Neurogenic tumours of the posterior mediastinum and differential diagnosis considerations.

The mediastinal compartment harbours vital organs and structures, including the heart, great vessels, major airways, and thymus. These structures are embedded in and associated with soft-tissue elements consisting of adipose and fibro-collagenous tissue in which soft-tissue tumours may develop. A detailed inventory of soft-tissue tumours that may be encountered in the mediastinum based on the WHO 2013 classification was published in 2015. In addition, several comprehensive reviews on mediastinal soft-tissue pathology are available, including reviews focusing specifically on a single tumour type. This review will focus on primary neurogenic and spindle cell tumours of the somatic soft tissue of the posterior mediastinum and provide a discussion of the pertinent differential diagnoses.

Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Volume CT Screening in a Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data from randomized trials regarding whether volume-based, low-dose computed tomographic (CT) screening can reduce lung-cancer mortality among male former and current smokers. METHODS: A total of 13,195 men (primary analysis) and 2594 women (subgroup analyses) between the ages of 50 and 74 were randomly assigned to undergo CT screening at T0 (baseline), year 1, year 3, and year 5.5 or no screening. We obtained data on cancer diagnosis and the date and cause of death through linkages with national registries in the Netherlands and Belgium, and a review committee confirmed lung cancer as the cause of death when possible. A minimum follow-up of 10 years until December 31, 2015, was completed for all participants. RESULTS: Among men, the average adherence to CT screening was 90.0%. On average, 9.2% of the screened participants underwent at least one additional CT scan (initially indeterminate). The overall referral rate for suspicious nodules was 2.1%. At 10 years of follow-up, the incidence of lung cancer was 5.58 cases per 1000 person-years in the screening group and 4.91 cases per 1000 person-years in the control group; lung-cancer mortality was 2.50 deaths per 1000 person-years and 3.30 deaths per 1000 person-years, respectively. The cumulative rate ratio for death from lung cancer at 10 years was 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61 to 0.94; P = 0.01) in the screening group as compared with the control group, similar to the values at years 8 and 9. Among women, the rate ratio was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.38 to 1.14) at 10 years of follow-up, with values of 0.41 to 0.52 in years 7 through 9. CONCLUSIONS: In this trial involving high-risk persons, lung-cancer mortality was significantly lower among those who underwent volume CT screening than among those who underwent no screening. There were low rates of follow-up procedures for results suggestive of lung cancer. (Funded by the Netherlands Organization of Health Research and Development and others; NELSON Netherlands Trial Register number, NL580.).

Dataset for reporting of thymic epithelial tumours: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

AIMS: Thymic epithelial tumours (TET), including thymomas and thymic carcinomas and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms, are malignant neoplasms that can be associated with morbidity and mortality. Recently, an updated version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Thoracic Tumours 5th Edition, 2021 has been released, which included various changes to the classification of these neoplasms. In addition, in 2017 the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) / American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) published the 8th Edition Staging Manual which, for the first time, includes a TNM staging that is applicable to thymomas, thymic carcinomas, and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms. METHODS AND RESULTS: To standardize reporting of resected TET and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms the accrediting bodies updated their reporting protocols. The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR), which represents a collaboration between various National Associations of Pathology, updated its 2017 histopathology reporting guide on TET and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms accordingly. This report will highlight important changes in the reporting of TET and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms based on the 2021 WHO, emphasize the 2017 TNM staging, and also comment on the rigour and various uncertainties for the pathologist when trying to follow that staging. CONCLUSION: The ICCR dataset provides a comprehensive, standardized template for reporting of resected TET and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Biopsy prostate cancer perineural invasion and tumour load are associated with positive posterolateral margins at radical prostatectomy: implications for planning of nerve-sparing surgery.

AIMS: Radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer is frequently complicated by erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence. However, sparing of the nerve bundles adjacent to the posterolateral sides of the prostate reduces the number of complications at the risk of positive surgical margins. Preoperative selection of men eligible for safe, nerve-sparing surgery is therefore needed. Our aim was to identify pathological factors associated with positive posterolateral surgical margins in men undergoing bilateral nerve-sparing RP. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prostate cancer patients undergoing RP with standardised intra-operative surgical margin assessment according to the NeuroSAFE technique were included. Preoperative biopsies were reviewed for grade group (GG), cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma (CR/IDC), perineural invasion (PNI), cumulative tumour length and extraprostatic extension (EPE). Of 624 included patients, 573 (91.8%) received NeuroSAFE bilaterally and 51 (8.2%) unilaterally, resulting in a total of 1197 intraoperative posterolateral surgical margin assessments. Side-specific biopsy findings were correlated to ipsilateral NeuroSAFE outcome. Higher biopsy GG, CR/IDC, PNI, EPE, number of positive biopsies and cumulative tumour length were all associated with positive posterolateral margins. In multivariable bivariate logistic regression, ipsilateral PNI [odds ratio (OR) = 2.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.62-5.48; P < 0.001] and percentage of positive cores (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.08-1.29; P < 0.001) were significant predictors for a positive posterolateral margin, while GG and CR/IDC were not. CONCLUSIONS: Ipsilateral PNI and percentage of positive cores were significant predictors for a positive posterolateral surgical margin at RP. Biopsy PNI and tumour volume can therefore support clinical decision-making on the level of nerve-sparing surgery in prostate cancer patients.

NeuroSAFE in radical prostatectomy increases the rate of nerve-sparing surgery without affecting oncological outcome.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of intra-operative neurovascular structure-adjacent frozen-section examination (NeuroSAFE) on the rate of nerve-sparing surgery (NSS) and oncological outcome in a large radical prostatectomy (RP) cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2016 and December 2020, 1756 prostate cancer patients underwent robot-assisted RP, of whom 959 (55%) underwent this with NeuroSAFE and 797 (45%) without (control cohort). In cases where NeuroSAFE showed tumour in the margin, a secondary resection was performed. The effect of NeuroSAFE on NSS and positive surgical margin (PSM) status was analysed using logistic regression. Cox regression was used to identify predictors of biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Patients in the NeuroSAFE cohort had a higher tumour grade (P < 0.001) and clinical stage (P < 0.001) than those in the control cohort. NeuroSAFE enabled more frequent NSS for both pT2 (93% vs 76%; P < 0.001) and pT3 disease (83% vs 55%; P < 0.001). In adjusted analysis, NeuroSAFE resulted in more frequent unilateral (odds ratio [OR] 3.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.90-5.30; P < 0.001) and bilateral (OR 5.22, 95% CI 3.90-6.98; P < 0.001) NSS. While the PSM rate decreased from 51% to 42% in patients with pT3 stage disease (P = 0.031), NeuroSAFE was not an independent predictor of PSM status (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.68-1.06; P = 0.2) in the entire cohort. Patients who underwent NeuroSAFE had better BCRFS compared to the control cohort (hazard ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.45-0.84; P = 0.002). This study is limited by its comparison with a historical cohort and lack of functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: NeuroSAFE enables more unilateral and bilateral NSS without negatively affecting surgical margin status and biochemical recurrence. This validation study provides a comprehensive overview of the implementation, evaluation and intra-operative decision making associated with NeuroSAFE in clinical practice.

Percentage Gleason pattern 4 and PI-RADS score predict upgrading in biopsy Grade Group 2 prostate cancer patients without cribriform pattern.

PURPOSE: To identify parameters to predict upgrading in biopsy Grade Group (GG) 2 prostate cancer patients without cribriform and intraductal carcinoma (CR/IDC) on biopsy. METHODS: Preoperative biopsies from 657 men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer were reviewed for GG, presence of CR/IDC, percentage Gleason pattern 4, and tumor length. In men with biopsy GG2 without CR/IDC (n = 196), clinicopathologic features were compared between those with GG1 or GG2 without CR/IDC on RP (GG ≤ 2-) and those with GG2 with CR/IDC or any GG > 2 (GG ≥ 2+). Logistic regression analysis was used to predict upgrading in the biopsy cohort. RESULTS: In total 283 men had biopsy GG2 of whom 87 (30.7%) had CR/IDC and 196 (69.3%) did not. CR/IDC status in matched biopsy and RP specimens was concordant in 179 (63.3%) and discordant in 79 (27.9%) cases (sensitivity 45.1%; specificity 92.6%). Of 196 biopsy GG2 men without CR/IDC, 106 (54.1%) had GG ≥ 2+ on RP. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age [odds ratio (OR): 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.09-3.20; p = 0.025], percentage Gleason pattern 4 (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.07; p = 0.003), PI-RADS 5 lesion (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.03-4.70; p = 0.045) and clinical stage T3 (OR 3.60; 95% CI 1.08-14.50; p = 0.049) were independent parameters to predict upgrading to GG ≥ 2+ on RP in these men. CONCLUSIONS: Age, clinical stage T3, percentage Gleason pattern 4 and presence of PI-RADS 5 lesions are independent predictors for upgrading in men with biopsy GG2 without CR/IDC. These findings allow for improved clinical decision-making on surveillance eligibility in intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients.

Interobserver variation in the classification of thymic lesions including biopsies and resection specimens in an international digital microscopy panel.

AIMS: Thymic tumours are rare in routine pathology practice. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) classification describes a number of well-defined categories, the classification remains challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the reproducibility of the WHO classification among a large group of international pathologists with expertise in thymic pathology and by using whole slide imaging to facilitate rapid diagnostic turnover. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three hundred and five tumours, consisting of 90 biopsies and 215 resection specimens, were reviewed with a panel-based virtual microscopy approach by a group of 13 pathologists with expertise in thymic tumours over a period of 6 years. The specimens were classified according to the WHO 2015 classification. The data were subjected to statistical analysis, and interobserver concordance (Fleiss kappa) was calculated. All cases were diagnosed within a time frame of 2 weeks. The overall level of agreement was substantial (κ = 0.6762), and differed slightly between resection specimens (κ = 0.7281) and biopsies (κ = 0.5955). When analysis was limited to thymomas only, and they were grouped according to the European Society for Medical Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines into B2, B3 versus A, AB, B1 and B3 versus A, AB, B1, B2, the level of agreement decreased slightly (κ = 0.5506 and κ = 0.4929, respectively). Difficulties arose in distinguishing thymoma from thymic carcinoma. Within the thymoma subgroup, difficulties in distinction were seen within the B group. CONCLUSIONS: Agreement in diagnosing thymic lesions is substantial when they are assessed by pathologists with experience of these rare tumours. Digital pathology decreases the turnaround time and facilitates access to what is essentially a multinational resource. This platform provides a template for dealing with rare tumours for which expertise is sparse.

Intraoperative assessment and reporting of radical prostatectomy specimens to guide nerve-sparing surgery in prostate cancer patients (NeuroSAFE).

AIMS: Radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer is frequently complicated by urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Nerve-sparing surgery reduces the risk of postoperative complications and can be optimised by the use of intraoperative frozen sections of the adjacent neurovascular structure (NeuroSAFE). The aims of this study were to evaluate the pathological outcomes of the NeuroSAFE technique and to develop a comprehensive algorithm for intraoperative clinical decision-making. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between September 2018 and May 2019, 491 NeuroSAFE procedures were performed in 258 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy; 74 of 491 (15.1%) NeuroSAFE specimens had positive surgical margins. As compared with the corresponding paraffin sections, NeuroSAFE had a positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 85.1% and 95.4%, respectively. In 72.2% of secondary neurovascular bundle resections prompted by a NeuroSAFE positive surgical margin, no tumour was present. These cases more often had a positive surgical margin of ≤1 mm (48.7% versus 20.0%; P = 0.001) and only one positive slide (69.2% versus 33.3%; P = 0.008). None of the nine patients with Gleason pattern 3 at the surgical margin, a positive surgical margin length of ≤1 mm and one positive slide had tumour in the secondary resection. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a systematic reporting template for pathological intraoperative NeuroSAFE evaluation, supporting intraoperative clinical decision-making and comparison between prostate cancer operation centres.

Is the sum of positive neuroendocrine immunohistochemical stains useful for diagnosis of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) on biopsy specimens?

AIMS: Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is underdiagnosed on biopsy specimens. We evaluated if routine neuroendocrine immunohistochemical (IHC) stains are helpful in the diagnosis of LCNEC on biopsy specimens. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the Dutch pathology registry (PALGA), surgically resected LCNEC with matching pre-operative biopsy specimens were identified and haematoxylin and IHC slides (CD56, chromogranin-A, synaptophysin) requested. Subsequently, three pathologists assigned (1) the presence or absence of the WHO 2015 criteria and (2) cumulative size of all (biopsy) specimens. For validation, a tissue microarray (TMA) of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (n = 77) and LCNEC (n = 19) was used. LCNEC was confirmed on the resection specimens in 32 of 48 re-reviewed cases. In 47% (n = 15 of 32) LCNEC was also confirmed in the paired biopsy specimens. Neuroendocrine morphology was absent in 53% (n = 17 of 32) of paired biopsy specimens, more often when smaller amounts of tissue were available for evaluation [29% < 5 mm (n = 14) versus 67% ≥5 mm (n = 18) P = 0.04]. Combined with current WHO criteria, positive staining for greater than or equal to two of three neuroendocrine IHC markers increased the sensitivity for LCNEC from 47% to 93% on paired biopsy specimens, and further validated using an independent TMA of LCNEC and NSCLC with sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 99%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: LCNEC is difficult to diagnose because neuroendocrine morphology is frequently absent in biopsy specimens. In NSCLC devoid of obvious morphological squamous or adenocarcinoma features, positive staining in greater than or equal to two of three neuroendocrine IHC stains supports the diagnosis of LCNEC.

Conventional Autopsy versus Minimally Invasive Autopsy with Postmortem MRI, CT, and CT-guided Biopsy: Comparison of Diagnostic Performance.

Purpose To compare the diagnostic performance of minimally invasive autopsy with that of conventional autopsy. Materials and Methods For this prospective, single-center, cross-sectional study in an academic hospital, 295 of 2197 adult cadavers (mean age: 65 years [range, 18-99 years]; age range of male cadavers: 18-99 years; age range of female cadavers: 18-98 years) who died from 2012 through 2014 underwent conventional autopsy. Family consent for minimally invasive autopsy was obtained for 139 of the 295 cadavers; 99 of those 139 cadavers were included in this study. Those involved in minimally invasive autopsy and conventional autopsy were blinded to each other's findings. The minimally invasive autopsy procedure combined postmortem MRI, CT, and CT-guided biopsy of main organs and pathologic lesions. The primary outcome measure was performance of minimally invasive autopsy and conventional autopsy in establishing immediate cause of death, as compared with consensus cause of death. The secondary outcome measures were diagnostic yield of minimally invasive autopsy and conventional autopsy for all, major, and grouped major diagnoses; frequency of clinically unsuspected findings; and percentage of answered clinical questions. Results Cause of death determined with minimally invasive autopsy and conventional autopsy agreed in 91 of the 99 cadavers (92%). Agreement with consensus cause of death occurred in 96 of 99 cadavers (97%) with minimally invasive autopsy and in 94 of 99 cadavers (95%) with conventional autopsy (P = .73). All 288 grouped major diagnoses were related to consensus cause of death. Minimally invasive autopsy enabled diagnosis of 259 of them (90%) and conventional autopsy 224 (78%); 200 (69%) were found with both methods. At clinical examination, the cause of death was not suspected in 17 of the 99 cadavers (17%), and 124 of 288 grouped major diagnoses (43%) were not established. There were 219 additional clinical questions; 189 (86%) were answered with minimally invasive autopsy and 182 (83%) were answered with conventional autopsy (P = .35). Conclusion The performance of minimally invasive autopsy in the detection of cause of death was similar to that of conventional autopsy; however, minimally invasive autopsy has a higher yield of diagnoses. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Krombach in this issue.

Pentameric last-digit preference and stage border avoidance in pathology measurement.

AIMS: Cancer treatment relies on accurate staging, an essential aspect of which is determination of the size of a tumour. Measuring the size of a tumour in daily practice often proves problematic and results in rounding of values to approximate values. It has been shown that size values are most frequently reported with end digits of 0 or 5. METHODS AND RESULTS: We sought to determine whether this observation holds true in our national cancer registry of breast and lung tumours. Data from patients with breast and lung cancer were retrieved from the Netherlands National Cancer Registry and analysed for tumour size. Whereas a preference for terminal digits of 0 or 5 (pentameric preference) was clearly present for lung cancer, critical pentameric values at stage boundaries were avoided in breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, pathologists adopt a practical approach to tumour size measurement by rounding values and avoiding stage border boundary values, thus circumventing potential difficulties in treatment decisions.

Chemotherapy for pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas: does the regimen matter?

Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is rare. Chemotherapy for metastatic LCNEC ranges from small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) regimens to nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) chemotherapy regimens. We analysed outcomes of chemotherapy treatments for LCNEC.The Netherlands Cancer Registry and Netherlands Pathology Registry (PALGA) were searched for patients with stage IV chemotherapy-treated LCNEC (2003-2012). For 207 patients, histology slides were available for pathology panel review. First-line platinum-based combined chemotherapy was clustered as "NSCLC-t", comprising gemcitabine, docetaxel, paclitaxel or vinorelbine; "NSCLC-pt", with pemetrexed treatment only; and "SCLC-t", consisting of etoposide chemotherapy.A panel review diagnosis of LCNEC was established in 128 out of 207 patients. NSCLC-t chemotherapy was administered in 46% (n=60), NSCLC-pt in 16% (n=20) and SCLC-t in 38% (n=48) of the patients. The median (95% CI) overall survival for NSCLC-t chemotherapy was 8.5 (7.0-9.9) months, significantly longer than patients treated with NSCLC-pt, with a median survival of 5.9 (5.0-6.9) months (hazard ratio 2.51, 95% CI 1.39-4.52; p=0.002) and patients treated with SCLC-t chemotherapy, with a median survival of 6.7 (5.0-8.5) months (hazard ratio 1.66, 95% CI 1.08-2.56; p=0.020).In patients with LCNEC, NSCLC-t chemotherapy results in longer overall survival compared to NSCLC-pt and SCLC-t chemotherapy.

Dataset for reporting of thymic epithelial tumours: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR).

AIMS: The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) is a not-for-profit organization formed by the Royal Colleges of Pathologists of Australasia and the United Kingdom, the College of American Pathologists, the Canadian Association of Pathologists-Association Canadienne des Pathologists in association with the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, and the European Society of Pathology. Its goal is to produce standardized, internationally agreed, evidence-based datasets for use throughout the world. METHODS AND RESULTS: This article describes the development of a cancer dataset by the multidisciplinary ICCR expert panel for the reporting of thymic epithelial tumours. The dataset includes 'required' (mandatory) and 'recommended' (non-mandatory) elements, which are validated by a review of current evidence and supported by explanatory text. Seven required elements and 12 recommended elements were agreed by the international dataset authoring committee to represent the essential information for the reporting of thymic epithelial tumours. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an internationally agreed, structured pathology dataset for reporting thymic tumours provides all of the necessary information for optimal patient management, facilitates consistent and accurate data collection, and provides valuable data for research and international benchmarking. The dataset also provides a valuable resource for those countries and institutions that are not in a position to develop their own datasets.

Tumor slice culture system to assess drug response of primary breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The high incidence of breast cancer has sparked the development of novel targeted and personalized therapies. Personalization of cancer treatment requires reliable prediction of chemotherapy responses in individual patients. Effective selection can prevent unnecessary treatment that would mainly result in the unwanted side effects of the therapy. This selection can be facilitated by characterization of individual tumors using robust and specific functional assays, which requires development of powerful ex vivo culture systems and procedures to analyze the response to treatment. METHODS: We optimized culture methods for primary breast tumor samples that allowed propagation of tissue ex vivo. We combined several tissue culture strategies, including defined tissue slicing technology, growth medium optimization and use of a rotating platform to increase nutrient exchange. RESULTS: We could maintain tissue cultures for at least 7 days without losing tissue morphology, viability or cell proliferation. We also developed methods to determine the cytotoxic response of individual tumors to the chemotherapeutic treatment FAC (5-FU, Adriamycin [Doxorubicin] and Cyclophosphamide). Using this tool we designated tumors as sensitive or resistant and distinguished a clinically proven resistant tumor from other tumors. CONCLUSION: This method defines conditions that allow ex vivo testing of individual tumor responses to anti-cancer drugs and therefore might improve personalization of breast cancer treatment.

Time trends in the incidence and treatment of extra-abdominal and abdominal aggressive fibromatosis: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Aggressive fibromatosis (AF) is a locally infiltrating soft-tissue tumor. In a population-based study in the Netherlands, we evaluated time trends for the incidence and treatment of AF. METHODS: In PALGA: Dutch Pathology Registry, all patients diagnosed between 1993 and 2013 as having extra-abdominal or abdominal wall aggressive fibromatosis were identified and available pathology data of the patients were evaluated. Epidemiological and treatment-related factors were analyzed with χ (2)and regression analysis. RESULTS: During the study period, 1134 patients were identified. The incidence increased from 2.10 to 5.36 per million people per year. Median age at the time of diagnosis increased annually by B 0.285 (P = 0.001). Female gender prevailed and increased over time [annual odds ratio (OR) 1.022; P = 0.058]. All anatomic localizations, but in particular truncal tumors, became more frequent. During the study period diagnostic histological biopsies were performed more often (annual OR 1.096; P < 0.001). The proportion of patients who underwent surgical treatment decreased (annual OR 0.928; P < 0.001). When resection was preceded by biopsy, 49.8 % of the patients had R0-resection versus 30.7 % in patients without biopsy (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based study, an increasing incidence of extra-abdominal and abdominal-wall aggressive fibromatosis was observed. The workup of patients improved and a trend towards a nonsurgical treatment policy was observed.

Prognostic value of CTNNB1 gene mutation in primary sporadic aggressive fibromatosis.

BACKGROUND: Aggressive fibromatosis (AF) comprises tumors with a varying biological behavior. Genetic tumor characteristics may be predictive of recurrence; hence, the prognostic value of three specific mutations on the CTNNB1 gene was evaluated in relation to known clinicopathologic risk factors in patients with primary, sporadic AF. METHODS: In a multi-institutional retrospective cohort study of patients with primary extra-abdominal and abdominal wall AF who underwent surgical treatment, the original pathology specimens were reviewed for the presence of a T41A, S45F, and 45P mutations on the CTNNB1 gene. For these mutations, the risk of recurrence was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression was performed to calculate hazard ratios. RESULTS: A total of 101 patients were analyzed. During a median follow-up of 41 months, 17 recurrences were detected; the cumulative 5-year recurrence rate was 22.8 %. A specific CTNNB1 mutation was found in 76 patients, with the majority of patients having a T41A mutation (n = 49). CTNNB1 mutations were associated with the risk of recurrence: the presence of a S45F mutation was associated with a 5-year cumulative risk of recurrence of 63.8 % (P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that young age and S45F mutation were independent risk factors (P = 0.011 and P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of specific CTNNB1 mutations was predictive for recurrence in patients after surgical treatment for primary, sporadic extra-abdominal and abdominal AF. A S45F mutation increased the risk of recurrence significantly.

The Effect of Differentiation Grade of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma on Excision Margins, Local Recurrence, Metastasis, and Patient Survival: A Retrospective Follow-Up Study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is increasing worldwide. Despite a growing body of literature on prognostic factors, it remains unclear how tumor differentiation grade influences patient survival. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible correlation between cutaneous SCC differentiation, local recurrence, metastasis, and patient survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients treated for cutaneous SCC between 2001 and 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate survival analysis was used to assess the association of different tumor characteristics with survival. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one patients with 155 SCCs were included (median follow-up, 81 months; range, 27-125 months). Although no significant correlation between tumor differentiation grade and local recurrence could be found, it was an independent prognostic factor for metastatic disease and overall survival (OS). Metastasis-free survival at 5 years was significantly higher in well-differentiated tumors (70%) compared to moderately (51%) and poorly differentiated SCCs (26%; P = 0.012); identical percentages were found for OS (P = 0.005). Furthermore, patients with incomplete excision of the first tumor showed an increased relative risk of dying of SCC of 4.0 (95% confidence interval, 2.4-6.6; P < 0.001) compared to excision with clear margins. CONCLUSIONS: Studies that investigated the relationship between SCC differentiation grade and patient survival are scarce and inconsistent. The present study indicates tumor differentiation grade is an independent prognostic factor for OS. This finding suggests poor differentiation of cutaneous SCC alone is sufficient to upstage the primary tumor in the TNM classification system.

MicroRNA expression profiles distinguish liposarcoma subtypes and implicate miR-145 and miR-451 as tumor suppressors.

Liposarcomas are rare, heterogeneous and malignant tumors that can be divided into four histological subtypes with different characteristics and clinical behavior. Treatment consists of surgery in combination with systemic chemotherapy, but nevertheless mortality rates are high. More insight into the biology of liposarcoma tumorigenesis is needed to devise novel therapeutic approaches. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with carcinogenesis in many tumors and may function as tumor suppressor or oncogene. In this study we examined miRNA expression in an initial series of 57 human liposarcomas (including all subtypes), lipomas and normal fat by miRNA microarrays. Supervised hierarchical clustering of the most differentially expressed miRNAs (p < 0.0002) distinguished most liposarcoma subtypes and control tissues. The distinction between well differentiated liposarcomas and benign lipomas was blurred, suggesting these tumor types may represent a biological continuum. MiRNA signatures of liposarcoma subtypes were established and validated in an independent series of 58 liposarcomas and control tissues. The expression of the miR-143/145 and miR-144/451 cluster members was clearly reduced in liposarcomas compared to normal fat. Overexpression of miR-145 and miR-451 in liposarcoma cell lines decreased cellular proliferation rate, impaired cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis. In conclusion, we show that miRNA expression profiling can be used to discriminate liposarcoma subtypes, which can possibly aid in objective diagnostic decision making. In addition, our data indicate that miR-145 and miR-451 act as tumor suppressors in adipose tissue and show that re-expression of these miRNAs could be a promising therapeutic strategy for liposarcomas.

Disease relapse in relation to lymph node sampling in lung carcinoid patients.

The predictive value of the extent of peri-operative lymph node (LN) sampling in relation to disease relapse in patients with pulmonary carcinoid (PC) is unknown. Furthermore, post-surgery follow-up recommendations rely on institutional retrospective studies with short follow-ups. We aimed to address these shortcomings by examining the relation between LN sampling and relapse in a population-based cohort with long-term follow-up. By combining the Dutch nationwide pathology and cancer registries, all patients with surgically resected PC (2003-2012) were included in this analysis (last update 2020). The extent of surgical LN dissection was scored for the number of LN samples, location (hilar/mediastinal), and completeness of resection according to European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) guidelines. Relapse-free interval (RFI) was evaluated using Kaplan Meier and multivariate regression analysis. 662 patients were included. The median follow-up was 87.5 months. Relapse occurred in 10% of patients, mostly liver (51.8%) and locoregional sites (45%). The median RFI was 48.1 months (95% CI 36.8-59.4). Poor prognostic factors were atypical carcinoid, pN1/2, and R1/R2 resection. In 546 patients LN dissection data could be retrieved; at least one N2 LN was examined in 44% and completeness according to ESTS in merely 7%. In 477 cN0 patients, 5.9% had pN1 and 2.5% had pN2 disease. In conclusion, relapse occurred in 10% of PC patients with a median RFI of 48.1 months thereby underscoring the necessity of long-term follow-up. Extended mediastinal LN sampling was rarely performed but systematic nodal evaluation is recommended as it provides prognostic information on distant relapse.

Loss of E-cadherin is not a necessity for epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer.

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is typically defined by the acquisition of a spindle cell morphology in combination with loss of E-cadherin and upregulation of mesenchymal markers. However, by studying E-cadherin inactivation in 38 human breast cancer cell lines, we noted that not all cell lines that had undergone EMT had concomitantly lost E-cadherin expression. We further investigated this discrepancy functionally and in clinical breast cancer specimens. Interestingly, reconstitution of wild-type E-cadherin cDNA in a E-cadherin negative cell line that had undergone EMT (MDA-MB-231) did not revert the spindle morphology back to an epithelial morphology. Neither were changes observed in the expression of several markers known to be involved in the EMT process. Similarly, upregulation of E-cadherin via global DNA demethylation in eleven cell lines that had undergone EMT did not induce a change in cell morphology, nor did it alter the expression of EMT markers in these cells. Next, we extracted genes differentially expressed between cell lines that had undergone EMT versus cell lines that had not undergone EMT. Caveolin-1 was identified to be an excellent marker for EMT, irrespective of E-cadherin status (specificity and sensitivity of 100 %). Consistent with our observations in the breast cancer cell lines, expression of Caveolin-1 identified a subset of basal breast cancers, particularly of metaplastic pathology, and only 50 % of these lacked E-cadherin expression. The discrepancy between E-cadherin loss and EMT was thus reproduced in clinical samples. Together, these results indicate that in human breast cancer loss of E-cadherin is not causal for EMT and even not a necessity.