Association of lipid-lowering drugs with risk of sarcopenia: a drug target mendelian randomization study and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Lipid-lowering drugs are widely used among the elderly, with some studies suggesting links to muscle-related symptoms. However, the causality remains uncertain. METHODS: Using the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we assessed the causal effects of genetically proxied reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) through inhibitions of hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) on sarcopenia-related traits, including low hand grip strength, appendicular lean mass, and usual walking pace. A meta-analysis was conducted to combine the causal estimates from different consortiums. RESULTS: Using LDL-C pooled data predominantly from UK Biobank, genetically proxied inhibition of HMGCR was associated with higher appendicular lean mass (beta = 0.087, P = 7.56 × 10- 5) and slower walking pace (OR = 0.918, P = 6.06 × 10- 9). In contrast, inhibition of PCSK9 may reduce appendicular lean mass (beta = -0.050, P = 1.40 × 10- 3), while inhibition of NPC1L1 showed no causal impact on sarcopenia-related traits. These results were validated using LDL-C data from Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, indicating that HMGCR inhibition may increase appendicular lean mass (beta = 0.066, P = 2.17 × 10- 3) and decelerate walking pace (OR = 0.932, P = 1.43 × 10- 6), whereas PCSK9 inhibition could decrease appendicular lean mass (beta = -0.048, P = 1.69 × 10- 6). Meta-analysis further supported the robustness of these causal associations. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically proxied HMGCR inhibition may increase muscle mass but compromise muscle function, PCSK9 inhibition could result in reduced muscle mass, while NPC1L1 inhibition is not associated with sarcopenia-related traits and this class of drugs may serve as viable alternatives to sarcopenia individuals or those at an elevated risk.

PCSK9 inhibitors as safer therapeutics for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD): Pharmacophore design and molecular dynamics analysis.

Cardiovascular disorders are still challenging and are among the deadly diseases. As a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in particular, can be prevented primary and secondary by lipid-lowering medications. Therefore, insights are still needed into designing new drugs with minimal side effects. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) enzyme catalyses protein-protein interactions with low-density lipoprotein, making it a critical target for designing promising inhibitors compared to statins. Therefore, we screened for potential compounds using a redesigned PCSK9 conformational behaviour to search for a significantly extensive chemical library and investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of the final compounds using integrated computational methods, from ligand essential functional group screening to all-atoms MD simulations and MMGBSA-based binding free energy. The inhibitory mechanisms of the screened compounds compared with the standard inhibitor. K31 and K34 molecules showed stronger interactions for PCSK9, having binding energy (kcal/mol) of -33.39 and -63.51, respectively, against -27.97 of control. The final molecules showed suitable drug-likeness, non-mutagenesis, permeability, and high solubility values. The C-α atoms root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation of the bound-PCSK9 complexes showed stable and lower fluctuations compared to apo PCSK9. The findings present a model that unravels the mechanism by which the final molecules proposedly inhibit the PCSK9 function and could further improve the design of novel drugs against cardiovascular diseases.

SLC10A1 rs2296651 variant (S267F mutation) predicts biochemical traits, hepatitis B virus infection susceptibility and the risk of gallstone disease.

Sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), a bile acid transporter, plays a crucial role in regulating bile acid levels and influencing the risk of HBV infection. Genetic variations in the SLC10A1 gene, which encodes NTCP, affect these functions. However, the impact of SLC10A1 gene variants on the metabolic and biochemical traits remained unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of SLC10A1 gene variants with the clinical and biochemical parameters, and the risk of different HBV infection statuses and gallstone disease in the Taiwanese population. Genotyping data from 117,679 Taiwan Biobank participants were analyzed using the Axiom genome-wide CHB arrays. Regional-plot association analysis demonstrated genome-wide significant association between the SLC10A1 rs2296651 genotypes and lipid profile, gamma glutamyl transferase (γGT) level and anti-HBc-positivity. Genotype-phenotype association analyses revealed significantly lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and uric acid levels, a higher γGT level and a higher gallstone incidence in rare rs2296651-A allele carrier. Participants with the rs2296651 AA-genotype exhibited significantly lower rates of anti-HBc-positivity and HBsAg-positivity. Compared to those with the GG-genotype, individuals with non-GG-genotypes had reduced risks for various HBV infection statuses: the AA-genotype showed substantially lower risks, while the GA-genotype demonstrated modestly lower risks. Predictive tools also suggested that the rs2296651 variant potentially induced protein damage and pathogenic effects. In conclusion, our data revealed pleiotropic effects of the SLC10A1 rs2296651 genotypes on the levels of biochemical traits and the risk of HBV infection and gallstone disease. This confirms SLC10A1's versatility and implicates its genotypes in predicting both biochemical traits and disease susceptibility.

Causal relationship between blood traits and severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in East Asian: A Mendelian randomization study.

Although a range of blood traits have been reported to be associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (H1N1pdm09) disease severity, their underlying causal relationships and biological mechanisms have remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between blood traits and H1N1pdm09 using a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. Based on the data from our in-house genome-wide association study (GWAS) on H1N1pdm09 disease severity (Ncase [severe] = 70, Ncontrol [mild] = 95) and GWAS summaries of 44 blood traits from Biobank Japan (N = 12 303-143 658), we identified the potential causal effect of blood traits on severe H1N1pdm09. The inverse variance weighted method analysis revealed significant causal effects of lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST, ß = -3.212, p = 0.019), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, ß = -1.372, p = 0.045), and basophil counts (Baso, ß = -1.638, p = 0.047) on severe H1N1pdm09 disease. Additionally, polygenic risk score analysis further confirmed genetic overlap between these blood traits and severe H1N1pdm09 disease. This study provided evidence linking the lower level of AST, LDL-C, and lower count of Baso with severe H1N1pdm09 disease, potentially identifying new therapeutic targets for patients with severe influenza.

Genetic backgrounds and diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia.

Lipid disorders play a critical role in the intricate development of atherosclerosis and its clinical consequences, such as coronary heart disease and stroke. These disorders are responsible for a significant number of deaths in many adult populations worldwide. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder that causes extremely high levels of LDL cholesterol. The most common mutations occur in genes responsible for low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (APOB), or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). While genetic testing is a dependable method for diagnosing the disease, it may not detect primary mutations in 20%-40% of FH cases.

Aggravating effect of abnormal low-density protein cholesterol level on coronary atherosclerotic plaque in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography.

BACKGROUND: The abnormal low-density protein cholesterol (LDL-C) level in the development of atherosclerosis is often comorbid in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the aggravating effect of abnormal LDL-C levels on coronary artery plaques assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study collected 3439 T2DM patients from September 2011 to February 2022. Comparative analysis of differences in coronary plaque characteristics was performed for the patients between the normal LDL-C level group and the abnormal LDL-C level group. Factors with P < 0.1 in the univariable linear regression analyses were included in the multivariable linear stepwise regression. RESULTS: A total of 2820 eligible T2DM patients were included and identified as the normal LDL-C level group (n = 973) and the abnormal LDL-C level group (n = 1847). Compared with the normal LDL-C level group, both on a per-patient basis and per-segment basis, patients with abnormal LDL-C level showed more calcified plaques, partially calcified plaques, low attenuation plaques, positive remodellings, and spotty calcifications. Multivessel obstructive disease (MVD), nonobstructive stenosis (NOS), obstructive stenosis (OS), plaque involvement degree (PID), segment stenosis score (SSS), and segment involvement scores (SIS) were likely higher in the abnormal LDL-C level group than that in the normal LDL-C level group (P < 0.001). In multivariable linear stepwise regression, the abnormal LDL-C level was validated as an independent positive correlation with high-risk coronary plaques and the degree and extent of stenosis caused by plaques (low attenuation plaque: ß = 0.116; positive remodelling: ß = 0.138; spotty calcification: ß = 0.091; NOS: ß = 0.427; OS: ß = 0.659: SIS: ß = 1.114; SSS: ß = 2.987; PID: ß = 2.716, all P value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal LDL-C levels aggravate atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients with T2DM. Clinical attention deserves to be caught by the tailored identification of cardiovascular risk categories in T2DM individuals and the achievement of the corresponding LDL-C treatment goal.

Effectiveness of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals in secondary cardiovascular prevention.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of statin treatment to reduce coronary events and mortality has been hardly examined considering goals of LDL-C. We aimed to analyse such association in secondary cardiovascular prevention. METHODS: Retrospective cohort analysis of electronic health records from the SIDIAP database, Catalonia-Spain. Recruitment period was from 2006 to 2017 and study period finished at the end of 2018. We included 54,175 people aged ≥35 years in cardiovascular secondary prevention starting statin treatment. We analysed the association of achieved LDL-C goals after statin initiation with coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Mean age was 69 years and 20,146 (37.2%) were women. Coronary heart disease occurred in 5687 (10.5%) participants, and 10,676 (19.7%) persons passed away. Median follow-up lasted 5.7 years (interquartile range, 3.4-8.1). The coronary heart disease HRs (95% CI) for the LDL-C goals of 70-100, <70-55 and <55 mg/dL were .86 (.81-.92), .83 (.76-.9) and .8 (.72-.88), respectively. They were .89 (.83-.96) in the group with 30%-40% reduction and .86 (.8-.93) in the groups with 40%-50% and ≥50% reduction. We observed no association with mortality. We observed no relevant differences by sex or age. CONCLUSIONS: This population-level retrospective analysis of real-world data observed that treatment with statins is effective to achieve certain LDL-C goals and CHD reduction. The lack of significant difference between LDL-C goals needs confirmation in additional studies with real-world data. The LDL-C target should consider the magnitude of the decrease in coronary events.

Obicetrapib: Reversing the Tide of CETP Inhibitor Disappointments.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the history of cardiovascular outcomes trials of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors and to describe obicetrapib, a next-generation, oral, once-daily, low-dose CETP inhibitor in late-stage development for dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). RECENT FINDINGS: Phase 1 and 2 trials have evaluated the safety and lipid/lipoprotein effects of obicetrapib as monotherapy, in conjunction with statins, on top of high-intensity statins (HIS), and with ezetimibe on top of HIS. In ROSE2, 10 mg obicetrapib monotherapy and combined with 10 mg ezetimibe, each on top of HIS, significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), apolipoprotein B, total LDL particles, small LDL particles, small, dense LDL-C, and lipoprotein (a), and increased HDL-C. Phase 3 pivotal registration trials including a cardiovascular outcomes trial are underway. Obicetrapib has an excellent safety and tolerability profile and robustly lowers atherogenic lipoproteins and raises HDL-C. As such, obicetrapib may be a promising agent for the treatment of ASCVD.

Identification of benzothiazoles as novel PCSK9 inhibitors.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a clinically validated target on the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). PCSK9 can regulate the hepatocyte surface low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) level by binding to LDLR and leading to their degradation in the lysosome. The clinical use of two monoclonal antibodies (alirocumab and evolocumab, approved in 2015) and one small interfering RNA (inclisiran, approved in 2020) which can inhibit PCSK9 function proved that they are very effective in lowering low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). However, the high treatment costs and parenteral administration of these drugs prohibited widespread use and reduced their long-term advantage. Comparatively, small molecule drugs have many incomparable advantages of macromolecules, such as lower treatment cost, more drug administration options, superior pharmacokinetic properties, less adverse immunogenic responses and better affordable production. In this paper, we identified a series of benzothiazoles small molecule PCSK9 inhibitors through extensive screening. The structure and activity relationship (SAR) was summarized to facilitate further optimization. Moreover, the primary mechanism of action of the most potent compound was also investigated.

Bempedoic Acid: How Will It Shape the Future Lipid-Lowering Landscape? Mode of Action, Evidence, and Clinical Use.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoproteins are now proven to be causal for atherosclerosis. Pharmacological treatment focuses on an increase of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, particularly in the hepatocyte, which leads to uptake of LDL from blood, thereby reducing the burden to the arterial wall. This mechanism has first been proven by statins to be effective to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The concept of "the lower, the better" was shown by high-intensity statins and new compounds like ezetimibe, PCSK9 antibodies, inclisiran, and ultimately bempedoic acid. SUMMARY: Although first considered only a relatively weak LDL-C lowering drug, bempedoic acid proved to be very effective, for example, in statin-intolerant patients to reduce cardiovascular events in the CLEAR-Outcomes study. In the era of personalized medicine, it should not be forgotten that the individual response to a LDL-C lowering drug can vary considerably. Bempedoic acid has a favorable safety profile, particularly it does not induce muscle problems because its precursor is not metabolized to the active drug in the muscle, and it does not induce hyperglycemia. Bempedoic acid probably is best used in combination with ezetimibe, which leads to LDL-C reductions in the range of moderately intensive statins; in an oral triple combination with a high-intensity statin, LDL-C reductions in the range of two-thirds can be achieved. KEY MESSAGES: Bempedoic acid is a further weapon against the atherogenic effect of LDL cholesterol - in both primary and secondary prevention.

Hypertension in non-obese children and BMI in adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the association between hypertension(HTN) in non-obese children body mass index (BMI) in adulthood. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 1111 participants from the Bogalusa Heart Study was conducted, in which data on hypertension history during childhood in non-obese children, anthropometric and cardiovascular risk factors and other indicators from cross-sectional examinations in adulthood were collected. BMI was used as both a continuous and a categorical variable, and multivariate linear regression modelling and logistic regression modelling were used. RESULTS: Of the 1111 participants finally enrolled, 40 (3.60%) had HTN during childhood. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, lipid, glucose and insulin levels in childhood, and smoking status, alcohol intake, and disease history as adults, HTN among non-obese children was positively associated with BMI in adulthood (ß = 2.64 kg/m2, 95% CI: 0.88-4.40, P = 0.0033), and the odds of being overweight or obese was 3.71 times higher in the group with a history of hypertension in childhood than those without a history of HTN(95% CI: 1.11-12.46, P = 0.0337). CONCLUSION: Among non-obese children, hypertension is at risk for higher levels of BMI in adulthood. Identifying and controlling blood pressure and childhood may aid in the prevention of adult obesity.

The association of cumulative low-density lipoprotein cholesterol exposure and carotid intima-media thickness in a young adulthood population.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between cumulative exposure to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in the young adulthood population. METHODS: Young adult subject (18-45 year old) from the Kailuan Study group who participated in the same period of follow-up and received carotid artery ultrasound were selected as the observation subjects. Among them, 3651 cases met the inclusion criteria, which required that carotid artery color ultrasound examinations be completed from 2010 to 2016, with complete IMT measurements, LDL-C data collected at least twice before carotid ultrasound, and participants' age to be ≤ 45 years at the time of carotid artery color ultrasound examination. Linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between time-weighted average (TWA) to LDL-C cumulative exposure and IMT the young population. Logistic regression was used to analyze the effects of different TWA groups on IMT thickening. Considering that the use of anti hypertensive drugs and lipid-lowering drugs may affect TWA LDL-C, this study excluded people taking antihypertensive drugs and lipid-lowering drugs, and conducted a repeat analysis of the main results. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between TWA LDL-C and IMT, with IMT increasing by 0.017 mm when TWA LDL-C increased by 1 mmol/L * year. The TWA LDL-C in the highest group was identified as a risk factor for IMT thickening, with odds ratio (OR) values of 1.812(1.027 ~ 3.200) in the T3 group. After excluding patients taking antihypertensive drugs and lipid-lowering drugs, the results still showed that the T3 group with the highest TWA LDL-C was a risk factor for IMT thickening, with an OR value of 1.850(0.988-3.464), P for trend is 0.043. CONCLUSION: This cohort study revealed that TWA LDL-C is positively correlated with IMT in young adulthood for risk stratification, and control LDL-C levels at an earlier age may reduce the lifetime risk of developing atherosclerotic disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-TNC-11001489.

Effectiveness of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with lipid lowering therapy for secondary prevention amongst older individuals: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Data about the clinical benefit from initial low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction with lipid lowering treatment for secondary prevention and risk of major vascular events amongst older as compared with younger individuals treated during routine clinical care are limited. We investigated this in a nationwide cohort. METHODS: Individuals aged ≥ 50 years with a first-time hospitalisation for a cardiovascular event (index event, including acute coronary syndrome, non-haemorrhagic stroke, transient ischaemic attack and coronary revascularisation), 1 January 2008 to 31 October 2018, who subsequently used lipid lowering treatment, and had an LDL-C measurement before and after the event were included. Hazard ratios (HRs) for major vascular events per 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL-C were estimated for the included 21,751 older and 22,681 younger individuals (≥/<70 years old) using Cox regression. RESULTS: LDL-C lowering was associated with a 12% lower risk of major vascular events in older individuals per 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL-C (HR 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-0.93), with no significant difference compared with the risk reduction amongst younger individuals (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.83-0.93; P-value for difference between age groups: 0.86). The risk reduction was more pronounced when post hoc restricting, as a proxy for compliance, to new users with an LDL-C reduction above the lowest decile for both older (0.81, 95% CI 0.73-0.90) and younger (0.81, 95% CI 0.72-0.91) individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This study strongly supports a similar relative clinical benefit of LDL-C reduction with lipid lowering treatment for secondary prevention of major vascular events amongst individuals aged ≥70 and <70 years.

Patients who suffer a first atherosclerotic cardiovascular event while taking statins are often far off of lipid targets.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite considerable evidence that lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs) afford clinical benefit, the control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is suboptimal, and available LLTs are underused, especially in patients at high and very high cardiovascular (CV) risk. This study assesses the real-world LDL-C target attainment rate in patients on LLT before experiencing a first major acute cardiovascular event (MACE). METHODS AND RESULTS: The HEARTBEAT was a retrospective, multicentre observational study. From March to June 2021 a total of 334 patients on LLT who had a first MACE while being on statins were included in the study. Of these patients, 83.2 % had a high (40.7 %) or very high CV risk (29.0 %) prior to MACE. Overall, 87.5 % and 89.7 % of the patients at high and very high CV risk, respectively, failed to reach the LDL-C target. Regarding LLTs, only 11.8 % and 19.6 % of the patients at high and very high risk had received high-intensity LLTs prior to MACE. It was estimated that if these patients had reached their recommended LDL-C targets, the risk of MACE may have been reduced by a median of 24.5 % and 23.2 % in patients at high and very high risk respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who suffer a first MACE while on statin therapy often were at high/very high CV risk. Despite their risk, LDL-levels and being on statins they are undertreated, and too far from lipid targets. A proper use of high-intensity LLTs led to an increase attainment of LDL targets and lower CV events.

Efficacy and safety of ongericimab given by prefilled syringe or autoinjector in primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed hyperlipidemia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Limited evidence exist regarding the association between ongericimab, a novel recombinant humanized anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody, and primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ongericimab administered by prefilled syringe (PFS) or autoinjector (AI) in Chinese patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia on stable optimized lipid-lowering therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 255 patients on stable optimized lipid-lowering therapy were randomized in a 2:1:2:1 ratio to receive PFS for the subcutaneous injection of ongericimab 150 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W) or a matching placebo, or AI for the subcutaneous injection of ongericimab 150 mg Q2W or a matching placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was the percent change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels from baseline to week 12. Safety was also evaluated. At week 12, the least squares mean percent changes were -72.7% (3.9%) for PFS and -71.1% (3.8%) for AI (all P < 0.001) compared to respective matching placebo groups. Beneficial effects were also seen for all secondary lipid parameters, notably with robust reduction in Lp (a). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious AEs with ongericimab were reported in 46.2% and 2.4% of patients, compared to 44.2% and 3.5% with placebo. CONCLUSION: In Chinese patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia, a 12-week treatment regimen with ongericimab administered by PFS or AI significantly reduced LDL-C and other lipid parameters, proving to be safe and well tolerated. Patients experienced consistent effects from PFS or AI devices. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: CTR20220027; January 11, 2022; http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/index.html.

The impact of statins treatments for plaque characteristics in stable angina pectoris patients with very low and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: an intracoronary optical coherence tomography study.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are recommended according to the patient's risk factors based on guidelines. In patients achieving low LDL-C levels, the need for statins is uncertain, and the plaque characteristics of patients not treated with statins are unclear. In addition, the difference in plaque characteristics with and without statins is unclear in similarly high LDL levels. We evaluate the impact of statins on plaque characteristics on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with very low LDL-C levels and high LDL-C levels. A total of 173 stable angina pectoris patients with 173 lesions undergoing OCT before percutaneous coronary intervention were evaluated. We divided the LDL-C levels into three groups: < 70 mg/dL (n = 48), 70 mg/dL ≤ LDL-C < 100 mg/dL (n = 71), and ≥ 100 mg/dL (n = 54). Among patients with LDL-C < 70 mg/dL, patients not treated with statins showed a significantly higher C-reactive protein level (0.27 ± 0.22 mg/dL vs. 0.15 ± 0.19 mg/dL, p = 0.049), and higher incidence of thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs; 44% [7/16] vs. 13% [4/32], p = 0.021) than those treated with statins. Among patients with LDL-C level ≥ 100 mg/dL, patients treated with statins showed a significantly higher prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) (38% [6/16] vs. 5% [2/38], p = 0.004), lower incidence of TCFAs (6% [1/16] vs. 39% [15/38], p = 0.013), healed plaques (13% [2/16] vs. 47% [18/38], p = 0.015), and higher incidence of fibrous plaques (75% [12/16] vs. 42% [16/38], p = 0.027) than patients not treated with statins. While patients achieved a low LDL-C, patients not treated with statins had high plaque vulnerability and high systemic inflammation. While patients had a high LDL-C level with a high prevalence of FH, patients treated with statins had stable plaque characteristics.

In-hospital and mid-term follow-up of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and target-goal attainment among patients with acute cerebral infarction: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the baseline and six-month follow-up data of the main lipid indices as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target goal attainment in accordance with the current guidelines among patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI). METHODS: One thousand ninety-nine patients were consecutively enrolled from January 2021 to December 2022 and divided into ACI, old cerebral infarction (OCI), and control groups. General data [sex, age, body mass index (BMI), medications, smoking status, disease history, etc.], baseline data, and six-month follow-up main laboratory data were collected and analyzed. ACI patients were grouped into dyslipidemia and normal groups according to the lipid management guidelines of the European, American, and Chinese populations. Statistical methods were used to screen for possible predictors of dyslipidemia. RESULTS: Patients with ACI or OCI had higher total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C levels than did the control group (all P < 0.05). According to European (94.7%, 89.0% and 13.4%, P < 0.01), American (94.7% vs. 67.7% vs. 45.9%, P < 0.001) and Chinese (85.1% vs. 59.1% vs. 18.6%, P < 0.001) standards, the proportion of dyslipidemia in the ACI group was greater than that in the OCI and control groups. According to European and American standards, increases in BMI and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are predictors of dyslipidemia in ACI patients. According to Chinese standards, increases in BMI, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and eGFRs are independent predictors of dyslipidemia in ACI patients. The 6-month follow-up of the main lipid levels revealed that among the ACI group, TC, LDL-C and triglyceride(TG) levels (4.86 vs. 3.79, P < 0.001; 2.98 vs. 2.01, P < 0.001; 1.46 vs. 1.20, P < 0.001) and the proportion of dyslipidemia decreased significantly in accordance with European/American and Chinese standards (86.8% vs. 64.6%, P = 0.015; 97.2% vs. 84.7%, P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: These results revealed that lipid management is still not optimal for patients with ACI. More attention should be given to ACI patients with elevated BMI, eGFR, and HbA1c values, which could lead to more individualized lipid management. Although the main lipid levels decreased significantly 6 months after discharge with lipid-lowering therapy, there is still a long way to go to enable more ACI patients to meet the guideline-recommended LDL-C target goal.

The clinical impact of estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) using different equations in the general population.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Friedewald, Sampson, and Martin-Hopkins equations are used to calculate LDL-C. This study compares the impact of switching between these equations in a large geographically defined population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data for individuals who had a lipid panel ordered clinically between 2010 and 2019 were included. Comparisons were made across groups using the two-sample t-test or chi-square test as appropriate. Discordances between LDL measures based on clinically actionable thresholds were summarized using contingency tables. RESULTS: The cohort included 198,166 patients (mean age 54 years, 54% female). The equations perform similarly at the lower range of triglycerides but began to diverge at a triglyceride level of 125 mg/dL. However, at triglycerides of 175 mg/dL and higher, the Martin-Hopkins equation estimated higher LDL-C values than the Samson equation. This discordance was further exasperated at triglyceride values of 400 to 800 mg/dL. When comparing the Sampson and Friedewald equations, at triglycerides are below 175 mg/dL, 9% of patients were discordant at the 70 mg/dL cutpoint, whereas 42.4% were discordant when triglycerides are between 175 and 400 mg/dL. Discordance was observed at the clinically actionable LDL-C cutpoint of 190 mg/dL with the Friedewald equation estimating lower LDL-C than the other equations. In a high-risk subgroup (ASCVD risk score > 20%), 16.3% of patients were discordant at the clinical cutpoint of LDL-C < 70 mg/dL between the Sampson and Friedewald equations. CONCLUSIONS: Discordance at clinically significant LDL-C cutpoints in both the general population and high-risk subgroups were observed across the three equations. These results show that using different methods of LDL-C calculation or switching between different methods could have clinical implications for many patients.

Differences between repeated lipid profile measurements in a tertiary hospital over a short time period.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of the plasma lipid profile, mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is widely used in the management of hospitalized patients as part of their cardiometabolic risk assessment. In common practice, LDL-C is calculated indirectly by the Friedewald equation. For many years, fasting of 8-14 h is needed to obtain an accurate lipid profile measurement, although recent guidelines do not necessitate it. The aim of this study was to find patients with two consecutive LDL-C measurements taken over a short time period on the same admission to see if a significant difference exists and to suggest reasons that may explain it. We also aim to define whether the difference between LDL-C calculated by the Friedewald equation is diminished while using the newer Martin/Hopkins, de Cordova or Sampson/NIH equations. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study performed in one medical center in Israel. In a five-year time period, 772 patients with two repeated LDL-C measurements taken on the same admission were found. The median time gap between tests was 2 days. Correlations between laboratory results and LDL-C measurements were determined. RESULTS: A total of 414 patients (53.6%) had a difference greater than the acceptable total error of 8.9% in LDL-C calculation using the Friedewald equation, with a mean 25.8% difference between the two tests. Newer LDL-C calculations showed less diversity. Non-HDL-C was found as the only variable with a major correlation with LDL-C results in all equations. A weaker correlation was found with HDL-C. Triglycerides showed an even weaker correlation, and glucose differences had no correlation with LDL-C differences. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated LDL-C measurements can vary widely, even during a short period of hospitalization. In this study, more than half of the patients had a significant difference between their consecutive LDL-C results. This wide difference between two consecutive tests was diminished using newer calculations, yet not well explained. The fasting state likely has no effect on LDL-C levels. The results of this study might emphasize that many factors influence LDL-C calculation, especially in the disease state. Further research is needed, especially in looking for a more accurate LDL-C calculation from existing formulas.

Association between serum lipid and all-cause mortality in asthmatic populations: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Presently, the majority of investigations primarily evaluate the association between lipid profiles and asthma. However, few investigations explore the connection between lipids and mortality related to the disease. This study aims to explore the association of serum lipids with all-cause mortality within asthmatic adults. METHODS: The investigation included 3233 eligible patients with asthma from the NHANES (2011-2018). The potential associations were explored using three Cox proportional hazards models, restricted cubic splines (RCS), threshold effect models, and CoxBoost models. In addition, subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate these associations within distinct populations. RESULTS: After controlling all covariables, the Cox proportional hazards model proved a 17% decrease in the probability of death for each increased unit of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (mmol/L). Yet, there was no association seen between blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol, or triglyceride and all-cause mortality in asthmatics. The application of RCS and threshold effect models verified an inverse and linear association of LDL-C with all-cause mortality. According to the results from the CoxBoost model, LDL-C exhibited the most substantial impact on the follow-up status of asthmatics among the serum lipids. CONCLUSION: Our investigation concluded that in American asthmatic populations, LDL-C levels were inversely and linearly correlated with mortality. However, no independent relationship was found between triglycerides, total cholesterol, or HDL-C and mortality.