RESUMO
Chromothripsis describes the catastrophic shattering of mis-segregated chromosomes trapped within micronuclei. Although micronuclei accumulate DNA double-strand breaks and replication defects throughout interphase, how chromosomes undergo shattering remains unresolved. Using CRISPR-Cas9 screens, we identify a non-canonical role of the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway as a driver of chromothripsis. Inactivation of the FA pathway suppresses chromosome shattering during mitosis without impacting interphase-associated defects within micronuclei. Mono-ubiquitination of FANCI-FANCD2 by the FA core complex promotes its mitotic engagement with under-replicated micronuclear chromosomes. The structure-selective SLX4-XPF-ERCC1 endonuclease subsequently induces large-scale nucleolytic cleavage of persistent DNA replication intermediates, which stimulates POLD3-dependent mitotic DNA synthesis to prime shattered fragments for reassembly in the ensuing cell cycle. Notably, FA-pathway-induced chromothripsis generates complex genomic rearrangements and extrachromosomal DNA that confer acquired resistance to anti-cancer therapies. Our findings demonstrate how pathological activation of a central DNA repair mechanism paradoxically triggers cancer genome evolution through chromothripsis.
RESUMO
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) covalently connect the two strands of the double helix and are extremely cytotoxic. Defective ICL repair causes the bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and upregulation of repair causes chemotherapy resistance in cancer. The central event in ICL repair involves resolving the cross-link (unhooking). In this review, we discuss the chemical diversity of ICLs generated by exogenous and endogenous agents. We then describe how proliferating and nonproliferating vertebrate cells unhook ICLs. We emphasize fundamentally new unhooking strategies, dramatic progress in the structural analysis of the Fanconi anemia pathway, and insights into how cells govern the choice between different ICL repair pathways. Throughout, we highlight the many gaps that remain in our knowledge of these fascinating DNA repair pathways.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA/fisiologia , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Vertebrados/genética , Acetaldeído/metabolismo , Animais , DNA/química , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Simples , Replicação do DNA , Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
L1 retrotransposon-derived sequences comprise approximately 17% of the human genome. Darwinian selective pressures alter L1 genomic distributions during evolution, confounding the ability to determine initial L1 integration preferences. Here, we generated high-confidence datasets of greater than 88,000 engineered L1 insertions in human cell lines that act as proxies for cells that accommodate retrotransposition in vivo. Comparing these insertions to a null model, in which L1 endonuclease activity is the sole determinant dictating L1 integration preferences, demonstrated that L1 insertions are not significantly enriched in genes, transcribed regions, or open chromatin. By comparison, we provide compelling evidence that the L1 endonuclease disproportionately cleaves predominant lagging strand DNA replication templates, while lagging strand 3'-hydroxyl groups may prime endonuclease-independent L1 retrotransposition in a Fanconi anemia cell line. Thus, acquisition of an endonuclease domain, in conjunction with the ability to integrate into replicating DNA, allowed L1 to become an autonomous, interspersed retrotransposon.
Assuntos
Elementos Nucleotídeos Longos e Dispersos/genética , Retroelementos/genética , Linhagem Celular , Endonucleases/genética , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Genoma Humano/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Genômica , Células HeLa , Humanos , Mutagênese Insercional/genéticaRESUMO
HSP90 acts as a protein-folding buffer that shapes the manifestations of genetic variation in model organisms. Whether HSP90 influences the consequences of mutations in humans, potentially modifying the clinical course of genetic diseases, remains unknown. By mining data for >1,500 disease-causing mutants, we found a strong correlation between reduced phenotypic severity and a dominant (HSP90 ≥ HSP70) increase in mutant engagement by HSP90. Examining the cancer predisposition syndrome Fanconi anemia in depth revealed that mutant FANCA proteins engaged predominantly by HSP70 had severely compromised function. In contrast, the function of less severe mutants was preserved by a dominant increase in HSP90 binding. Reducing HSP90's buffering capacity with inhibitors or febrile temperatures destabilized HSP90-buffered mutants, exacerbating FA-related chemosensitivities. Strikingly, a compensatory FANCA somatic mutation from an "experiment of nature" in monozygotic twins both prevented anemia and reduced HSP90 binding. These findings provide one plausible mechanism for the variable expressivity and environmental sensitivity of genetic diseases.
Assuntos
Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/patologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/genética , Dobramento de Proteína , Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi/química , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismo , Humanos , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Estresse Fisiológico , Gêmeos MonozigóticosRESUMO
DNA repair is directly performed by hundreds of core factors and indirectly regulated by thousands of others. We massively expanded a CRISPR inhibition and Cas9-editing screening system to discover factors indirectly modulating homology-directed repair (HDR) in the context of â¼18,000 individual gene knockdowns. We focused on CCAR1, a poorly understood gene that we found the depletion of reduced both HDR and interstrand crosslink repair, phenocopying the loss of the Fanconi anemia pathway. CCAR1 loss abrogated FANCA protein without substantial reduction in the level of its mRNA or that of other FA genes. We instead found that CCAR1 prevents inclusion of a poison exon in FANCA. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the CCAR1 splicing modulatory activity is not limited to FANCA, and it instead regulates widespread changes in alternative splicing that would damage coding sequences in mouse and human cells. CCAR1 therefore has an unanticipated function as a splicing fidelity factor.
Assuntos
Processamento Alternativo , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Éxons , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Reparo do DNA , Células HeLa , Dano ao DNARESUMO
The twenty-three Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins cooperate in the FA/BRCA pathway to repair DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator 1 (CCAR1) protein is also a regulator of ICL repair, though its possible function in the FA/BRCA pathway remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CCAR1 plays a unique upstream role in the FA/BRCA pathway and is required for FANCA protein expression in human cells. Interestingly, CCAR1 co-immunoprecipitates with FANCA pre-mRNA and is required for FANCA mRNA processing. Loss of CCAR1 results in retention of a poison exon in the FANCA transcript, thereby leading to reduced FANCA protein expression. A unique domain of CCAR1, the EF hand domain, is required for interaction with the U2AF heterodimer of the spliceosome and for excision of the poison exon. Taken together, CCAR1 is a splicing modulator required for normal splicing of the FANCA mRNA and other mRNAs involved in various cellular pathways.
Assuntos
Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi , Anemia de Fanconi , Splicing de RNA , Fator de Processamento U2AF , Humanos , Proteína BRCA1/metabolismo , Proteína BRCA1/genética , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Reparo do DNA , Endodesoxirribonucleases , Éxons , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Ligação Proteica , Precursores de RNA/metabolismo , Precursores de RNA/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Spliceossomos/metabolismo , Spliceossomos/genética , Fator de Processamento U2AF/metabolismo , Fator de Processamento U2AF/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismoRESUMO
During eukaryotic DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair, cross-links are resolved ("unhooked") by nucleolytic incisions surrounding the lesion. In vertebrates, ICL repair is triggered when replication forks collide with the lesion, leading to FANCI-FANCD2-dependent unhooking and formation of a double-strand break (DSB) intermediate. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we describe here a replication-coupled ICL repair pathway that does not require incisions or FANCI-FANCD2. Instead, the ICL is unhooked when one of the two N-glycosyl bonds forming the cross-link is cleaved by the DNA glycosylase NEIL3. Cleavage by NEIL3 is the primary unhooking mechanism for psoralen and abasic site ICLs. When N-glycosyl bond cleavage is prevented, unhooking occurs via FANCI-FANCD2-dependent incisions. In summary, we identify an incision-independent unhooking mechanism that avoids DSB formation and represents the preferred pathway of ICL repair in a vertebrate cell-free system.
Assuntos
Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação D2 da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , N-Glicosil Hidrolases/metabolismo , Animais , Sistema Livre de Células/química , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , DNA/biossíntese , DNA/química , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação D2 da Anemia de Fanconi/química , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/química , Ficusina/química , N-Glicosil Hidrolases/química , Xenopus laevisRESUMO
SLX4, disabled in the Fanconi anemia group P, is a scaffolding protein that coordinates the action of structure-specific endonucleases and other proteins involved in the replication-coupled repair of DNA interstrand cross-links. Here, we show that SLX4 dimerization and SUMO-SIM interactions drive the assembly of SLX4 membraneless compartments in the nucleus called condensates. Super-resolution microscopy reveals that SLX4 forms chromatin-bound clusters of nanocondensates. We report that SLX4 compartmentalizes the SUMO-RNF4 signaling pathway. SENP6 and RNF4 regulate the assembly and disassembly of SLX4 condensates, respectively. SLX4 condensation per se triggers the selective modification of proteins by SUMO and ubiquitin. Specifically, SLX4 condensation induces ubiquitylation and chromatin extraction of topoisomerase 1 DNA-protein cross-links. SLX4 condensation also induces the nucleolytic degradation of newly replicated DNA. We propose that the compartmentalization of proteins by SLX4 through site-specific interactions ensures the spatiotemporal control of protein modifications and nucleolytic reactions during DNA repair.
Assuntos
Reparo do DNA , Ubiquitina , Ubiquitinação , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismo , CromatinaRESUMO
Fanconi anemia (FA) signaling, a key genomic maintenance pathway, is activated in response to replication stress. Here, we report that phosphorylation of the pivotal pathway protein FANCD2 by CHK1 triggers its FBXL12-dependent proteasomal degradation, facilitating FANCD2 clearance at stalled replication forks. This promotes efficient DNA replication under conditions of CYCLIN E- and drug-induced replication stress. Reconstituting FANCD2-deficient fibroblasts with phosphodegron mutants failed to re-establish fork progression. In the absence of FBXL12, FANCD2 becomes trapped on chromatin, leading to replication stress and excessive DNA damage. In human cancers, FBXL12, CYCLIN E, and FA signaling are positively correlated, and FBXL12 upregulation is linked to reduced survival in patients with high CYCLIN E-expressing breast tumors. Finally, depletion of FBXL12 exacerbated oncogene-induced replication stress and sensitized cancer cells to drug-induced replication stress by WEE1 inhibition. Collectively, our results indicate that FBXL12 constitutes a vulnerability and a potential therapeutic target in CYCLIN E-overexpressing cancers.
Assuntos
Anemia de Fanconi , Neoplasias , Humanos , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Cromatina/genética , Ciclina E/genética , Ciclina E/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação D2 da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação D2 da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Neoplasias/genéticaRESUMO
Repair pathway "choice" at stalled mammalian replication forks is an important determinant of genome stability; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. FANCM encodes a multi-domain scaffolding and motor protein that interacts with several distinct repair protein complexes at stalled forks. Here, we use defined mutations engineered within endogenous Fancm in mouse embryonic stem cells to study how Fancm regulates stalled fork repair. We find that distinct FANCM repair functions are enacted by molecularly separable scaffolding domains. These findings define FANCM as a key mediator of repair pathway choice at stalled replication forks and reveal its molecular mechanism. Notably, mutations that inactivate FANCM ATPase function disable all its repair functions and "trap" FANCM at stalled forks. We find that Brca1 hypomorphic mutants are synthetic lethal with Fancm null or Fancm ATPase-defective mutants. The ATPase function of FANCM may therefore represent a promising "druggable" target for therapy of BRCA1-linked cancer.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1/genética , DNA Helicases/genética , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Murinas/metabolismo , Mutações Sintéticas Letais , Animais , Proteína BRCA1/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular , Células Clonais , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação D2 da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação D2 da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Murinas/citologia , UbiquitinaçãoRESUMO
Stalled DNA replication fork restart after stress as orchestrated by ATR kinase, BLM helicase, and structure-specific nucleases enables replication, cell survival, and genome stability. Here we unveil human exonuclease V (EXO5) as an ATR-regulated DNA structure-specific nuclease and BLM partner for replication fork restart. We find that elevated EXO5 in tumors correlates with increased mutation loads and poor patient survival, suggesting that EXO5 upregulation has oncogenic potential. Structural, mechanistic, and mutational analyses of EXO5 and EXO5-DNA complexes reveal a single-stranded DNA binding channel with an adjacent ATR phosphorylation motif (T88Q89) that regulates EXO5 nuclease activity and BLM binding identified by mass spectrometric analysis. EXO5 phospho-mimetic mutant rescues the restart defect from EXO5 depletion that decreases fork progression, DNA damage repair, and cell survival. EXO5 depletion furthermore rescues survival of FANCA-deficient cells and indicates EXO5 functions epistatically with SMARCAL1 and BLM. Thus, an EXO5 axis connects ATR and BLM in directing replication fork restart.
Assuntos
Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Replicação do DNA/genética , DNA/genética , Exonucleases/genética , Instabilidade Genômica/genética , RecQ Helicases/genética , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Dano ao DNA/genética , DNA Helicases/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA/métodos , Reparo do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Mutação/genética , Oncogenes/genética , Fosforilação/genética , Regulação para Cima/genéticaRESUMO
Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA) is synthetic lethal with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Lethality is thought to derive from DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) necessitating BRCA function in homologous recombination (HR) and/or fork protection (FP). Here, we report instead that toxicity derives from replication gaps. BRCA1- or FANCJ-deficient cells, with common repair defects but distinct PARPi responses, reveal gaps as a distinguishing factor. We further uncouple HR, FP, and fork speed from PARPi response. Instead, gaps characterize BRCA-deficient cells, are diminished upon resistance, restored upon resensitization, and, when exposed, augment PARPi toxicity. Unchallenged BRCA1-deficient cells have elevated poly(ADP-ribose) and chromatin-associated PARP1, but aberrantly low XRCC1 consistent with defects in backup Okazaki fragment processing (OFP). 53BP1 loss resuscitates OFP by restoring XRCC1-LIG3 that suppresses the sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient cells to drugs targeting OFP or generating gaps. We highlight gaps as a determinant of PARPi toxicity changing the paradigm for synthetic lethal interactions.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1/genética , Replicação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Cisplatino/farmacologia , DNA/genética , DNA/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Recombinação Homóloga/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , RNA Helicases/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Proteína de Replicação A/genética , Proteína 1 de Ligação à Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
Impaired DNA crosslink repair leads to Fanconi anemia (FA), characterized by a unique manifestation of bone marrow failure and pancytopenia among diseases caused by DNA damage response defects. As a germline disorder, why the hematopoietic hierarchy is specifically affected is not fully understood. We find that reprogramming transcription during hematopoietic differentiation results in an overload of genotoxic stress, which causes aborted differentiation and depletion of FA mutant progenitor cells. DNA damage onset most likely arises from formaldehyde, an obligate by-product of oxidative protein demethylation during transcription regulation. Our results demonstrate that rapid and extensive transcription reprogramming associated with hematopoietic differentiation poses a major threat to genome stability and cell viability in the absence of the FA pathway. The connection between differentiation and DNA damage accumulation reveals a novel mechanism of genome scarring and is critical to exploring therapies to counteract the aplastic anemia for the treatment of FA patients.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprogramação Celular/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Formaldeído/toxicidade , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Reparo do DNA/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/sangue , Anemia de Fanconi/patologia , Formaldeído/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/genética , Instabilidade Genômica/genética , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Células K562 , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
While effective anti-cancer drugs targeting the CHK1 kinase are advancing in the clinic, drug resistance is rapidly emerging. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR-mediated knockout of the little-known gene FAM122A/PABIR1 confers cellular resistance to CHK1 inhibitors (CHK1is) and cross-resistance to ATR inhibitors. Knockout of FAM122A results in activation of PP2A-B55α, a phosphatase that dephosphorylates the WEE1 protein and rescues WEE1 from ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The resulting increase in WEE1 protein expression reduces replication stress, activates the G2/M checkpoint, and confers cellular resistance to CHK1is. Interestingly, in tumor cells with oncogene-driven replication stress, CHK1 can directly phosphorylate FAM122A, leading to activation of the PP2A-B55α phosphatase and increased WEE1 expression. A combination of a CHK1i plus a WEE1 inhibitor can overcome CHK1i resistance of these tumor cells, thereby enhancing anti-cancer activity. The FAM122A expression level in a tumor cell can serve as a useful biomarker for predicting CHK1i sensitivity or resistance.
Assuntos
Quinase 1 do Ponto de Checagem/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinase 1 do Ponto de Checagem/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinase 1 do Ponto de Checagem/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G2 do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/fisiologia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/fisiologia , Fosforilação , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Pirazinas/metabolismo , Pirazóis/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are a form of DNA damage that requires the interplay of a number of repair proteins including those of the Fanconi anemia (FA) and the homologous recombination (HR) pathways. Pathogenic variants in the essential gene BRCA2/FANCD1, when monoallelic, predispose to breast and ovarian cancer, and when biallelic, result in a severe subtype of Fanconi anemia. BRCA2 function in the FA pathway is attributed to its role as a mediator of the RAD51 recombinase in HR repair of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). BRCA2 and RAD51 functions are also required to protect stalled replication forks from nucleolytic degradation during response to hydroxyurea (HU). While RAD51 has been shown to be necessary in the early steps of ICL repair to prevent aberrant nuclease resection, the role of BRCA2 in this process has not been described. Here, based on the analysis of BRCA2 DNA-binding domain (DBD) mutants (c.8488-1G>A and c.8524C>T) discovered in FA patients presenting with atypical FA-like phenotypes, we establish that BRCA2 is necessary for the protection of DNA at ICLs. Cells carrying BRCA2 DBD mutations are sensitive to ICL-inducing agents but resistant to HU treatment consistent with relatively high HR repair in these cells. BRCA2 function at an ICL protects against DNA2-WRN nuclease-helicase complex and not the MRE11 nuclease that is implicated in the resection of HU-induced stalled replication forks. Our results also indicate that unlike the processing at HU-induced stalled forks, the function of the SNF2 translocases (SMARCAL1, ZRANB3, or HLTF), implicated in fork reversal, are not an integral component of the ICL repair, pointing to a different mechanism of fork protection at different DNA lesions.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/fisiopatologia , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Linhagem Celular , DNA/química , Reparo do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Reparo do DNA/genética , Replicação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Recombinação Homóloga/genética , Humanos , Hidroxiureia/farmacologia , Mutação , Domínios Proteicos/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismoRESUMO
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous cancer-predisposing disorder representing the most common bone marrow failure syndrome. It is caused by inactivating predominantly biallelic mutations involving >20 genes encoding proteins with roles in the FA/BRCA DNA repair pathway. Molecular diagnosis of FA is challenging due to the wide spectrum of the contributing gene mutations and structural rearrangements. The assessment of chromosomal fragility after exposure to DNA cross-linking agents is generally required to definitively confirm diagnosis. We assessed peripheral blood genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles in 25 subjects with molecularly confirmed clinical diagnosis of FA (FANCA complementation group) using Illumina's Infinium EPIC array. We identified 82 differentially methylated CpG sites that allow to distinguish subjects with FA from healthy individuals and subjects with other genetic disorders, defining an FA-specific DNAm signature. The episignature was validated using a second cohort of subjects with FA involving different complementation groups, documenting broader genetic sensitivity and demonstrating its specificity using the EpiSign Knowledge Database. The episignature properly classified DNA samples obtained from bone marrow aspirates, demonstrating robustness. Using the selected probes, we trained a machine-learning model able to classify EPIC DNAm profiles in molecularly unsolved cases. Finally, we show that the generated episignature includes CpG sites that do not undergo functional selective pressure, allowing diagnosis of FA in individuals with reverted phenotype due to gene conversion. These findings provide a tool to accelerate diagnostic testing in FA and broaden the clinical utility of DNAm profiling in the diagnostic setting.
Assuntos
Anemia de Fanconi , Humanos , Anemia de Fanconi/diagnóstico , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Metilação de DNA/genética , Proteínas/genética , DNA/metabolismoRESUMO
FANCA is a component of the Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex that activates DNA interstrand crosslink repair by monoubiquitination of FANCD2. Here, we report that purified FANCA protein catalyzes bidirectional single-strand annealing (SA) and strand exchange (SE) at a level comparable to RAD52, while a disease-causing FANCA mutant, F1263Δ, is defective in both activities. FANCG, which directly interacts with FANCA, dramatically stimulates its SA and SE activities. Alternatively, FANCB, which does not directly interact with FANCA, does not stimulate this activity. Importantly, five other patient-derived FANCA mutants also exhibit deficient SA and SE, suggesting that the biochemical activities of FANCA are relevant to the etiology of FA. A cell-based DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair assay demonstrates that FANCA plays a direct role in the single-strand annealing sub-pathway (SSA) of DSB repair by catalyzing SA, and this role is independent of the canonical FA pathway and RAD52.
Assuntos
Reparo do DNA por Junção de Extremidades , Reparo de Erro de Pareamento de DNA , DNA/genética , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação G da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação , Animais , Baculoviridae/genética , Baculoviridae/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Clonagem Molecular , DNA/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação A da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação G da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos/química , Vetores Genéticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Mariposas , Osteoblastos/citologia , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Proteína Rad52 de Recombinação e Reparo de DNA/genética , Proteína Rad52 de Recombinação e Reparo de DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMO
Defects in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are associated with the genome instability syndrome Fanconi anemia (FA). Here we report that cells with mutations in RFWD3, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with and ubiquitylates replication protein A (RPA), show profound defects in ICL repair. An amino acid substitution in the WD40 repeats of RFWD3 (I639K) found in a new FA subtype abolishes interaction of RFWD3 with RPA, thereby preventing RFWD3 recruitment to sites of ICL-induced replication fork stalling. Moreover, single point mutations in the RPA32 subunit of RPA that abolish interaction with RFWD3 also inhibit ICL repair, demonstrating that RPA-mediated RFWD3 recruitment to stalled replication forks is important for ICL repair. We also report that unloading of RPA from sites of ICL induction is perturbed in RFWD3-deficient cells. These data reveal important roles for RFWD3 localization in protecting genome stability and preserving human health.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Anemia de Fanconi/enzimologia , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação , Origem de Replicação , Proteína de Replicação A/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Endonucleases/genética , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Células HeLa , Humanos , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Interferência de RNA , Proteína de Replicação A/genética , Transfecção , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genéticaRESUMO
RFWD3 is a recently identified Fanconi anemia protein FANCW whose E3 ligase activity toward RPA is essential in homologous recombination (HR) repair. However, how RPA ubiquitination promotes HR remained unknown. Here, we identified RAD51, the central HR protein, as another target of RFWD3. We show that RFWD3 polyubiquitinates both RPA and RAD51 in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation by ATR and ATM kinases is required for this activity in vivo. RFWD3 inhibits persistent mitomycin C (MMC)-induced RAD51 and RPA foci by promoting VCP/p97-mediated protein dynamics and subsequent degradation. Furthermore, MMC-induced chromatin loading of MCM8 and RAD54 is defective in cells with inactivated RFWD3 or expressing a ubiquitination-deficient mutant RAD51. Collectively, our data reveal a mechanism that facilitates timely removal of RPA and RAD51 from DNA damage sites, which is crucial for progression to the late-phase HR and suppression of the FA phenotype.
Assuntos
Cromatina/enzimologia , Dano ao DNA , DNA/metabolismo , Anemia de Fanconi/enzimologia , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação , Proteína de Replicação A/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Ubiquitinação , Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cromatina/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/efeitos da radiação , DNA/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Humanos , Proteínas de Manutenção de Minicromossomo/metabolismo , Mitomicina/farmacologia , Mutação , Fosforilação , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Proteólise , Interferência de RNA , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação/efeitos da radiação , Proteína de Replicação A/genética , Transfecção , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Proteína com ValosinaRESUMO
The efficient removal of replication and recombination intermediates is essential for the maintenance of genome stability. Resolution of these potentially toxic structures requires the MUS81-EME1 endonuclease, which is activated at prometaphase by formation of the SMX tri-nuclease containing three DNA repair structure-selective endonucleases: SLX1-SLX4, MUS81-EME1, and XPF-ERCC1. Here we show that SMX tri-nuclease is more active than the three individual nucleases, efficiently cleaving replication forks and recombination intermediates. Within SMX, SLX4 co-ordinates the SLX1 and MUS81-EME1 nucleases for Holliday junction resolution, in a reaction stimulated by XPF-ERCC1. SMX formation activates MUS81-EME1 for replication fork and flap structure cleavage by relaxing substrate specificity. Activation involves MUS81's conserved N-terminal HhH domain, which mediates incision site selection and SLX4 binding. Cell cycle-dependent formation and activation of this tri-nuclease complex provides a unique mechanism by which cells ensure chromosome segregation and preserve genome integrity.