Descartes on certainty in deduction.

This article examines how deduction preserves certainty and how much certainty it can preserve according to Descartes's Rules for the Direction of the Mind. I argue that the certainty of a deduction is a matter of four conditions for Descartes. First, certainty depends on whether the conjunction of simple propositions is composed with necessity or contingency. Second, a deduction approaches the certainty of an intuition depending on how many "acts of conceiving" it requires and-third-the complexity or difficulty of the acts of thinking, which is determined by the content of the thoughts and on external factors. Fourth, certainty depends on the intellectual aptitude of the person using the deduction. A deduction lacks certainty when it relies on memory such that it is not apprehended with immediacy. However, the mental capacity and speed of a mind can be increased by training the special mental faculties of perspicacity and discernment. Increasing one's intellectual aptitude allows for more steps of a deduction to be inferred in fewer acts of conceiving, thereby helping preserve the certainty of a deduction.

Primary care provider notions on instituting community-based geriatric support in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Understanding of the most economical and sustainable models of providing geriatric care to Africa's rising ageing population is critical. In Uganda, the number of old adults (60 years and above) continues to rise against absence of policies and guidelines, and models for providing care to this critical population. Our study explored public primary health care provider views on how best community-based geriatric support (CBGS) could be instituted as an adaptable model for delivering geriatric care in Uganda's resource-limited primary public health care settings. METHODS: We interviewed 20 key informants from four districts of Bukomansimbi, Kalungu, Rakai, and Lwengo in Southern Central Uganda. Respondents were leads (in-charges) of public primary health units that had spent at least 6 months at the fore said facilities. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed based on Hsieh and Shannon's approach to conventional manifest content analysis. RESULTS: During analysis, four themes emerged: 1) Structures to leverage for CBGS, 2) How to promote CBGS, 3) Who should be involved in CBGS, and 4) What activities need to be leveraged to advance CBGS? The majority of the respondents viewed using the existing village health team and local leadership structures as key to the successful institutionalization of CBGS; leveraging community education and sensitization using radio, television, and engaging health workers, family relatives, and neighbors. Health outreach activities were mentioned as one of the avenues that could be leveraged to provide CBGS. CONCLUSION: Provider notions pointed to CBGS as a viable model for instituting geriatric care in Uganda's public primary healthcare system. However, this requires policymakers to leverage existing village health team and local governance structures, conduct community education and sensitization about CBGS, and bring onboard health workers, family relatives, and neighbors.

Semantic Distances in Depression: Relations Between ME and PAST, FUTURE, JOY, SADNESS, HAPPINESS.

Using the Semantic Distance Task, we investigated the semantic distances between ME and five metaphorically conceptualized notions: PAST, FUTURE, JOY, SADNESS, and HAPPINESS. Three Polish-speaking groups participated in the study: depressive subjects ([Formula: see text]), patients in remission ([Formula: see text]), and non-depressed individuals ([Formula: see text]). T-test and the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric equivalent of ANOVA analyses showed that subjects in remission placed ME significantly farther away from PAST than non-depressed individuals and depressed patients. Data mining algorithms indicated the distances ME-SADNESS, ME-PAST, and ME-FUTURE as the three strongest predictors of group membership. We interpret the findings in the light of a contrast effect and defense mechanisms. We propose that intergroup differences are especially prominent in tasks requiring creation of semantic associative relations, that is, in the first stage of conceptual processing. We suggest treating the results as confirmation that Beck's theory of depression applies at the level of notion comprehension, proving that processing of key concepts in depression symptoms (particularly PAST) runs differently in all three groups under consideration.

Sociocultural and drug-related factors associated with adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant women - A mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: The National Family Health Survey of India (NFHS-5) revealed a lapse in the advancement of mitigating anemia despite free supplementation of iron-folic acid tablets (IFAT) and improvement in IFAT coverage during pregnancy. The local sociocultural beliefs and community perspective toward IFAT are pivotal in reducing the gap between IFAT coverage and consumption. Hence, we proposed the study to assess adherence to IFAT among rural pregnant women and explore the associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted as a mixed-methods study with a sequential exploratory design in a rural setting of the Model Rural Health Research Unit (MRHRU) from October 2020 to May 2021. Ten focus group discussions (FGDs; 8 - antenatal women, 1 - mother/mother-in-law, and 1 - health care worker) were conducted, and framework analysis was done to identify themes followed by a quantitative survey with a semi-structured questionnaire among antenatal women (n = 236). Logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with adherence. RESULTS: The major themes that emerged from FGDs were the sociocultural factors (gender norms, communal fallacies), lack of awareness, and drug-related factors (unpalatability, misperceptions, and experienced side effects). Around 57% were adherent to IFAT. Side effects experienced on IFAT intake (P = 0.001, OR = 2.33), misconceptions regarding IFAT, like weight gain in IFAT use (P = 0.001, OR = 2.86), a big baby with IFAT use (P = 0.000, OR = 5.93) negatively influenced adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The significant gaps between IFAT coverage and consumption surrounded the unpleasant odor and stench of IFAT, side effects, lack of individualized counseling, and misperceptions regarding IFAT use.

Preconceived notions about biosimilars-a French experience.

Since the arrival of the first biosimilar monoclonal antibodies into the market, many information has been circulating, leading to preconceived notions for patients and healthcare professionals. In a pressing economic context and faced with a growing number of available biosimilars, we (clinician, patient association, biologist, pharmacists, health economists) propose to take stock by trying to distinguish facts from misconceptions.

Development of Comprehensive Satisfaction Index (ComSI) and Its Association with WHOQOL-BREF.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive satisfaction in life may be considered as a significant contributor to health for everyone, including the aging population (individuals aged 45 years and above). For understanding the comprehensive satisfaction, an assessment measure with various psychometric properties may be useful. During a longitudinal study of aging and geriatric mental health, a 26-item tool was developed in Hindi for the assessment of satisfaction. This article aimed to analyze the items of Comprehensive Satisfaction Index (ComSI) applying Varimax rotation and to find out its association with World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF). METHODS: Data of 260 subjects were extracted from the longitudinal study to analyze the psychometric properties of the tool named as Comprehensive Satisfaction Index and its association with various domains of WHOQOL-BREF. Varimax rotation was applied after computing Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's test of sphericity. Furthermore, the association between various components of ComSI and various domains of WHOQOL-BREF was explored. RESULTS: Of the total 26 items of the tool, item no. 17 was excluded due to its -ve/ <0.31 value. A total of three components were generated with >1 eigenvalues; maximum items were loaded in component 1 (19) followed by components 2 (4) and 3 (2). Each of these factors has been significantly correlated with each other. Furthermore, these components also were compared with various domains of WHOQOL-BREF, and positive correlation was obtained for most of them. CONCLUSION: There is a positive association between ComSI and WHOQOL-BREF. This tool will help in identifying the satisfaction level of the aging subjects promptly and efficiently, which would further help in making strategies for interventions.

Aging bodies, minds and selves: Representations of senile dementia in Japanese film.

This paper examines depictions of senility and related forms of age-related decline in Japanese film, literature, and other media, relative to their popular representation in North America. While medicalized concepts of senile dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease (Arutsuhaima sho), are well known in Japan, symptoms of deterioration among the elderly are still commonly framed as "boke"-a folk-medical category associated more with a loss of social graces than with cognitive decline. Whereas senile dementia has most often been depicted in North America as a condition entailing a horrifying "loss of self," or even a loss of humanity, responses in Japan point to a different range of concerns. Japanese discourse on senility has commonly expressed anxieties over the difficulties faced by caregivers or the potential for senile elders to engage in socially disruptive behavior, but representations of senility that call into question the selfhood or humanity of the elder are exceedingly rare. I argue that social and cultural factors can help explain why people in Japan might be less inclined to interpret the kinds of changes wrought by dementing diseases in terms of a diminishment of self.

The Social Lives of Global Policies against Malaria: Conceptual Considerations, Past Experiences, and Current Issues.

While a casual observer might easily get the impression that global policies against malaria have unanimous support, there are strongly divergent perspectives on malaria control. Analyzing ethnographic and historical material through a political science lens, I foreground the social negotiation of malaria both as an illness experience of affected populations and as a disease problem defined by experts. Taking the interrelationship between problems, solutions, and solution providers as a point of departure, I reconstruct recurrent tensions and social mechanisms that can account for the tendency to downplay conflicts and to produce technical-biomedical solutions that seem to be irresistible. This helps to overcome the perception that current policies have no alternatives and that aiming directly for malaria eradication is the only form of sustainability in times of resistances when "saving the established technical-biomedical solutions" has become a key concern.

La parentalidad como practica de lo político / Parenting as a political practice / A parentalidade como prática do político / La parentalité comme pratique du politique

El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es comprender cómo se construye lo político en las relaciones entre padres e hijos. Para cumplirlo, se analizaron artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2016, que partieran de una noción amplia sobre socialización política y aportaran información para comprenderla desde el subsistema parental. Su análisis permitió identificar las siguientes categorías emergentes: ejercicio de la parentalidad en sociedades específicas, socialización política y parentalidad como práctica de lo político. En este artículo desarrollamos las dos últimas. Las investigaciones revisadas permitieron establecer que la parentalidad constituye una práctica de lo político en diferentes sentidos: constituye una responsabilidad ciudadana regulada por instancias de poder; transmite ideologías políticas; el ejercicio de poder entre padres e hijos contribuye en la construcción de ciudadanos capaces de adaptarse o resistir. Mediante la parentalidad, se construyen emociones y nociones políticas, sustentadas por formas de activismo que pueden provenir de padres o hijos.

This reviewing paper aims to understand how the political is built in the relationships between parents and children. To reach it, studies published between 2000 and 2016 were analyzed. It was chosen studies based on a broad notion ofpolitical socialization, which provide information to understand it from the parental subsystem. Their analysis allowed identifying the following emerging categories: parenting in specific societies; political socialization; and parenting as a practice of the political. We focus here on two last categories. The findings show that parenting is a practice of the political in different ways: it constitutes a civic responsibility regulated by instances ofpower; it fosters political ideologies; the exercise of power between parents and children contributes to the construction of citizens able of adapting or resisting. Through parenting, emotions and political notions are built, supported by forms ofactivism that can come from parents or children.

O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é compreender como se constrói o político nas relações entre pais e filhos. Para conseguir isso, revisaram-se artigos publicados entre os anos 2000 e 2016, os quais tivessem como ponto de partida, uma noção ampla sob socialização política e aportem informação para entendê-la desde o sistema parental. Sua análise permitiu identificar as seguintes categorias emergentes: o exercício da parentalidade em sociedades específicas, a socialização política e a parentalidade como prática do político. Neste artigo desenvolvemos as duas últimas. As pesquisas revisadas permitiram estabelecer que a parentalidade constitui uma prática do político em diferentes aspectos: institui uma responsabilidade cidadã regulada por instâncias de poder; transmite ideologias políticas; a negociação do poder entre pais e filhos contribui na construção de cidadãos capazes de se adaptar ou resistir; através da parentalidade, emoções e noções políticas são construídas, apoiadas por formas de ativismo que podem vir de pais ou filhos.

Le but de cet article de synthèse est de comprendre comment le fait politique se construit dans les relations parents-enfants. Pour ce faire, on a analysé des articles publiés entre 2000 et 2016, qui étaient fondés sur une large notion de socialisation politique et qui apportaient des informations pour la comprendre à partir du sous-système parental. Leur analyse a permis d'identifier les catégories émergentes suivantes: l'exercice de la parentalité dans des sociétés spécifiques, la socialisation politique et la parentalité comme pratique du fait politique. Dans cet article, nous développons les deux dernières. Les recherches révisées ont permis d'établir que la parentalité constitue une pratique du fait politique dans différents sens: elle constitue une pratique de la responsabilité régulée par des instances de pouvoir; elle transmet des idéologies politiques; l'exercice du pouvoir entre les parents et les enfants contribue à la construction de citoyens capables de s'adapter ou à résister. Par le biais de la parentalité, les émotions et les notions politiques sont construites, elles sont soutenues par des formes d'activisme qui peuvent venir des parents ou des enfants.

Prenociones de la temporalidad en los niños

Resumen Objetivo: El propósito de este artículo consistió en la elaboración de una hipótesis sobre el desarrollo de prenociones de la temporalidad en el niño, como procesos previos a la elaboración de la temporalidad que supone la incorporación de la duración y la sucesión. Metodología: revisión documental y lectura hermenéutica de los autores. Resultados: Las prenociones se relacionan con los ciclos del sueño y del hambre, inscritos en los ritmos circadianos, regidos por sistemas neurológicos que se acoplan hasta regularizar una rutina que permite la construcción de la noción de la temporalidad, mediante el ciclo relacional, construido en la corteza cerebral, con el aporte del sistema biológico, psíquico y social. Conclusiones: las prenociones de la temporalidad se ligan inicialmente a los procesos cíclicos controlados por sistemas neurológicos altamente diferenciados que se acoplan con los ciclos relacionales del afecto y del juego.

Abstract Objective: To create hypotheses about the development of preconceived notions of the temporality in children, as processes that come before the elaboration of the temporality that includes duration and succession. Methodology: documentary review and hermeneutic reading of literature. Results: The preconceived notions are related to sleep and hunger cycles, registered in circadian rhythms, controlled by neurological systems that are connected to regularize a routine that allows the construction of the notion of temporality, through the relational cycle, built in the cerebral cortex, with the contribution of the biological, psychic and social system. Conclusions: the preconceived notions of temporality are initially linked to cyclical processes controlled by highly differentiated neurological systems that are fit together with the relational cycles of affect and play.

Afeto, memória, luta, participação e sentidos de comunidade / Affection, memory, community struggles, social participation and community senses / Afecto, memoria, lucha, participación y sentidos de comunidad

O texto tem como objetivo central promover uma discussão acerca da produção dos sentidos de comunidade a partir dos afetos, da memória coletiva e da luta comunitária, considerando diferentes formas de participação social e seus elementos potencializadores. Utiliza de forma ilustrativa para a discussão duas experiências distintas (um grupo de integrantes de uma OnG e um grupo de pescadores artesanais). A reflexão se conduz em torno das potências comunitárias geradas, evidenciadas e fortalecidas pelos processos grupais de produção de sentidos de comunidade. As experiências de afetos, das memórias individuais e coletivas, das lutas, das intrigas e desavenças, das coesões e das coerções, da cotidianidade e da participação social apoiam a produção de movimentos coletivos - não sem embates e enfrentamentos internos. A perspectiva da comunidade é compreendida a partir da inevitável correlação de forças que atuam em um coletivo, produzindo tensões, negociações, convergências e divergências, aglutinações duradouras e temporárias. Os sentidos de comunidade, portanto, se compõem a partir da permeabilidade e fluidez do grupo, por um lado, e da coesão e força, por outro, favorecendo a identificação de problemas em comum e a luta coletiva por soluções.

The text has as its main objective to promote a discussion on the production of the notions of community based on the affections, on the collective memory, and on the community struggle, considering different forms of social participation and its potentiating elements. It uses, as illustration for the discussion, two different experiences (one group of members of an NGO and a group of artisanal fishers). The reflection is conducted around the community potencies generated, evidenced, and strengthened by the group processes of production of notions of community. The experiences of affections, the individual and collective memories, the struggles, the intrigues and disagreements, the cohesions and coercions, the daily lives and the social participation support the production of collective movements - not without internal conflicts and confrontations. The perspective of the community is understood from the inevitable relation of strengths which act in a collectivity, producing tensions, negotiations, convergences, and divergences, lasting and temporary aggregations. The notions of community, therefore, are made up of the permeability and fluidity of the group, on one side, and of the cohesion and strength, on the other side, favoring the identification of common problems and the collective struggle for solutions.

El texto está dirigido principalmente a promover una discusión acerca de la producción de los sentidos de comunidad desde los afectos, de la memoria colectiva y de las luchas comunitarias, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes formas de participación social y sus elementos reforzadores. Utiliza como ejemplo para discusión dos experiencias distintas (un grupo de miembros de una ONG y un grupo de pescadores artesanales). La reflexión se lleva a cabo en torno de la potencia comunitaria, generada, destacada y reforzada por los procesos grupales de producción y sentido de comunidad. Las experiencias de afecto, de memorias individuales y colectivas, luchas, intrigas y desavenencias, las cohesiones, la coerción de la vida cotidiana y la participación social apoyan la producción de movimientos colectivos - no sin conflictos internos y enfrentamientos. La perspectiva de la comunidad es entendida a partir de la correlación inevitable de fuerzas que actúan sobre un colectivo, que producen tensiones, negociaciones, acuerdos y desacuerdos, agregaciones, perdurables y temporables. Los sentidos de comunidad, por lo tanto se componen a partir de la permeabilidad y la fluidez del grupo, por un lado, y de la cohesión y la fuerza, por otro, favoreciendo la identificación de problemas comunes y la lucha colectiva por soluciones.

Nociones sobre VIH en un grupo de embarazadas VIH+ venezolanas 2007 / Notions of HIV in a group of HIV + pregnant Venezuela 2007

Se realizó un estudio preliminar y exploratorio de tipo descriptivo con el propósito de valorar las nociones que tienen las embarazadas VIH (+) sobre el VIH. Se aplicó una encuesta a 45 embarazadas venezolanas VIH (+), para explorar las nociones sobre las vías de transmisión y el progreso de VIH a SIDA. Previo consentimiento informado se entregó la encuesta de manera anónima y autoadministrada. La población evaluada se ubicó en edades comprendidas entre 14 y 39 años; la mayoría de las embarazadas desconocen las vías de transmisión del VIH destacando que un 76,7 % no considera al embarazo como vía de transmisión de la infección a su hijo; el 83% no identifica que al comienzo de la infección pueden no existir síntomas del VIH, el 100% no relaciona a las manifestaciones bucales con el progreso de la infección. Se observó un desconocimiento en cuanto a las vías de transmisión y a las manifestaciones bucales asociadas al progreso de la infección

A preliminary and exploratory study of descriptive type was made in order to value the slight knowledge that the pregnant VIH have (+) on the VIH. A survey was applied to 45 pregnant Venezuelans HIV (+) pregnant women, to explore the slight knowledge on the routes of transmission and the progress of HIV to AIDS. Previous informed consent we give an anonymous and autoadmistrate survey. The evaluated population was located in ages between 14 and 39 years; most of the pregnant women, they do not know about HIV transmission, emphasizing that a 76.7% do not consider to the pregnancy like could be transmitted the infection to their son; 83% do not identify that HIV at the beginning of the infection, symptoms could not exist, the 100% does not relate to the oral manifestations to the progress of the infection. An ignorance as far as the routes of transmission and to the oral manifestations was observed like associated the progress of the infection