Corneal Biomechanical Characteristics in Myopes and Emmetropes Measured by Corvis ST: A Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: To comprehensively identify the corneal biomechanical differences measured by Corvis ST between different degrees of myopia and emmetropia. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, were systematically searched for studies comparing the corneal biomechanics among various degrees of myopes and emmetropes using Corvis ST. The weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Meta-analysis was performed in high and nonhigh myopes and in myopes and emmetropes, respectively. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included in this study. The meta-analysis among myopes and emmetropes included 1947 myopes and 621 emmetropes, and 443 high myopes and 449 nonhigh myopes were included in the meta-analysis among high and nonhigh myopia. Myopes showed the cornea with significantly longer time at the first applanation (A1t) and lower length at the second applanation (A2L) than emmetropes. High myopes showed significantly greater A1t, velocity at the second applanation (A2v), deformation amplitude at the highest concavity (HC-DA), and peak distance at the highest concavity (HC-PD) and decreased time at the second applanation (A2t) and radius of the highest concavity (HC-R). CONCLUSIONS: Corneal biomechanics is different in myopia, especially in high myopia. Compared with nonhigh myopes, the corneas of high myopes deformed slower during the first applanation, faster during the second applanation, and showed greater deformation amplitude, indicating greater elasticity and viscidity.

Reproductive Factors and the Risk of Open Angle Glaucoma in Women.

PRCIS: There was a significant inverse linear relationship between age at menopause and open angle glaucoma (OAG). Late menarche (≥13 y) and a history of 5 or more deliveries were significantly associated with an increased risk of OAG. PURPOSE: To determine the association between reproductive factors including age at menarche, age at menopause, reproductive period, parity, and the risk of OAG in women. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched until February 9, 2022. Studies were included if they assessed the association between reproductive factors and OAG. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with relevant 95% CIs were extracted and pooled using fixed-effects models. Besides, we conducted dose-response analyses via the generalized least squares for trend method. RESULTS: Seven articles including 18,618 women were identified in this review. The pooled results indicated that late age at menarche (≥13 y) was significantly associated with an increased risk of OAG (OR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.28, 2.43). Early menopause (<45 y) also significantly elevated the risk of OAG (OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.90) in categorical meta-analyses, consistent with the inverse linear relationship between menopausal age and the risk of OAG in dose-response analyses ( P =0.002). In addition, women who had delivered at least 5 children were at significantly higher risk of OAG compared with those nulliparous (OR=2.35, 95% CI: 1.02, 5.39), and a J-shape relationship between parity and OAG was observed in dose-response analyses ( P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Late menarche (≥13 y), early menopause (<45 y), and a history of 5 or more parturitions are possible risk factors for OAG. Longitudinal studies are warranted to further examine the relationships between reproductive factors and the risk of OAG.

Smoking, dietary factors and major age-related eye disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: There is accumulating evidence of the associations between age-related eye diseases (AREDs) and smoking or dietary factors. We aimed to provide an umbrella review of the published literature pertaining to smoking or dietary intake as risk factors for major AREDs including cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: We searched for pertinent systematic reviews or meta-analyses in PubMed and Web of Science until 16 April 2022. We reperformed the meta-analysis of each association using random effects models. The heterogeneity and 95% prediction interval were calculated. The presence of small-study effect or excess significance bias was also assessed. RESULTS: In total, 64 associations from 25 meta-analyses and 41 associations from 10 qualitative systematic reviews were evaluated. There was convincing (class I) evidence for only one association, namely current smoking and cataract. Two factors had highly suggestive (class II) evidence, namely ever smoking associated with cataract and fish consumption associated with AMD. We also found suggestive (class III) evidence for associations between the dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin C and the risk of cataract. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking as a risk factor for cataract was the most robust association we identified. We also identified several dietary elements associated with AREDs. Large prospective studies are warranted to further examine the associations discussed in this review. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022339082.