Androgen receptor-mediated pharmacogenomic expression quantitative trait loci: implications for breast cancer response to AR-targeting therapy.

BACKGROUND: Endocrine therapy is the most important treatment modality of breast cancer patients whose tumors express the estrogen receptor α (ERα). The androgen receptor (AR) is also expressed in the vast majority (80-90%) of ERα-positive tumors. AR-targeting drugs are not used in clinical practice, but have been evaluated in multiple trials and preclinical studies. METHODS: We performed a genome-wide study to identify hormone/drug-induced single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype - dependent gene-expression, known as PGx-eQTL, mediated by either an AR agonist (dihydrotestosterone) or a partial antagonist (enzalutamide), utilizing a previously well characterized lymphoblastic cell line panel. The association of the identified SNPs-gene pairs with breast cancer phenotypes were then examined using three genome-wide association (GWAS) studies that we have published and other studies from the GWAS catalog. RESULTS: We identified 13 DHT-mediated PGx-eQTL loci and 23 Enz-mediated PGx-eQTL loci that were associated with breast cancer outcomes post ER antagonist or aromatase inhibitors (AI) treatment, or with pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of AIs. An additional 30 loci were found to be associated with cancer risk and sex-hormone binding globulin levels. The top loci involved the genes IDH2 and TMEM9, the expression of which were suppressed by DHT in a PGx-eQTL SNP genotype-dependent manner. Both of these genes were overexpressed in breast cancer and were associated with a poorer prognosis. Therefore, suppression of these genes by AR agonists may benefit patients with minor allele genotypes for these SNPs. CONCLUSIONS: We identified AR-related PGx-eQTL SNP-gene pairs that were associated with risks, outcomes and PD effects of endocrine therapy that may provide potential biomarkers for individualized treatment of breast cancer.

Long-term effects of aromatase inhibitor withdrawal on bone mineral density in early breast cancer patients: 10-year follow-up results of the BREX study.

PURPOSE: We aimed to provide long-term bone mineral density (BMD) data on early breast cancer patients of the BREX (Breast Cancer and Exercise) study. The effects of exercise and adjuvant endocrine treatment 10 years after randomization were analyzed, with special emphasis on aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy discontinuation at 5 years. METHODS: The BREX study randomized 573 pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients into a 1-year supervised exercise program or a control group. 372 patients were included into the current follow-up analysis. BMD (g/cm2) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at lumbar spine (LS), left femoral neck (FN), and the total hip. Separate groups were displayed according to baseline menopausal status, and whether the patient had discontinued AI therapy at 5 years or not. RESULTS: The BMD change from 5 to 10 years did not significantly differ between the two randomized arms. AI discontinuation at 5 years had statistically significant BMD effects. The FN BMD continued to decrease in patients who discontinued AI therapy during the first 5-year off-treatment, but the decrease was three-fold less than in patients without AI withdrawal (- 1.4% v. - 3.8%). The LS BMD increased (+ 2.6%) in patients with AI withdrawal during the first 5 years following treatment discontinuation, while a BMD decrease (-1.3%) was seen in patients without AI withdrawal. CONCLUSION: This study is to our knowledge the first to quantify the long-term impact of AI withdrawal on BMD. Bone loss associated with AI therapy seems partially reversible after stopping treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ (Identifier Number NCT00639210).

Polypharmacy, over-the-counter medications, and aromatase inhibitor adherence in early-stage breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Polypharmacy is associated with negative health outcomes and decreased medication adherence. Polypharmacy is common in cancer populations, but few studies have evaluated the relationship between polypharmacy and aromatase inhibitor (AI) adherence. No studies have evaluated the relationship between over-the-counter (OTC) supplements and AI adherence. Our primary hypothesis was that polypharmacy would be associated with increased risk of premature AI discontinuation. METHODS: This exploratory analysis used data from the Exemestane and Letrozole Pharmacogenetics (ELPh) trial, a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial that enrolled participants from 2005 to 2009. Included patients were female, postmenopausal, with stage 0-III breast cancer, who had completed indicated chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. Participants were randomized to adjuvant exemestane or letrozole and completed serial clinical examinations and questionnaires for two years. Concomitant medication data were collected prospectively. Cox proportion models were used for statistical analysis of the relationship between polypharmacy, OTCs, medication class, and AI adherence. RESULTS: In the 490 analyzed participants, use of any prescription medications at baseline was associated with decreased risk of premature AI discontinuation (HR 0.56, p = 0.02). Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) at baseline was associated with decreased risk of premature AI discontinuation (HR 0.67, p = 0.04). Use of any OTCs was not associated with AI discontinuation. CONCLUSION: Baseline use of prescription medications but not OTCs was associated with increased AI persistence. Future research is needed to understand how this can be utilized to promote AI adherence.

Factors influencing the first and the fifth years adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer patients in a low income country.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Brazil and in many countries around the world. In order to minimize the risk of recurrence and death, adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) is used in women whose tumors express hormone receptors; however, the therapy is associated with low rates of compliance. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the proportion of patients who are adherent/non-adherent to AET at the beginning of the therapy (1st year) and at its end (5th year). METHODS: Cross-sectional study assessing adherence through the Brief Medication Questionnaire. RESULTS: It was identified that eventual failures in maintaining the correct adherence to the treatment have risen from 23% of patients in the 1st year of treatment to 35% of patients in the 5th year (p = 0.005). In both groups, use of aromatase inhibitors, polypharmacy of at least 3 mediations and the previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) or systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) have contributed to low adherence among patients. CONCLUSION: The proportion of patients who are not adherent to AET was high in both cohorts, and the rate of non-adherent patients rises over time. It is essential to incorporate screening methods for lack of compliance to AET, as well as measures to try to reduce non-persistence to the treatment, such as educating the patients on the benefits of the treatment, managing comorbidities through lifestyle changes and, therefore, reducing polypharmacy and, above all, detecting and treating very early the adverse effects of AET that might interfere with its correct use.

A prospective study of vitamin D, proinflammatory cytokines, and risk of fragility fractures in women on aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D is critical to bone health by regulating intestinal absorption of calcium, whereas proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, are known to increase bone resorption. We hypothesized that vitamin D and these cytokines at the time of breast cancer diagnosis were predictive for fragility fractures in women receiving aromatase inhibitors (AIs). METHODS: In a prospective cohort of 1,709 breast cancer patients treated with AIs, we measured the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α from baseline blood samples. The associations of these biomarkers were analyzed with bone turnover markers (BALP and TRACP), bone regulatory markers (OPG and RANKL), bone mineral density (BMD) close to cancer diagnosis, and risk of fragility fractures during a median of 7.5 years of follow up. RESULTS: Compared to patients with vitamin D deficiency, patients with sufficient levels had higher bone turnover, lower BMD, and higher fracture risk; the latter became non-significant after controlling for covariates including BMD and no longer existed when patients taking vitamin D supplement or bisphosphonates or with history of fracture or osteoporosis were excluded. There was a non-significant trend of higher levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α associated with higher risk of fracture (highest vs. lowest tertile, IL-1ß: adjusted HR=1.37, 95% CI=0.94-1.99; TNF-α: adjusted HR=1.38, 95% CI=0.96-1.98). CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support proinflammatory cytokines or vitamin D levels as predictors for risk of fragility fractures in women receiving AIs for breast cancer.

Comparative efficacy and safety of extended adjuvant endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Optimal extended adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) duration and strategy for hormone receptor-positive (HR +) early breast cancer remain unclear. In this network meta-analysis (NMA), the efficacy and safety of all available extended adjuvant ETs were compared and ranked. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library and abstracts presented at ASCO, SABCS, and ESMO were searched on March 5, 2022. Fourteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comprising eight extended adjuvant ETs for HR + breast cancer and 38,070 patients were analyzed. Main outcomes were disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), grade ≥ 3 adverse events (AEs), and contralateral breast cancer (CBC). Direct and indirect comparisons were integrated via Bayesian NMA. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to jointly rank efficacy and safety outcomes. RESULTS: Compared with that of 5 year ET, extended 10 year aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment provided the greatest DFS benefit (HR = 0.45, 95%CrI 0.23-0.83), whereas no strategy differed significantly in terms of the other main outcomes. Extended 10 year AI treatment was the preferred strategy for DFS improvement and CBC prevention (surface under the cumulative ranking curve: 93.51% and 91.29% probability, respectively). All strategies had comparable safeties (grade ≥ 3 AEs). Compared with that of 5 year ET, 10 year extended AI significantly increased arthralgia (OR = 1.65, 95%CrI 1.02-2.93) and osteoporosis (OR = 3.33, 95%CrI 1.19-9.68). CONCLUSION: Extended 10 year AI therapy may be optimal for HR + early breast cancer given its relatively high efficacy and safety.

Monocyte subsets in breast cancer patients under treatment with aromatase inhibitor and mucin-1 cancer vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Monocytes comprise subsets of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes with distinct anti- or pro-tumor effects in breast cancer (BC). They are modulated by estrogen, and can contribute to BC control by endocrine therapy in preclinical models. METHODS: To elucidate whether changes in monocyte subsets are associated with treatment and response, we investigated peripheral blood samples of 73 postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER) positive BC, who received aromatase inhibitor therapy with or without the mucin-1 vaccine tecemotide in the ABCSG34 trial. Blood was retrieved at baseline, midterm and end of therapy, and was analyzed for the distribution and ER expression of monocyte subsets by flow cytometry. RESULTS: When 40 healthy, age-matched women were compared with BC patients before treatment start, ER levels of monocytes did not differ, yet patients presented with a higher frequency of classical and fewer non-classical monocytes. Endocrine therapy triggered a significant increase in ER levels in all monocyte subsets, without affecting subset distribution. Vaccination had no overall impact on subset frequency and ER expression. Yet, a shift from intermediate to classical monocytes during therapy correlated with changes in plasma cytokines and chemokines and was significantly associated with low residual cancer burden in vaccinated patients. Without tecemotide, baseline ER levels in classical monocytes were significantly higher in women with good response to endocrine therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified classical monocytes to be associated with ER positive BC and with patient response to neoadjuvant endocrine treatment and cancer vaccination.

Letrozole delays acquisition of water maze task in female BALB/c mice: Possible involvement of anxiety.

Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor preventing estrogen synthesis from testosterone, is used as an adjuvant therapy in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients. However, like other aromatase inhibitors, it induces many side effects, including impaired cognition. Despite its negative effect in humans, results from animal models are inconsistent and suggest that letrozole can either impair or improve cognition. Here, we studied the effects of chronic letrozole treatment on cognitive behavior of adult female BALB/c mice, a relevant animal model for breast cancer studies, to develop an appropriate animal model aimed at testing therapies to mitigate side effects of letrozole. In Morris water maze, letrozole 0.1 mg/kg impaired reference learning and memory. Interestingly, most of the letrozole 0.1 mg/kg-treated mice were able to learn the new platform position in reversal training and performed similar to control mice in a reversal probe test. Results of the reversal test suggest that letrozole did not completely disrupt spatial navigation, but rather delayed acquisition of spatial information. The delay might be related to increased anxiety as suggested by increased thigmotactic behavior during the reference memory training. The learning impairment was water maze-specific since we did not observe impairment in other spatial tasks such as in Y-maze or object location test. In contrast, the dose of 0.3 mg/kg did not have effect on water maze learning and facilitated locomotor habituation and recognition in novel object recognition test. The current study shows that letrozole dose-dependently modulates behavioral response and that its effects are task-dependent.

Effect of bisphosphonate and denosumab treatment on TBS in Japanese breast cancer patients with AIBL.

INTRODUCTION: Bisphosphonates and denosumab increase bone mineral density (BMD) for osteoporosis treatment in patients with aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss (AIBL). This study aimed to directly compare bisphosphonates with denosumab in treating patients with AIBL and to determine the effect of denosumab on the trabecular bone score (TBS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with AIBL receiving osteoporosis treatment (21 in the bisphosphonates group and 18 in the denosumab group) were retrospectively evaluated for changes in lumbar spine and femoral BMD, lumbar spine bone quality (assessed by TBS), and blood bone metabolic markers. The Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical evaluation. RESULTS: After 24 months of treatment, the lumbar spine BMD change rate was 5.82 ± 1.10% with bisphosphonates and 10.49 ± 1.20% with denosumab, with the change rate of denosumab significantly increasing over that of bisphosphonates. The change rate in femoral BMD was 2.69 ± 1.16% with bisphosphonates and 2.95 ± 1.26% with denosumab, with no significant difference between the two groups. The rate of decrease in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b was significantly higher in the denosumab group. The change rate in TBS at 24 months of treatment was 0.53 ± 1.26% in the bisphosphonates group and 1.08 ± 1.33% in the denosumab group, with no significant difference between the two groups. After 24 months, TBS remained stable. CONCLUSION: Both bisphosphonates and denosumab may increase BMD, improve bone metabolism, and inhibit bone quality loss in patients with AIBL.

Exploring height outcomes with adjuvant aromatase inhibition in growth hormone-deficient male survivors of childhood cancer.

BACKGROUND: Aromatase inhibitors (AI) may improve height in short stature conditions; however, the effect in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) is unknown. We assessed final adult height (FAH) in CCS treated with AI and GH compared with those treated with GH alone. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of GH-deficient male CCS treated between 2007 and 2023. FAH was noted as the height at the fusion of growth plates or 18 years of age. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine treatment association with FAH, adjusting for other risk factors. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients were included; 70 were treated with GH and 22 with combination AI/GH. The mean age at GH initiation did not differ between groups. The mean age at AI initiation was 13.7 ± 1.9 years. A greater proportion of patients in the AI/GH group were treated with stem cell transplantation, abdominal radiation, total body irradiation, and cis-retinoic acid (p < .01). Multivariable linear regression demonstrated no significant treatment association with FAH Z-score (ß = 0.04, 95% CI: -0.9 to 0.9). History of spinal radiation (ß = -0.93, 95% CI: -1.7 to -0.2), lower starting height Z-score (ß = -0.8, 95% CI: -1.2 to -0.4), and greater difference between bone age and chronological age (ß = -0.3, 95% CI: -0.5 to -0.07) were associated with lower FAH Z-score. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant AI was not associated with increased FAH in male CCS compared with GH monotherapy. Future work is needed to determine the optimal adjunctive treatment to maximize FAH for this population.

Overexpression of BQ323636.1 contributes to anastrozole resistance in AR+ve/ER+ve breast cancer.

Aromatase inhibitors (Ais) are used as adjuvant endocrine therapy for oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+ve) post-menopausal breast cancer patients. Ais, by inhibiting the enzyme aromatase, block the conversion of androgen to oestrogen, reducing oestrogen levels. Resistance to Ais limits their clinical utilisation. Here, we show that overexpression of BQ323636.1 (BQ), a novel splice variant of nuclear co-repressor NCOR2, is associated with resistance to the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor anastrozole in ER+ve post-menopausal breast cancer. Mechanistic study indicates that BQ overexpression enhances androgen receptor (AR) activity and in the presence of anastrozole, causes hyper-activation of AR signalling, which unexpectedly enhanced cell proliferation, through increased expression of CDK2, CDK4, and CCNE1. BQ overexpression reverses the effect of anastrozole in ER+ve breast cancer in an AR-dependent manner, whilst co-treatment with the AR antagonist bicalutamide recovered its therapeutic effect both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, for BQ-overexpressing breast cancer, targeting AR can combat anastrozole resistance. Clinical study of 268 primary breast cancer samples of ER+ve patients who had been treated with non-steroidal Ais showed 32.5% (38/117) of cases with combined high nuclear expression of BQ and AR, which were found to be significantly associated with Ai resistance. Non-steroidal Ai-treated patients with high nuclear expression of both BQ and AR had poorer overall, disease-specific, and disease-free survival. These findings suggest the importance of assessing BQ and AR expression status in the primary ER+ve breast tumour prior to Ai treatment. This may save patients from inappropriate treatment and enable effective therapy to be given at an early stage. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Treatment outcomes in older patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving palbociclib plus an aromatase inhibitor: a plain language summary.

WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT?: This summary describes an article published in the medical journal Frontiers in Oncology in September 2023. The article reports results from a study that looked at breast cancer treatments for older patients aged 75 years or older. The study focused on a type of cancer called HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. HR+/HER2- stands for hormone receptorpositive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative. This study evaluated whether older patients with this type of cancer benefited from the combination of two medicines - palbociclib and an aromatase inhibitor - compared with taking an aromatase inhibitor alone. HOW WAS THE STUDY IN THIS SUMMARY CARRIED OUT?: The Flatiron database contains medical records for people with cancer in the US. This study used deidentified health care information from this database. 'Deidentified' means that all information that could identify an individual was removed to protect individuals' privacy. People in this study received treatment in routine care and not in a clinical trial. WHAT DO THE RESULTS MEAN?: Older patients who took palbociclib plus an aromatase inhibitor lived longer than those who took an aromatase inhibitor alone. Older patients who took palbociclib plus an aromatase inhibitor also lived longer without their cancer getting worse and started chemotherapy later than those who took an aromatase inhibitor alone. These results support using palbociclib plus an aromatase inhibitor as the first treatment for patients aged 75 years or older with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer.

This study evaluated outcomes in elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer treated in routine care. Overall, patients who took palbociclib plus an aromatase inhibitor (AI) lived longer, and lived longer without their cancer getting worse, than those who took an AI alone.

Identifying drivers of first-line HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer treatment choices.

Aim: Assess factors associated with first-line (1L) treatment for HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. Materials & methods: A cross-sectional survey of 250 US oncologists was conducted. Correlations were calculated between treatment class and demographics, treatment perceptions and other clinical/nonclinical characteristics. Results: Efficacy and safety/tolerability were critical in oncologists' 1L decision-making. CDK4/6i use positively correlated with proportion of Medicare and postmenopausal patients (r = 0.54-0.67). Chemotherapy use demonstrated positive correlations with perimenopausal and premenopausal patients and symptom burden (r = 0.31-0.42). Aromatase inhibitor (AI) monotherapy correlated positively with anticipated treatment compliance (r = 0.42). Conclusion: Efficacy and safety/tolerability were most important to 1L decision-making. Clinical characteristics corresponded with CDK4/6i and chemotherapy use. Anticipated compliance was associated with AI monotherapy use.

Patients in the USA with a certain type of metastatic breast cancer (mBC, i.e., HR+/HER2−) might get chemotherapy or hormone therapy alone instead of new and potentially better medicines called cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) as their first treatment.Researchers wanted to understand how US cancer specialists decided the first treatment for this type of mBC. In a survey of 250 cancer specialists, researchers looked at different factors that might influence decision-making, including patient characteristics, doctors' opinions about the treatments and other medical and non-medical features. This study also examined the connections between these factors and the cancer specialists' choice of first treatment.Researchers found that cancer specialists care most about how well a treatment works and how safe it is when choosing the first treatment for HR+/HER2− mBC. They are more likely to use CDK4/6i if their patients have Medicare coverage or are older (i.e., women who have been through menopause). Chemotherapy is chosen if their patients are younger (i.e., women who are near and before menopause) or have more symptoms. Cancer specialists tend to choose first treatment with hormone therapy alone if they think their patients have a hard time following their treatment plan. The results showed that patient characteristics, doctors' opinions of treatments and other medical and non-medical factors play a role in choosing treatment for HR+/HER2− mBC. By understanding these factors, researchers can work toward improving treatment choices for patients with this type of mBC.

Real-world comparative effectiveness of palbociclib plus aromatase inhibitor in HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer.

Aim: Provide real-world data on palbociclib as evidence of effectiveness in patient populations from routine clinical practice. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer treated with palbociclib plus aromatase inhibitor (AI) or AI alone as first-line therapy within the US Oncology Network. Results: Patients treated with palbociclib plus AI (n = 838) versus AI alone (n = 450) had a numerically longer median overall survival (42.1 vs 35.7 months; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.90 [95% CI: 0.75-1.07]; p = 0.117) and a significantly extended real-world progression-free survival (21.0 vs 15.7 months; HR = 0.75 [95% CI: 0.64-0.88]; p = 0.0002) after normalized inverse probability treatment weighting. Conclusion: These real-world results support the use of palbociclib plus AI as first-line treatment in routine clinical practice for patients with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer.

What is this summary about? This summary describes how well palbociclib works when used with an aromatase inhibitor in the real-world setting for people with a certain type of breast cancer that has spread to other areas of the body. Palbociclib stops cancer cells from growing and dividing. An aromatase inhibitor prevents the body from making the hormone estrogen, which is needed for certain types of breast cancer cells to grow. Palbociclib with an aromatase inhibitor is a standard first treatment used for people with this type of breast cancer that needs estrogen to grow and has spread to other areas of the body. In clinics, doctors may not always prescribe the two treatments together. The study wanted to find out if using the two treatments together worked better than using an aromatase inhibitor alone in the real-world setting. What were the results? The results suggest that in this population of patients treated in a real-world setting, people with breast cancer that needs estrogen to grow and has spread to other areas of the body who were treated with palbociclib plus an aromatase inhibitor lived longer without their cancer getting worse than those treated with an aromatase inhibitor alone. What do the results of the study mean? The results support the use of palbociclib with an aromatase inhibitor as a first treatment for breast cancer that has spread to other areas of the body, rather than an aromatase inhibitor only.

Obesity-Senescence-Breast Cancer: Clinical Presentation of a Common Unfortunate Cycle.

There are few convincing studies establishing the relationship between endogenous factors that cause obesity, cellular aging, and telomere shortening. Without a functional telomerase, a cell undergoing cell division has progressive telomere shortening. While obesity influences health and longevity as well as telomere dynamics, cellular senescence is one of the major drivers of the aging process and of age-related disorders. Oxidative stress induces telomere shortening, while decreasing telomerase activity. When progressive shortening of telomere length reaches a critical point, it triggers cell cycle arrest leading to senescence or apoptotic cell death. Telomerase activity cannot be detected in normal breast tissue. By contrast, maintenance of telomere length as a function of human telomerase is crucial for the survival of breast cancer cells and invasion. Approximately three-quarters of breast cancers in the general population are hormone-dependent and overexpression of estrogen receptors is crucial for their continued growth. In obesity, increasing leptin levels enhance aromatase messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression, aromatase content, and its enzymatic activity on breast cancer cells, simultaneously activating telomerase in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, applied anti-estrogen therapy increases serum leptin levels and thus enhances leptin resistance in obese postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Many studies revealed that shorter telomeres of postmenopausal breast cancer have higher local recurrence rates and higher tumor grade. In this review, interlinked molecular mechanisms are looked over between the telomere length, lipotoxicity/glycolipotoxicity, and cellular senescence in the context of estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ERα+) postmenopausal breast cancers in obese women. Furthermore, the effect of the potential drugs, which are used for direct inhibition of telomerase and the inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) or human telomerase RNA promoters as well as approved adjuvant endocrine therapies, the selective estrogen receptor modulator and selective estrogen receptor down-regulators are discussed.

The Antioxidant and HDAC-Inhibitor α-Lipoic Acid Is Synergistic with Exemestane in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Cells.

Anti-estrogenic therapy is established in the management of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. However, to overcome resistance and improve therapeutic outcome, novel strategies are needed such as targeting widely recognized aberrant epigenetics. The study aims to investigate the combination of the aromatase inhibitor exemestane and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and antioxidant α-lipoic acid in ER-positive breast cancer cells. First, the enantiomers and the racemic mixture of α-lipoic acid, and rac-dihydro-lipoic acid were investigated for HDAC inhibition. We found HDAC inhibitory activity in the 1-3-digit micromolar range with a preference for HDAC6. Rac-dihydro-lipoic acid is slightly more potent than rac-α-lipoic acid. The antiproliferative IC50 value of α-lipoic acid is in the 3-digit micromolar range. Notably, the combination of exemestane and α-lipoic acid resulted in synergistic behavior under various incubation times (24 h to 10 d) and readouts (MTT, live-cell fluorescence microscopy, caspase activation) analyzed by the Chou-Talalay method. α-lipoic acid increases mitochondrial fusion and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins p21, APAF-1, BIM, FOXO1, and decreases expression of anti-apoptotic proteins survivin, BCL-2, and c-myc. In conclusion, combining exemestane with α-lipoic acid is a promising novel treatment option for ER-positive breast cancer.

[Pharmacological therapies for height improvement in pubertal children with short stature]. / 青春期矮身材儿童身高改善的药物治疗.

Short stature in puberty significantly affects the physical and mental health of adolescents. The continuous acceleration of skeletal maturation, caused by sex hormones during puberty, limits the time available for growth and poses a considerable challenge for the treatment of short stature. To date, there is still no standardized treatment protocol for this disorder. However, puberty is the last period to improve the final adult height. Currently, commonly used pharmacological treatments in clinical settings include recombinant human growth hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, and third-generation aromatase inhibitors. In recent years, personalized treatment aiming to improve the final adult height has become a key focus in clinical practice. This article provides a comprehensive summary of research on pharmacological therapies for height improvement in pubertal children with short stature, offering valuable insights for healthcare professionals.

Clinico-pathologic relationships with Ki67 and its change with short-term aromatase inhibitor treatment in primary ER + breast cancer: further results from the POETIC trial (CRUK/07/015).

PURPOSE: Ki67 assessed at diagnosis (Ki67baseline) is an important prognostic factor in primary oestrogen receptor-positive (ER +) breast cancer. Proportional change in Ki67 after 2 weeks (∆Ki672week) is associated with clinical benefit from endocrine therapies and residual Ki67 (Ki672week) with recurrence-free survival. The aim was to define the association between Ki67baseline and after aromatase inhibitor (AI) exposure ∆Ki672week and Ki672week with key prognostic and biologic factors utilising data from the POETIC study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In POETIC 4480 postmenopausal patients with primary ER and/or PgR + breast cancer were randomised 2:1 to 2 weeks' presurgical AI (anastrozole or letrozole) or no presurgical treatment (control). Ki67 was measured centrally in core-cut biopsies taken prior to AI and in core-cuts or the excision biopsy at surgery. Relationships between the Ki67 and biologic factors were explored using linear regression. RESULTS: Established associations of Ki67baseline with biologic factors including PgR status, tumour grade, tumour size, histological subtype, nodal status, and vascular invasion were confirmed in the HER2- subpopulation. In the HER2 + subpopulation only grade and tumour size were significantly associated with Ki67baseline. In control group Ki672week was 18% lower than Ki67baseline (p < 0.001) when Ki672week was measured in excision biopsies but not when measured in core-cuts. Median suppression by AIs (∆Ki672week) was 79.3% (IQR: -89.9 to -54.6) and 53.7% (IQR: -78.9 to -21.1) for HER2-negative and HER2-positive cases, respectively. Significantly less suppression occurred in PgR- vs PgR + and HER2 + vs HER2- tumours which remained apparent after adjustment for 2-week sample type. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of this study allowed characterisation of relationships between Ki67baseline, ∆Ki672week and Ki672week with high degrees of confidence providing a reference source for other studies. Lower values of Ki67 occur when measured on excision biopsies and could lead to apparent but artefactual decreases in Ki67: this should be considered when either ∆Ki672week or Ki672week is used in routine clinical practice to aid treatment decisions or in clinical trials assessing new drug therapies.

A neural circuit perspective on brain aromatase.

This review explores the role of aromatase in the brain as illuminated by a set of conserved network-level connections identified in several vertebrate taxa. Aromatase-expressing neurons are neurochemically heterogeneous but the brain regions in which they are found are highly-conserved across the vertebrate lineage. During development, aromatase neurons have a prominent role in sexual differentiation of the brain and resultant sex differences in behavior and human brain diseases. Drawing on literature primarily from birds and rodents, we delineate brain regions that express aromatase and that are strongly interconnected, and suggest that, in many species, aromatase expression essentially defines the Social Behavior Network. Moreover, in several cases the inputs to and outputs from this core Social Behavior Network also express aromatase. Recent advances in molecular and genetic tools for neuroscience now enable in-depth and taxonomically diverse studies of the function of aromatase at the neural circuit level.

Effects of letrozole on serum estradiol and estrone in postmenopausal breast cancer patients and tolerability of treatment: a prospective trial using a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method for estrogen measurement.

PURPOSE: To analyze serum estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) during letrozole treatment and their association to Quality of Life (QoL) and side-effects. METHODS: Postmenopausal breast cancer patients starting adjuvant letrozole were eligible. Serum samples were taken at baseline, three, and 12 months. E2 and FSH were measured with routine chemiluminescent immunoassays. E2 and E1 were analyzed after trial completion with a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) with lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 pmol/L. QoL was measured at baseline and at 12 months with the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 and the Women's Health questionnaires, and menopause-related symptoms with the modified Kupperman Index. RESULTS: Of 100 screened patients 90 completed the trial. Baseline mean LC-MS/MS E2 and E1 were 12 pmol/L (range < 5-57) and 66 pmol/L (< 5-226), respectively. E2 levels measured by immunoassay and LC-MS/MS showed no correlation. E2 and E1 were completely suppressed by letrozole except for one occasion (E1 11 pmol/L at 3 months). Pain, side effects of systemic therapy, vasomotor symptoms, joint and muscle aches, and vaginal dryness increased during letrozole treatment. A high baseline E2 was significantly associated with increased aching joints and muscles, but not with the other side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Letrozole supresses E2 and E1 completely below the LLOQ of the LC-MS/MS in postmenopausal women. High pre-treatment E2 levels were associated with more joint and muscle pain during letrozole. Automated immunoassays are unsuitable for E2 monitoring during letrozole therapy due to poor sensitivity.