Parent- and teacher-reported associations from adolescent bifactor models of psychopathology: an outcome-wide association study of 26 outcomes in mid-life.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent mental health problems have lasting impacts on health and social functioning later in life. Evidence to date mostly comes from studies of specific diagnostic categories/dimensions, but hierarchical models can elucidate associations with general as well as specific dimensions of psychopathology. We provide evidence on long-term outcomes of general and specific dimensions of adolescent psychopathology using both parent and teacher reports. METHODS: Parents and teachers from the Isle of Wight study completed Rutter behaviour scales when participants were 14-15 years old (n = 2,275), assessing conduct, emotional and hyperactivity problems. Metric-invariant bifactor models for parents and teachers were used to test domain-specific and domain-general associations with 26 self-reported psychosocial outcomes at mid-life (age 44-45 years, n = 1,423). Analyses examined the individual and joint contributions of parent and teacher reports of adolescent psychopathology. All analyses were adjusted for covariates (gender, IQ and family social class) and weighted to adjust for the probability of nonresponse. RESULTS: Parent- and teacher-reported general factors of psychopathology (GFP) were associated with 15 and 12 outcomes, respectively, across the socioeconomic, relationship, health and personality domains, along with an index of social exclusion. Nine outcomes were associated with both parent- and teacher-reported GFP, with no differences in the strength of the associations across reporters. Teacher-reported specific factors (conduct, emotional and hyperactivity) were associated with 21 outcomes, and parent-reported specific factors were associated with seven. Five outcomes were associated with the same specific factors from both reporters; only one showed reporter differences in the strength of the associations. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the relevance of the GFP and the utility of teacher as well as parent reports of adolescent mental health in predicting psychosocial outcomes later in the life course.

Potential ameliorative effect of dietary quercetin against lead-induced oxidative stress, biochemical changes, and apoptosis in laying Japanese quails.

Lead (Pb) is a widespread environmental pollutant which is a toxic threat to human and animal health. The present study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative role of quercetin in laying quails exposed to Pb. A total of 112 birds were randomly divided into four groups. The control group was fed with basal diet, the Pb group was fed with ration supplemented with Pb at the dose of 100 mg/kg (as Pb (II) acetate trihydrate), the Quercetin group was fed with ration supplemented with quercetin at the dose of 400 mg/kg, and the Pb+ Quercetin group was fed with ration supplemented with Pb at the dose of 100 mg/kg and quercetin at dose of 400 mg/kg. Results showed that serum total protein, glucose, albumin, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values of the Pb + Quercetin group partially improved with quercetin supplementation. Meanwhile, serum creatinine values of the Pb + Quercetin group was found to be significantly lower than that of the Pb group. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme activities in the Quercetin and Pb + Quercetin groups were similar to those of the Control group, unlike the Pb group. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity of the Pb + Quercetin group significantly improved with the addition of quercetin. We also found that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of the kidney, liver, and heart were significantly reduced by quercetin supplementation. The glutathione, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities of the kidney, liver, and heart tissue were increased by quercetin supplementation. These results were in line with the observed apoptotic markers. The expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were significantly decreased by quercetin supplementation. It may be concluded that dietary supplementation with quercetin ameliorates the toxic effects of Pb exposure by alleviating oxidative stress, biochemical changes, and apoptosis in quails.

A tale of "second chances": an experimental examination of popular support for early release mechanisms that reconsider long-term prison sentences.

Objectives: This study examines US popular support for mechanisms that provide early release and "second chances" for individuals serving long-term prison sentences. Methods: An experiment using a national sample of US adults (N=836). Results: Data showed moderate, consistent levels of general support for using a range of commonly available "second chance" mechanisms that also extended to offenders convicted of both violent and non-violent offenses. Levels of support significantly varied by race, gender, and age. There was significantly more support for using certain mechanisms in response to the trafficking of serious drugs, which was fully mediated by participants' views on the importance of the cost of incarceration. Conclusions: Members of the public appear open and supportive to utilizing "second chance" mechanisms in a variety of contexts. Yet the cost of incarceration to taxpayers appears to particularly motivate increased public interest in using such mechanisms for offenders convicted of the trafficking of serious drugs.

Examining the dynamics between young people's mental health, poverty and life chances in six low- and middle-income countries: protocol for the CHANCES-6 study.

PURPOSE: Poverty and poor mental health are closely related and may need to be addressed together to improve the life chances of young people. There is currently little evidence about the impact of poverty-reduction interventions, such as cash transfer programmes, on improved youth mental health and life chances. The aim of the study (CHANCES-6) is to understand the impact and mechanisms of such programmes. METHODS: CHANCES-6 will employ a combination of quantitative, qualitative and economic analyses. Secondary analyses of longitudinal datasets will be conducted in six low- and middle-income countries (Brazil, Colombia, Liberia, Malawi, Mexico and South Africa) to examine the impact of cash transfer programmes on mental health, and the mechanisms leading to improved life chances for young people living in poverty. Qualitative interviews and focus groups (conducted among a subset of three countries) will explore the views and experiences of young people, families and professionals with regard to poverty, mental health, life chances, and cash transfer programmes. Decision-analytic modelling will examine the potential economic case and return-on-investment from programmes. We will involve stakeholders and young people to increase the relevance of findings to national policies and practice. RESULTS: Knowledge will be generated on the potential role of cash transfer programmes in breaking the cycle between poor mental health and poverty for young people, to improve their life chances. CONCLUSION: CHANCES-6 seeks to inform decisions regarding the future design and the merits of investing in poverty-reduction interventions alongside investments into the mental health of young people.

Fertility in female cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data on the effects of cancer treatments on fertility are conflicting. The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the chances of childbirth in women survivors of different types of cancer. PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus were searched from database inception to 17 July 2019 for published cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies that investigated the reproductive chances in women survivors of different cancer types. Random-effects models were used to pool childbirth hazard ratios, relative risks, rate ratios and odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were estimated; 18 eligible studies were identified. Childbirth chances were significantly reduced in women with a history of bone cancer (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.97; I2 = 0%; P = 0.02 (two studies); RaR 0.76, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.95; I2 = 69%; P = 0.01 (two studies); breast cancer (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.90 (one study); RaR 0.51, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.57; I2 = 0%; P < 0.00001 (two studies); brain cancer (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.72; I2 = 14%; P < 0.00001 (three studies); RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.91 (one study); RaR 0.44, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.60; I2 = 95%; P < 0.00001 (four studies); OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.60 (one study); and kidney cancer (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.98 (one study); RaR 0.69, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.78 (one study). Reproductive chances in women survivors of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, melanoma and thyroid cancer were unaffected. Women with a history of bone, breast, brain or kidney cancer have reduced chances of childbirth. Thyroid cancer, melanoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors can be reassured.

Mediterranean diet and hip fracture incidence among older adults: the CHANCES project.

The association between adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD) and hip fracture incidence is not yet established. In a diverse population of elderly, increased adherence to MD was associated with lower hip fracture incidence. Except preventing major chronic diseases, adhering to MD might have additional benefits in lowering hip fracture risk. INTRODUCTION: Hip fractures constitute a major public health problem among older adults. Latest evidence links adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD) with reduced hip fracture risk, but still more research is needed to elucidate this relationship. The potential association of adherence to MD with hip fracture incidence was explored among older adults. METHODS: A total of 140,775 adults (116,176 women, 24,599 men) 60 years and older, from five cohorts from Europe and the USA, were followed-up for 1,896,219 person-years experiencing 5454 hip fractures. Diet was assessed at baseline by validated, cohort-specific, food-frequency questionnaires, and hip fractures were ascertained through patient registers or telephone interviews/questionnaires. Adherence to MD was evaluated by a scoring system on a 10-point scale modified to be applied also to non-Mediterranean populations. In order to evaluate the association between MD and hip fracture incidence, cohort-specific hazard ratios (HR), adjusted for potential confounders, were estimated using Cox proportional-hazards regression and pooled estimates were subsequently derived implementing random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: A two-point increase in the score was associated with a significant 4% decrease in hip fracture risk (pooled adjusted HR 0.96; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.92-0.99, pheterogeneity = 0.446). In categorical analyses, hip fracture risk was lower among men and women with moderate (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.87-0.99) and high (HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.87-1.01) adherence to the score compared with those with low adherence. CONCLUSIONS: In this large sample of older adults from Europe and the USA, increased adherence to MD was associated with lower hip fracture incidence.

Psychosocial Impact of Personalized Therapies in Oncology.

Personalized medicine is a keyword in modern oncology summarizing biomarker-driven targeted therapies. Those novel agents enhance our therapeutic portfolio and offer new options for our patients. But the term is often misleading and implicates a tailored therapy to the individual person, but it rather means a treatment stratified on genetic characteristics of the tumor. Molecular therapies raise expectations of curability or long-term treatments making former life-threatening diseases to more chronic ones but this is true only for some patients. So we have to carefully communicate with our patients about the options and limitations of those modern therapies not to trigger disappointments.

Excess mortality after hip fracture in elderly persons from Europe and the USA: the CHANCES project.

BACKGROUND: Hip fractures are associated with diminished quality of life and survival especially amongst the elderly. OBJECTIVE: All-cause mortality after hip fracture was investigated to assess its magnitude. METHODS: A total of 122 808 participants from eight cohorts in Europe and the USA were followed up for a mean of 12.6 years, accumulating 4273 incident hip fractures and 27 999 deaths. Incident hip fractures were assessed through telephone interviews/questionnaires or national inpatient/fracture registries, and causes of death were verified with death certificates. Cox proportional hazards models and the time-dependent variable methodology were used to assess the association between hip fracture and mortality and its magnitude at different time intervals after the injury in each cohort. We obtained the effect estimates through a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: Hip fracture was positively associated with increased all-cause mortality; the hazard ratio (HR) in the fully adjusted model was 2.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.76-2.57, after adjusting for potential confounders. This association was stronger amongst men [HR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.72-3.31] than amongst women [HR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.54-2.39], although this difference was not significant. Mortality was higher during the first year after the hip fracture [HR: 2.78, 95% CI: 2.12-3.64], but it remained elevated without major fluctuations after longer time since hip fracture [HR (95% CI): 1.89 (1.50-2.37) after 1-4 years; 2.15 (1.81-2.55) after 4-8 years; 1.79 (1.57-2.05) after 8 or more years]. CONCLUSION: In this large population-based sample of older persons across eight cohorts, hip fracture was associated with excess short- and long-term all-cause mortality in both sexes.

Do Place and Time Make a Difference? Examining Quality of Life Among Homeless Persons in Northwest Arkansas and Birmingham.

This study examines the role that life chances and choices play in determining quality of life among homeless people. Given the prominent negative impact of homelessness, this paper specifically examines the impact of length of time homeless and location on adverse quality of life. OLS regression examined quality of life among 264 homeless adults living in Northwest Arkansas and Birmingham, Alabama. Analysis shows no significant impact of life choices on quality of life but a significant impact of life chances including strong social ties and mastery of fate, on adverse quality of life. Length of time homeless was related to adverse quality of life, but location was not, indicating that the homeless experience with regards to subjective quality of life did not vary significantly between Birmingham and Northwest Arkansas.

Overweight duration in older adults and cancer risk: a study of cohorts in Europe and the United States.

Recent studies have shown that cancer risk related to overweight and obesity is mediated by time and might be better approximated by using life years lived with excess weight. In this study we aimed to assess the impact of overweight duration and intensity in older adults on the risk of developing different forms of cancer. Study participants from seven European and one US cohort study with two or more weight assessments during follow-up were included (n = 329,576). Trajectories of body mass index (BMI) across ages were estimated using a quadratic growth model; overweight duration (BMI ≥ 25) and cumulative weighted overweight years were calculated. In multivariate Cox models and random effects analyses, a longer duration of overweight was significantly associated with the incidence of obesity-related cancer [overall hazard ratio (HR) per 10-year increment: 1.36; 95 % CI 1.12-1.60], but also increased the risk of postmenopausal breast and colorectal cancer. Additionally accounting for the degree of overweight further increased the risk of obesity-related cancer. Risks associated with a longer overweight duration were higher in men than in women and were attenuated by smoking. For postmenopausal breast cancer, increased risks were confined to women who never used hormone therapy. Overall, 8.4 % of all obesity-related cancers could be attributed to overweight at any age. These findings provide further insights into the role of overweight duration in the etiology of cancer and indicate that weight control is relevant at all ages. This knowledge is vital for the development of effective and targeted cancer prevention strategies.

Pre-diagnostic vitamin D concentrations and cancer risks in older individuals: an analysis of cohorts participating in the CHANCES consortium.

The associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with total and site-specific cancer incidence have been examined in several epidemiological studies with overall inconclusive findings. Very little is known about the association of vitamin D with cancer incidence in older populations. We assessed the association of pre-diagnostic serum 25(OH)D levels with incidence of all cancers combined and incidence of lung, colorectal, breast, prostate and lymphoid malignancies among older adults. Pre-diagnostic 25(OH)D concentrations and cancer incidence were available in total for 15,486 older adults (mean age 63, range 50-84 years) participating in two cohort studies: ESTHER (Germany) and TROMSØ (Norway); and a subset of previously published nested-case control data from a another cohort study: EPIC-Elderly (Greece, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain and Sweden) from the CHANCES consortium on health and aging. Cox proportional hazards or logistic regression were used to derive multivariable adjusted hazard and odds ratios, respectively, and their 95% confidence intervals across 25(OH)D categories. Meta-analyses with random effects models were used to pool study-specific risk estimates. Overall, lower 25(OH)D concentrations were not significantly associated with increased incidence of most of the cancers assessed. However, there was some evidence of increased breast cancer and decreased lymphoma risk with higher 25(OH)D concentrations. Our meta-analyses with individual participant data from three large European population-based cohort studies provide at best limited support for the hypothesis that vitamin D may have a major role in cancer development and prevention among European older adults.

Effect of major lifestyle risk factors, independent and jointly, on life expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease: results from the Consortium on Health and Ageing Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES).

Seldom have studies taken account of changes in lifestyle habits in the elderly, or investigated their impact on disease-free life expectancy (LE) and LE with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Using data on subjects aged 50+ years from three European cohorts (RCPH, ESTHER and Tromsø), we used multi-state Markov models to calculate the independent and joint effects of smoking, physical activity, obesity and alcohol consumption on LE with and without CVD. Men and women aged 50 years who have a favourable lifestyle (overweight but not obese, light/moderate drinker, non-smoker and participates in vigorous physical activity) lived between 7.4 (in Tromsø men) and 15.7 (in ESTHER women) years longer than those with an unfavourable lifestyle (overweight but not obese, light/moderate drinker, smoker and does not participate in physical activity). The greater part of the extra life years was in terms of "disease-free" years, though a healthy lifestyle was also associated with extra years lived after a CVD event. There are sizeable benefits to LE without CVD and also for survival after CVD onset when people favour a lifestyle characterized by salutary behaviours. Remaining a non-smoker yielded the greatest extra years in overall LE, when compared to the effects of routinely taking physical activity, being overweight but not obese, and drinking in moderation. The majority of the overall LE benefit is in disease free years. Therefore, it is important for policy makers and the public to know that prevention through maintaining a favourable lifestyle is "never too late".

What Drives the Development of Social Inequality Over the Life Course? The German TwinLife Study.

The German twin family study 'TwinLife' was designed to enhance our understanding of the development of social inequalities over the life course. The interdisciplinary project investigates mechanisms of social inequalities across the lifespan by taking into account psychological as well as social mechanisms, and their genetic origin as well as the interaction and covariation between these factors. Main characteristics of the study are: (1) a multidimensional perspective on social inequalities, (2) the assessment of developmental trajectories in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood in a longitudinal design by using (3) a combination of a multi-cohort cross-sequential and an extended twin family design, while (4) capturing a large variation of behavioral and environmental factors in a representative sample of about 4,000 German twin families. In the present article, we first introduce the theoretical and empirical background of the TwinLife study, and second, describe the design, content, and implementation of TwinLife. Since the data will be made available as scientific use file, we also illustrate research possibilities provided by this project to the scientific community.

Stigma as an Unrecognized Determinant of Population Health: Research and Policy Implications.

Stigma processes play an underrecognized role in the distribution of life chances, influencing health through the production of disadvantage and the induction of stress. Policies enact stigma processes, mitigate them, or ignore them. If each of these two statements is correct, the intersection of stigma and policy demands our attention. We propose a change of perspective from an approach that considers one stigmatized status and one outcome at a time to a perspective that considers the full range of stigmatized statuses and outcomes so as to reveal stigma's full impact. Concerning the second statement, literature addressing "structural stigma" provides compelling evidence that policy enacts stigma and harms health in some circumstances and mitigates stigma and improves health in others. In addition to the effects of active policies, we also bring attention to policy inattention-doing nothing. A core feature of stigma is a discounting-a mattering less-that allows and even fosters policy inattention toward the concerns of stigmatized groups. We end by engaging David Mechanic and Linda H. Aiken's ideas concerning how social science influences policy by changing how people think about problems and hope that our consideration of stigma and policy might ultimately have such a consequence.

[Lessons from the theories of justice on ways to tackle health inequalities]. / Quels enseignements tirer des théories de la justice en matière de lutte contre les inégalités de santé?

We survey the burgeoning literature on inequality of opportunity in health. We focus on ways to tackle health inequalities. We are of the opinion that the main contribution so far of this literature is in inviting us to choose a new indicator of the relative success of the public policy, which aims at reducing health inequalities. This indicator is the part of explained health inequalities due to lifestyles. We can defend the use of this indicator on the basis of a value judgment but we will restrain us to do so here. Our argument is mainly positive. It resorts on the fact that, so far, we do not know how to tackle health inequalities coming from differences in lifestyles. These inequalities seem more irreducible than inherited health inequalities, as the Great Britain example shows us. When these inequalities are quite high in proportion of total explained inequalities, it means that we are not so far from a public health policy, which is going to reach his main objective in reducing health inequalities.

Examining access to sexual and reproductive health services and information for young women with disabilities in Senegal: a qualitative study.

This qualitative research aimed to examine Senegalese disabled women's access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and information. Poor access to SRH services and information can lead to a range of negative consequences, including poor sexual, reproductive, and maternal health outcomes; rights violations; and impacts on mental health and livelihoods. Disabled women, who are marginalised and stigmatised both by their gender and their disability, may face significant barriers in access, but a full understanding of this access is lacking due to a dearth of research on this population. We used a snowball sampling method to identify 31 women with physical motor disabilities in the Dakar region, and we interviewed them from October to December 2019 using a semi-structured questionnaire. We analysed interviews using thematic analysis, which we complemented with frequency calculations and graphs where appropriate. Respondents reported having difficulties accessing SRH services and information because of structural inaccessibility within health care establishments, financial limitations, inaccessible transportation and far-away health establishments, long wait times in health care establishments, and prejudices and discrimination from health providers. Women had low knowledge of STIs, but were generally well-informed on different types of contraception, felt that accessing SRH information is easier than accessing services, and wished to see improvements in the Senegalese health care system specifically geared towards people with disabilities. Evidence from this research can inform policy and programmatic efforts to improve disabled women's access to SRH services and information.

[Concerns of teachers during school closings: analyzing communication in the twitter-lehrerzimmer regarding opportunities and challenges of digital teaching]. / Was bewegt Lehrpersonen während der Schulschließungen? ­ Eine Analyse der Kommunikation im Twitter-Lehrerzimmer über Chancen und Herausforderungen digitalen Unterrichts.

Many schools introduced distance learning as a result of the school closings due to the Corona pandemic in March 2020. Such instruction was often organized digitally without much prior preparation. As a result, an increased exchange between teachers in online communities was to be expected. Analyzing the communication of the online community Twitter-Lehrerzimmer provided insight into topics and allowed to compare topics that were discussed before and during school closings. To identify topics, we applied computational linguistic analysis methods on 128,422 tweets and qualitative content analysis of 270 tweets. The results indicated that topics such as (a)synchronous digital teaching had already been discussed previously but was addressed more often and in more breadth during school closings. The Twitter-Lehrerzimmer was used for mutual support and exchange on urgent challenges such as the availability of high-quality software (compliant with data protection). The results reveal deficits in the German digitalization process from the perspective of teachers using Twitter and show the potential of online communities for information exchange and networking.

[More progress required to ensure the law of 2005 is respected]. / Encore des progrès à faire pour s'emparer de la loi de 2005.

Despite legal obligations, the employment rate among disabled workers in the public sector is still below the required 6%. However, the new social model introduced by the law of 11 February 2005 is based on the premise that "being in a situation of disability in a workplace does not mean being unfit to work". In fact, the notions of universal accessibility, environment, right to adaptations and social representations must be discussed in the area of occupational training.

Breastfeeding and autism spectrum disorder: case-control study / Transtorno do espectro do autismo e aleitamento materno: estudo de caso controle

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association between breastfeeding and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children and adolescents. Methods: this is a case-control study carried out in the north of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, which included 248 children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD (case group) and 886 children and adolescents without a diagnosis of ASD (control group).Interviews were conducted with the mothers of children and adolescents and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. For data analysis, a multiple logistic regression model was adopted. The magnitude of associations was estimated by the odds ratio (OR). Three multiple models were fitted: Model 1: presence or absence of breastfeeding; Model 2: duration of breastfeeding; Model 3: duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Results: ASD was associated with the absence of breastfeeding in the three adjusted models: Model 1: OR=2.1, CI95%=1.1-4.1; Model 2: OR=2.3, CI95%=1.2-4.5; Model 3: OR=2.3, CI95%=1.2-4.5. Conclusions: individuals with ASD were more likely to have not received breastfeeding, however, due to the nature of case control studies, it cannot be stated that breastfeeding prevents ASD. Conducting a cohort study may clarify this relationship.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre aleitamento materno e Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA) em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo caso-controle realizado no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil, que incluiu 248 crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de TEA (grupo caso) e 886 crianças e adolescentes sem diagnóstico de TEA (grupo controle). Foram realizadas entrevistas com as mães das crianças e adolescentes e utilizado um questionário semiestruturado para coleta dos dados. Para análise dos dados foi adotado modelo de regressão logística múltipla. A magnitude das associações foi estimada pela Odds Ratio (OR). Três modelos múltiplos foram ajustados: Modelo 1: presença ou ausência de aleitamento materno; Modelo 2: duração do aleitamento materno; Modelo 3: duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Resultados: o TEA foi associado à ausência de aleitamento materno nos três modelos ajustados: Modelo 1: OR=2,1, IC95%=1,1-4,1; Modelo 2: OR=2,3, IC95%=1,2-4,5; Modelo 3: OR=2,3, IC95%=1,2-4,5. Conclusões: os indivíduos com TEA tiveram maiores chances de não terem recebido aleitamento materno, no entanto, devido à natureza dos estudos de caso-controle, não se pode afirmar que o aleitamento materno previna o TEA. A realização de um estudo de coorte poderá esclarecer essa relação.

Migration as an adaptive response to ethnic nationalism in Russia.

In this paper, I argue that migration responses to push factors can differ along ethnic lines. To arrive at migration as an adaptive response in which minorities engage, two processes are necessary. First, an individual making the decision to migrate must interpret ethnic tensions as a threat to her life chances, and she must evaluate her future prospects in this ethnically charged framework. Second, the option of migration must be a viable one. That is, an individual must consider them self the plausible target of the threat of diminishing life chances, conclude that an adaptive response is required, and determine that the benefits of migrating outweigh the costs. In order to explain these processes, the relational theory of ethnic politics (Hale 2008) and demographic theories of migration are employed. To test this hypothesis, an event history model is estimated using regional, household, and individual-level data from Russian censuses and the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. The relationship between out-migration and regional nationalist vote share is examined as well as regional hate crimes. The findings suggest that political push factors affect minority groups differently from the ethnic majority, supporting the hypothesis that the success of ethno nationalist politics in a region signals vulnerability to ethnic minorities, influencing migration decisions.