chemotherapeutic carmofur (e.g., 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil, HCFU). Meanwhile, a six-arm star-shaped amphiphilic polymer vehicle P(DAPA-co-DPMA-co-OEGMA)6 (poly(diaminopyridine acrylamide-co-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate)6) is prepared, bearing hydrophilic and biocompatible POEGMA segment, along with hydrophobic PDAPA and PDPMA segments, characterizing the randomly dispersed dual functionalities, i.e., heterocomplementary H-bonding DAP motifs and pH-responsive protonation DPMA content. Thanks to the identical DAP/HCFU and DAP/TTPP H-bonding association capability, the incorporation of both HCFU and TTPP to six-arm star-shaped P(DAPA-co-DPMA-co-OEGMA)6 vehicle, with an optimized coloading ratio, can be straightforwardly realized by adjusting the feeding concentrations, thus yielding the hydrogen-bonded supramolecular nanoparticles (i.e., HCFU-TTPP-SPNs), demonstrating the codelivery of two components with the promise to optimize the combined CT/PDT efficacy.
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Etilenoglicóis , Neoplasias , Polímeros , Humanos , Polímeros/química , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/química , Nanomedicina , Micelas , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Metacrilatos/químicaRESUMO
Molecular docking, a key technique in structure-based drug design, plays pivotal roles in protein-ligand interaction modeling, hit identification and optimization, in which accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding mode is essential. Conventional docking approaches perform well in redocking tasks with known protein binding pocket conformation in the complex state. However, in real-world docking scenario without knowing the protein binding conformation for a new ligand, accurately modeling the binding complex structure remains challenging as flexible docking is computationally expensive and inaccurate. Typical deep learning-based docking methods do not explicitly consider protein side chain conformations and fail to ensure the physical plausibility and detailed atomic interactions. In this study, we present DiffBindFR, a full-atom diffusion-based flexible docking model that operates over the product space of ligand overall movements and flexibility and pocket side chain torsion changes. We show that DiffBindFR has higher accuracy in producing native-like binding structures with physically plausible and detailed interactions than available docking methods. Furthermore, in the Apo and AlphaFold2 modeled structures, DiffBindFR demonstrates superior advantages in accurate ligand binding pose and protein binding conformation prediction, making it suitable for Apo and AlphaFold2 structure-based drug design. DiffBindFR provides a powerful flexible docking tool for modeling accurate protein-ligand binding structures.
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Light is a promising renewable energy source and can be converted into heat, electricity, and chemical energy. However, the efficiency of light-energy conversion is largely hindered by limited light-absorption coefficients and the low quantum yield of current-generation materials. Photonic crystals (PCs) can adjust the propagation and distribution of photons because of their unique periodic structures, which offers a compelling platform for photon management. The periodicity of materials with an alternating refractive index can be used to manipulate the dispersion of photons to generate the photonic bandgap (PBG), in which light is reflected. The slow photon effect, i. e., photon propagation at a reduced group velocity near the edges of the PBG, is widely regarded as another valuable optical property for manipulating light. Furthermore, multiple light scattering can increase the optical path, which is a vital optical property for PCs. Recently, the light reflected by PBG, the slow photon effect, and multiple light scattering have been exploited to improve light utilization efficiency in photoelectrochemistry, materials chemistry, and biomedicine to enhance light-energy conversion efficiency. In this review, the fabrication of opal or inverse opal PCs and the theory for improving the light utilization efficiency of photocatalysis, solar cells, and photoluminescence regulation are discussed. We envision photon management of opal or inverse opal PCs may provide a promising avenue for light-assisted applications to improve light-energy-conversion efficiency.
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Colloidal photonic composites (CPCs) are unique optical materials that combine flexible and responsive polymers with colloidal photonic crystals, and they have promising applications in colorful displays, optical anticounterfeiting, and visual sensors. However, conventional self-assembly strategies for constructing CPCs via solvent evaporation have faced limitations due to the meticulous regulation required during the evaporation process and typically long preparation durations. Here, we present an external force method to achieve a long-range ordered arrangement in CPCs by hot-pressing poly(2-[[(butylamino)carbonyl]oxy]ethyl acrylate (PBCOE)) brush-grafted silica colloidal particles (SiO2-g-PBCOE). We show that the hot-pressing conditions (i.e., temperature and pressure) and the silica volume fraction (φsilica) of the SiO2-g-PBCOE colloidal particles play crucial roles in determining their ordering and optical properties. By optimization of the hot-pressing temperature up to 100 °C and pressure of 5 MPa, a long-range ordered arrangement of SiO2-g-PBCOE colloidal particles with a φsilica of 20.3% can be achieved. For the effect of structural features, our findings reveal that SiO2-g-PBCOE colloidal particles featuring a higher φsilica are more prone to obtain a long-range ordered arrangement compared to a lower φsilica under hot-pressing conditions at relatively low temperature and pressure (50 °C and 5 MPa), which is mainly attributed to the chain entanglement and hydrogen bonding interactions induced by grafted longer polymer brushes, leading to additional energy inputs and weakening the ordering. Significantly, the critical φsilica (φc) of SiO2-g-PBCOE colloidal particles is discerned, strongly influencing the optical properties of the hot-pressed films. Specifically, a hot-pressed SiO2-g-PBCOE film with a critical φsilica of 29.3% displays enhanced optical properties characterized by intensified reflection peaks, narrowed full width at half-maximum (FWHM), and brilliant structural colors. Notably, in this work, we reveal the mechanism of hot-pressing-driven core-shell colloidal particle ordering and the key factors affecting the ordering of colloidal particles, i.e., chain entanglement and hydrogen-bonding interactions, which play a crucial role in obtaining CPCs with controllable structures. Moreover, angle-dependent structural color is observed in the hot-pressed SiO2-g-PBCOE film with a φsilica content of 29.3% due to the unique attributes of the highly ordered arrangement, while the films exhibit mechanochromic properties due to chain entanglement and hydrogen bonding interactions. This work provides valuable insights into the rapid construction of highly ordered CPCs and establishes a solid foundation for external force-assisted ordering of colloidal particles.
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In recent years, rehabilitation robots have been developed and used in rehabilitation training for patients with hemiplegia. In this paper, a rehabilitation training robot with variable damping is designed to train patients with hemiplegia to recover upper limb function. Firstly, a magnetorheological joint damper (MR joint damper) is designed for the rehabilitation training robot, and its structural design and dynamic model are tested theoretically and experimentally. Secondly, the rehabilitation robot is simplified into a spring-damping system, and the rehabilitation training controller for human movement is designed. The rehabilitation robot dynamically adjusts the excitation current according to the feedback speed and human-machine interaction torque, so that the rehabilitation robot always outputs a stable torque. The magnetorheological joint damper acts as a clutch to transmit torque safely and stably to the robot joint. Finally, the upper limb rehabilitation device is tested. The expected torque is set to 20 N, and the average value of the output expected torque during operation is 20.02 N, and the standard deviation is 0.635 N. The output torque has good stability. A fast (0.5 s) response can be achieved in response to a sudden motor speed change, and the average expected output torque is 20.38 N and the standard deviation is 0.645 N, which can still maintain the stability of the output torque.
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With the increasing severity of energy shortages and environmental pollution, there is an urgent need for advanced thermal insulation materials with excellent comprehensive performance, including low thermal conductivity, high flame resistance, and strong compressive strength. Herein, an anisotropic composite aerogel based on cellulose nanofibers (CNF), calcium alginate (CA), and boric acid (BA) is fabricated using a directional freeze-drying strategy. The CA and BA, as double cross-linking agents, associated with oriented porous structure provide the resultant aerogel with good mechanical strength. Additionally, self-flame retardant CA and BA act as synergistic flame retardants that endow the aerogel with excellent flame retardance properties such as a limiting oxygen index value of 44.2 %, UL-94 V-0 rating, and low heat release. Furthermore, this composite aerogel exhibits outstanding thermal insulation performance with a low thermal conductivity of approximately 30 mW m-1 K-1. Therefore, the composite aerogel is expected to have a wide potential application in areas such as construction, automotive industry, batteries, petrochemical pipelines, and high-temperature reaction devices.
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Alginatos , Ácidos Bóricos , Celulose , Retardadores de Chama , Géis , Nanofibras , Condutividade Térmica , Nanofibras/química , Ácidos Bóricos/química , Celulose/química , Alginatos/química , Géis/química , Anisotropia , PorosidadeRESUMO
Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the first-line drugs used for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis. However, low bioavailability and systemic side effects of traditional oral and injectable MTX greatly limit its clinical application. Delivering MTX using dissolving microneedles (MNs) into psoriasis-like skin lesion could improve the in situ therapeutic effects with higher bioavailability and less side effects. Here, we propose a novel therapeutic approach for psoriasis involving MN-assisted percutaneous delivery of chitosan-coated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing MTX (MTX@HMSN/CS). The MTX@HMSN/CS-loaded MNs were strong enough to successfully penetrate the psoriasiform thickened epidermis, allowing MTX@HMSN/CS to be accurately delivered to the site of skin lesion following the rapid dissolution of MNs. MTX was then released continuously from HMSN/CS for at least one week to maintain effective therapeutic drug concentration for skin lesion with long-term anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. Incubation with MTX@HMSN/CS not only inhibited the proliferation of human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), but also significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In addition, MTX@HMSN/CS-loaded MNs showed better efficacy in alleviating psoriasis-like skin inflammation than MTX-loaded MNs at the same dose. Compared to psoriasiform mice treated with 15.8 µg MTX-loaded MNs every day, 47.4 µg MTX@HMSN/CS-loaded MNs reduce the frequency of treatment to once every 3 days and achieve comparable amelioration. Therefore, MTX@HMSN/CS loaded MNs are a promising treatment strategy for psoriasis due to their durability, efficacy, convenience, and safety in relieving psoriasis-like skin inflammation.
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Neuropatia Hereditária Motora e Sensorial , Nanopartículas , Psoríase , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Metotrexato/farmacologia , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Psoríase/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Neuropatia Hereditária Motora e Sensorial/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
There are few explorations that have integrated multiple properties into photonic microobjects in a facile and controlled manner. In this work, we present a straightforward method to integrate different functions into individual photonic microobject. Droplet-based microfluidics was used to produce uniform droplets of an aqueous dispersion of monodispersed SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The droplets evolved into opal-structured photonic microballs upon complete evaporation of water. After infiltration of an aqueous solution of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AAc) monomers into the interstices among SiO2 NPs, opal-structured SiO2 NPs/pAAm-co-AAc hydrogel composite photonic microballs were obtained upon UV irradiation. Afterwards, a wet etching process was introduced to etch the microballs in a controlled manner, yielding individual photonic microball composed of an SiO2 NPs/pAAm-co-AAc composite opal core and a neat pAAm-co-AAc shell. The pendant carboxylic acid groups in the skeleton of the hydrogel matrix were further utilized to react with positively charged compounds, such as Ruthenium compound containing fluorescent polymers. The resulting photonic microobjects eventually featured with localized stimulus-responsive properties and multiple colors under different modes. The multifunctional photonic microobjects were discovered to have fivefold of anticounterfeiting properties when used as building blocks for anticounterfeiting structures and may have other potential applications.
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Structurally colored composite films, composed of orderly arranged colloids in polymeric matrix, are emerging flexible optical materials, but their production is bottlenecked by time-consuming procedures and limited material choices. Here, we present a mild approach to producing large-scale structurally colored composite films by shearing supramolecular composites composed of polymers and colloids with supramolecular interactions. Leveraging dynamic connection and dissociation of supramolecular interactions, shearing force stretches the polymer chains and drags colloids to migrate directionally within the polymeric matrix with reduced viscous resistance. We show that meter-scale structurally colored composite films with iridescence color can be produced within several minutes at room temperature. Significantly, the tunability and diversity of supramolecular interactions allow this shearing approach extendable to various commonly-used polymers. This study overcomes the traditional material limitations of manufacturing structurally colored composite films by shearing method and opens an avenue for mildly producing ordered composites with commonly-available materials via supramolecular strategies.
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Drug-resistant biofilm infection is an extremely serious clinical problem, that easily leads to failure of antibiotic treatment. Although gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as photothermal agents have been widely used in biofilm eradication, there are still challenges to be addressed, such as insignificantly redshifted absorption and slow assembly process of aggregated AuNPs. Herein, we developed an acidity-activated dispersion-to-aggregation transition to enhance the accumulation of self-complementary zwitterionic peptide-decorated AuNPs for photothermal eradication of drug-resistant biofilm infections. AuNPs were decorated with self-complementary zwitterionic peptides (ZP1 and ZP2) coupled with pH-sensitive anhydride (DMA) and pH-insensitive anhydride (SA), respectively. ZP2-decorated AuNPs with DMA modification (AuNP@ZP2(DMA)) exhibited prolonged blood circulation and enhanced accumulation in acidic biofilm microenvironment. Moreover, the electrostatic attraction between self-complementary ligands drove AuNPs to form closely packed aggregates with strong near-infrared absorption, leading to in vivo photoacoustic imaging ability and photothermal effect against drug-resistant bacteria and fungus, as well as microbial biofilms. AuNP@ZP2(DMA) with longer charge domains and a polyethylene glycol oligomer spacer showed greater photothermal antimicrobial and biofilm resistance in vitro and in vivo. This study develops an innovative acidity-activated AuNP photothermal agent, which provides an effective approach for treatment of biofilm infections.
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Ouro , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Ouro/farmacologia , Ouro/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Biofilmes , Anidridos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Responsive nanoparticle surfactants (NPSs) can dynamically and reversibly modulate the interfacial interactions between incompatible components, which are essential in the interfacial catalysis, corrosion, and self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs). However, NPSs with stimuli-responsive behavior often involve tedious chemical synthesis and surface modifications. Herein, we propose a strategy to in situ construct a kind of dynamic and reversible NPSs by the interfacial electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged nanoparticles (NPs) and the positively charged homopolymers. The NPSs assembled at the oil/water interface reduce the interfacial tension and direct the confined assembly of BCP. Meanwhile, the dynamic NPSs can be disassembled by increasing the pH value or introducing competitive electrostatic attractions, which can dynamically and reversibly change the interfacial properties as well as the alignment of polymer chains, enabling BCP microparticles with reversibly switchable lamellar and cylindrical structures. Furthermore, by the introduction of aggregation-induced emission luminogens as tails to the NPSs, the reversible transformation of BCP microparticles can be visualized by fluorescence emission, which is dependent on the nanostructures of microparticles. This work establishes a concept for dynamically manipulating interfacial interactions and reversibly switching BCP microparticles without time-consuming NPS synthesis, showing promising applications in the fabrication of smart materials with switchable structures and properties.
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Hypertrophic scar (HS) considerably affects the appearance and causes tissue dysfunction in patients. The low bioavailability of 5-fluorouracil poses a challenge for HS treatment. Here we show a separating microneedle (MN) consisting of photo-crosslinked GelMA and 5-FuA-Pep-MA prodrug in response to high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the HS pathological microenvironment. In vivo experiments in female mice demonstrate that the retention of MN tips in the tissue provides a slowly sustained drug release manner. Importantly, drug-loaded MNs could remodel the pathological microenvironment of female rabbit ear HS tissues by ROS scavenging and MMPs consumption. Bulk and single cell RNA sequencing analyses confirm that drug-loaded MNs could reverse skin fibrosis through down-regulation of BCL-2-associated death promoter (BAD), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) pathways, simultaneously regulate inflammatory response and keratinocyte differentiation via up-regulation of toll-like receptors (TOLL), interleukin-1 receptor (IL1R) and keratinocyte pathways, and promote the interactions between fibroblasts and keratinocytes via ligand-receptor pair of proteoglycans 2 (HSPG2)-dystroglycan 1(DAG1). This study reveals the potential therapeutic mechanism of drug-loaded MNs in HS treatment and presents a broad prospect for clinical application.
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Cicatriz Hipertrófica , Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Coelhos , Cicatriz Hipertrófica/tratamento farmacológico , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Disponibilidade Biológica , Diferenciação Celular , Metaloproteinases da MatrizRESUMO
While significant advancements in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of α-FAPbI3perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been made, attaining controllable perovskite crystallization is still a considerable hurdle. This challenge stems from the initial formation of δ-FAPbI3, a more energetically stable phase than the desired black α-phase, during film deposition. This disrupts the heterogeneous nucleation of α-FAPbI3, causing the formation of mixed phases and defects. To this end, polarity engineering using molecular additives, specifically ((methyl-sulfonyl)phenyl)ethylamines (MSPEs) are introduced. The findings reveal that the interaction of PbI2-MSPEs-FAI intermediates is enhanced with the increased polarity of MSPEs, which in turn expedites the nucleation of α-FAPbI3. This leads to the development of high-quality α-FAPbI3 films, characterized by vertical crystal orientation and reduced residual stresses. Additionally, the increased dipole moment of MSPE at perovskite grain boundaries attenuates Coulomb attractions among charged defects and screens carrier capture process, thereby diminishing non-radiative recombination. Utilizing these mechanisms, PSCs treated with highly polar 2-(4-MSPE) achieve an impressive PCE of 25.2% in small-area devices and 20.5% in large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs) with an active area of 70 cm2. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy in achieving controllable crystallization of α-FAPbI3, paving the way for scalable-production of high-efficiency PSMs.
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The ternary strategy, in which one guest component is introduced into one host binary system, is considered to be one of the most effective ways to realize high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). To date, there is no efficient method to predict the effectiveness of guest components in ternary OSCs. Herein, three guest compositions (i.e., ANF-1, ANF-2 and ANF-3) with different electrostatic potential (ESP) are designed and synthesized by modulating the electron-withdrawing ability of the terminal groups through density functional theory simulations. The effects of the introduction of guest component into the host system (D18:N3) on the photovoltaic properties are investigated. The theoretical and experimental studies provide a key rule for guest acceptor in ternary OSCs to improve the open-circuit voltage, that is, the larger ESP difference between the guest and host acceptor, the stronger the intermolecular interactions and the higher the miscibility, which improves the luminescent efficiency of the blend film and the electroluminescence quantum yield (EQEEL) of the device by reducing the aggregation-caused-quenching, thereby effectively decreasing the non-radiative voltage loss of ternary OSCs. This work will greatly contribute to the development of highly efficient guest components, thereby promoting the rapid breakthrough of the 20% efficiency bottleneck for single-junction OSCs.
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Inkjet printing is of great interest in the preparation of optoelectronic and microelectronic devices due to its low cost, low process temperature, versatile material compatibility, and ability to precisely manufacture multi-layer devices on demand. However, interlayer solvent erosion is a typical problem that limits the printing of organic semiconductor devices with multi-layer structures. In this study, we proposed a solution to address this erosion problem by designing polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinyl pyridine)-grafted Au nanoparticles (Au@PS-b-P4VP NPs). With a colloidal ink containing the Au@PS-b-P4VP NPs, we obtained a uniform monolayer of Au nano-crystal floating gates (NCFGs) embedded in the PS-b-P4VP tunneling dielectric (TD) layer using direct-ink-writing (DIW). Significantly, PS-b-P4VP has high erosion resistance against the semiconductor ink solvent, which enables multi-layer printing. An active layer of semiconductor crystals with high crystallinity and well-orientation was obtained by DIW. Moreover, we developed a strategy to improve the quality of the TD/semiconductor interface by introducing a polystyrene intermediate layer. We show that the NCFG memory devices exhibit a low threshold voltage (<3 V), large memory window (66 V), stable endurance (>100 cycles), and long-term retention (>10 years). This study provides universal guidance for printing functional coatings and multi-layer devices.
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BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common female malignant tumor type globally. The occurrence and development of breast cancer involve ferroptosis, which is closely related to its treatment. The development of breast cancer organoids facilitates the analysis of breast cancer molecular background and tumor biological behavior, including clinical pathological characteristics, drug response, or drug resistance relationship, and promotes the advancement of precision treatment for breast cancer. The three-dimensional (3D) cell culture of breast cancer MCF-7 organoid is more similar to the in vivo environment and thus obtains more realistic results than 2D cell culture. Our study examined the new mechanism of tamoxifen in treating breast cancer through breast cancer MCF-7 organoids. METHODS: We used 3D cells to culture breast cancer MCF-7 organoid, as well as tamoxifen-treated MCF-7 and tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7 TAMR) cells. We used transcriptome sequencing. We detected GPX4 and SLC7A11 protein levels using Western blotting and the content of ATP, glutathione, and ferrous ions using the Cell Counting Lite 3D Kit. We assessed cell viability using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. RESULTS: Tamoxifen significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7 organoids and significantly induced ferroptosis in MCF-7 organoids. The ferroptosis inhibitor reversed the significant tamoxifen-induced MCF-7 organoid inhibition activity. Moreover, the ferroptosis activator enhanced the tamoxifen-induced MCF-7 TAMR cell activity inhibition. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that ferroptosis plays an important role in tamoxifen-induced MCF-7 organoid cell death and provides a new research idea for precise treatment of breast cancer through an organoid model.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Ferroptose , Feminino , Humanos , Tamoxifeno/farmacologia , Tamoxifeno/uso terapêutico , Células MCF-7 , Apoptose , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Organoides/metabolismo , Organoides/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
Utilizing photothermal hydrogels as a wound dressing is a promising strategy to accelerate wound healing. Usually, a photothermal hydrogel has a strong light-absorbing capability, and hence its transparency can be largely sacrificed, which is unbeneficial for the visual monitoring of wound states. It remains challenging to balance the trade-off between the photothermal conversion and wound visualization for the photothermal hydrogel dressing. Herein, a composite photothermal hydrogel film with high transparency is presented for the visual monitor of the wound, which is constructed by incorporating CsxWO3 nanorods into the networks of polyacrylamide hydrogels. The composite photothermal hydrogel film exhibits high light absorption in the near-infrared region and high transmittance in the visible light region. Under 980 nm laser irradiation, the composite hydrogel can be heated up to 45 °C. In vivo animal experiment on mouse skin wound model shows that the composite hydrogel film can locally heat the skin wound to accelerate healing while maintaining more than 70% transparency to realize real-time observation of the wound. This study provides the first attempt to solve the problem of opacity in photothermal hydrogel dressings, promoting the possibility of its clinical applications.