RESUMO
Fewer than 200 proteins are targeted by cancer drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We integrate Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) proteogenomics data from 1,043 patients across 10 cancer types with additional public datasets to identify potential therapeutic targets. Pan-cancer analysis of 2,863 druggable proteins reveals a wide abundance range and identifies biological factors that affect mRNA-protein correlation. Integration of proteomic data from tumors and genetic screen data from cell lines identifies protein overexpression- or hyperactivation-driven druggable dependencies, enabling accurate predictions of effective drug targets. Proteogenomic identification of synthetic lethality provides a strategy to target tumor suppressor gene loss. Combining proteogenomic analysis and MHC binding prediction prioritizes mutant KRAS peptides as promising public neoantigens. Computational identification of shared tumor-associated antigens followed by experimental confirmation nominates peptides as immunotherapy targets. These analyses, summarized at https://targets.linkedomics.org, form a comprehensive landscape of protein and peptide targets for companion diagnostics, drug repurposing, and therapy development.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Proteogenômica , Humanos , Proteogenômica/métodos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Imunoterapia/métodos , Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Proteômica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismoRESUMO
Multiple anticancer drugs have been proposed to cause cell death, in part, by increasing the steady-state levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, for most of these drugs, exactly how the resultant ROS function and are sensed is poorly understood. It remains unclear which proteins the ROS modify and their roles in drug sensitivity/resistance. To answer these questions, we examined 11 anticancer drugs with an integrated proteogenomic approach identifying not only many unique targets but also shared ones-including ribosomal components, suggesting common mechanisms by which drugs regulate translation. We focus on CHK1 that we find is a nuclear H2O2 sensor that launches a cellular program to dampen ROS. CHK1 phosphorylates the mitochondrial DNA-binding protein SSBP1 to prevent its mitochondrial localization, which in turn decreases nuclear H2O2. Our results reveal a druggable nucleus-to-mitochondria ROS-sensing pathway-required to resolve nuclear H2O2 accumulation and mediate resistance to platinum-based agents in ovarian cancers.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporters MCT1-4 catalyze the transmembrane movement of metabolically essential monocarboxylates and have been targeted for cancer treatment because of their enhanced expression in various tumors. Here, we report five cryo-EM structures, at resolutions of 3.0-3.3 Å, of human MCT1 bound to lactate or inhibitors in the presence of Basigin-2, a single transmembrane segment (TM)-containing chaperon. MCT1 exhibits similar outward-open conformations when complexed with lactate or the inhibitors BAY-8002 and AZD3965. In the presence of the inhibitor 7ACC2 or with the neutralization of the proton-coupling residue Asp309 by Asn, similar inward-open structures were captured. Complemented by structural-guided biochemical analyses, our studies reveal the substrate binding and transport mechanism of MCTs, elucidate the mode of action of three anti-cancer drug candidates, and identify the determinants for subtype-specific sensitivities to AZD3965 by MCT1 and MCT4. These findings lay out an important framework for structure-guided drug discovery targeting MCTs.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/química , Simportadores/antagonistas & inibidores , Simportadores/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Basigina/química , Sítios de Ligação , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Humanos , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/ultraestrutura , Proteínas Mutantes/química , Proteínas Mutantes/metabolismo , Prótons , Pirimidinonas/química , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Ratos , Homologia Estrutural de Proteína , Especificidade por Substrato , Simportadores/ultraestrutura , Tiofenos/química , Tiofenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cancer cells enter a reversible drug-tolerant persister (DTP) state to evade death from chemotherapy and targeted agents. It is increasingly appreciated that DTPs are important drivers of therapy failure and tumor relapse. We combined cellular barcoding and mathematical modeling in patient-derived colorectal cancer models to identify and characterize DTPs in response to chemotherapy. Barcode analysis revealed no loss of clonal complexity of tumors that entered the DTP state and recurred following treatment cessation. Our data fit a mathematical model where all cancer cells, and not a small subpopulation, possess an equipotent capacity to become DTPs. Mechanistically, we determined that DTPs display remarkable transcriptional and functional similarities to diapause, a reversible state of suspended embryonic development triggered by unfavorable environmental conditions. Our study provides insight into how cancer cells use a developmentally conserved mechanism to drive the DTP state, pointing to novel therapeutic opportunities to target DTPs.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Diapausa , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Clonais , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Embrião de Mamíferos/efeitos dos fármacos , Embrião de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Heterogeneidade Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Irinotecano/farmacologia , Irinotecano/uso terapêutico , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Modelos Biológicos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Cima/genética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
KRAS mutations are among the most common genetic alterations in lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. Direct inhibition of KRAS oncoproteins has been a long-standing pursuit in precision oncology, one established shortly after the discovery of RAS mutations in human cancer cells nearly 40 years ago. Recent advances in medicinal chemistry have established inhibitors targeting KRAS(G12C), a mutation found in â¼13% of lung adenocarcinomas and, at a lower frequency, in other cancers. Preclinical studies describing their discovery and mechanism of action, coupled with emerging clinical data from patients treated with these drugs, have sparked a renewed enthusiasm in the study of KRAS and its therapeutic potential. Here, we discuss how these advances are reshaping the fundamental aspects of KRAS oncoprotein biology and the strides being made toward improving patient outcomes in the clinic.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Mutação/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , HumanosRESUMO
The mechanisms that drive normal B cell differentiation and activation are frequently subverted by B cell lymphomas for their unlimited growth and survival. B cells are particularly prone to malignant transformation because the machinery used for antibody diversification can cause chromosomal translocations and oncogenic mutations. The advent of functional and structural genomics has greatly accelerated our understanding of oncogenic mechanisms in lymphomagenesis. The signaling pathways that normal B cells utilize to sense antigens are frequently derailed in B cell malignancies, leading to constitutive activation of prosurvival pathways. These malignancies co-opt transcriptional regulatory systems that characterize their normal B cell counterparts and frequently alter epigenetic regulators of chromatin structure and gene expression. These mechanistic insights are ushering in an era of targeted therapies for these cancers based on the principles of pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Linfoma de Células B/etiologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Linfoma de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Proteínas Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Interferon-gamma (IFNG) augments immune function yet promotes T cell exhaustion through PDL1. How these opposing effects are integrated to impact immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is unclear. We show that while inhibiting tumor IFNG signaling decreases interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in cancer cells, it increases ISGs in immune cells by enhancing IFNG produced by exhausted T cells (TEX). In tumors with favorable antigenicity, these TEX mediate rejection. In tumors with neoantigen or MHC-I loss, TEX instead utilize IFNG to drive maturation of innate immune cells, including a PD1+TRAIL+ ILC1 population. By disabling an inhibitory circuit impacting PD1 and TRAIL, blocking tumor IFNG signaling promotes innate immune killing. Thus, interferon signaling in cancer cells and immune cells oppose each other to establish a regulatory relationship that limits both adaptive and innate immune killing. In melanoma and lung cancer patients, perturbation of this relationship is associated with ICB response independent of tumor mutational burden.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Interferon gama/genética , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Melanoma/imunologia , Transferência Adotiva , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Humanos , Interferon gama/antagonistas & inibidores , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Intervalo Livre de Progressão , RNA-Seq , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance and induction of secondary malignancies limit successful chemotherapy. Because mutagenic translesion synthesis (TLS) contributes to chemoresistance as well as treatment-induced mutations, targeting TLS is an attractive avenue for improving chemotherapeutics. However, development of small molecules with high specificity and in vivo efficacy for mutagenic TLS has been challenging. Here, we report the discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor, JH-RE-06, that disrupts mutagenic TLS by preventing recruitment of mutagenic POL ζ. Remarkably, JH-RE-06 targets a nearly featureless surface of REV1 that interacts with the REV7 subunit of POL ζ. Binding of JH-RE-06 induces REV1 dimerization, which blocks the REV1-REV7 interaction and POL ζ recruitment. JH-RE-06 inhibits mutagenic TLS and enhances cisplatin-induced toxicity in cultured human and mouse cell lines. Co-administration of JH-RE-06 with cisplatin suppresses the growth of xenograft human melanomas in mice, establishing a framework for developing TLS inhibitors as a novel class of chemotherapy adjuvants.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Cisplatino/uso terapêutico , Mutagênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cisplatino/efeitos adversos , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA , Feminino , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Proteínas Mad2/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Nucleotidiltransferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Nucleotidiltransferases/química , Nucleotidiltransferases/genética , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Quinolinas/química , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Transfecção , Carga Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Regenerative stem cell-like memory (TSCM) CD8+ T cells persist longer and produce stronger effector functions. We found that MEK1/2 inhibition (MEKi) induces TSCM that have naive phenotype with self-renewability, enhanced multipotency and proliferative capacity. This is achieved by delaying cell division and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, without affecting T cell receptor-mediated activation. DNA methylation profiling revealed that MEKi-induced TSCM cells exhibited plasticity and loci-specific profiles similar to bona fide TSCM isolated from healthy donors, with intermediate characteristics compared to naive and central memory T cells. Ex vivo, antigenic rechallenge of MEKi-treated CD8+ T cells showed stronger recall responses. This strategy generated T cells with higher efficacy for adoptive cell therapy. Moreover, MEKi treatment of tumor-bearing mice also showed strong immune-mediated antitumor effects. In conclusion, we show that MEKi leads to CD8+ T cell reprogramming into TSCM that acts as a reservoir for effector T cells with potent therapeutic characteristics.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias/terapia , Células-Tronco/citologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Memória Imunológica/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/fisiologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Targeting the p53-MDM2 pathway to reactivate tumor p53 is a chemotherapeutic approach. However, the involvement of this pathway in CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity is unknown. Here, we report that mice with MDM2 deficiency in T cells exhibit accelerated tumor progression and a decrease in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell survival and function. Mechanistically, MDM2 competes with c-Cbl for STAT5 binding, reduces c-Cbl-mediated STAT5 degradation and enhances STAT5 stability in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Targeting the p53-MDM2 interaction with a pharmacological agent, APG-115, augmented MDM2 in T cells, thereby stabilizing STAT5, boosting T cell immunity and synergizing with cancer immunotherapy. Unexpectedly, these effects of APG-115 were dependent on p53 and MDM2 in T cells. Clinically, MDM2 abundance correlated with T cell function and interferon-γ signature in patients with cancer. Thus, the p53-MDM2 pathway controls T cell immunity, and targeting this pathway may treat patients with cancer regardless of tumor p53 status.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/enzimologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/enzimologia , Neoplasias/enzimologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT5/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/transplante , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/transplante , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Estabilidade Proteica , Proteólise , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT5/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
CD8+ T cell exhaustion dampens antitumor immunity. Although several transcription factors have been identified that regulate T cell exhaustion, the molecular mechanisms by which CD8+ T cells are triggered to enter an exhausted state remain unclear. Here, we show that interleukin-2 (IL-2) acts as an environmental cue to induce CD8+ T cell exhaustion within tumor microenvironments. We find that a continuously high level of IL-2 leads to the persistent activation of STAT5 in CD8+ T cells, which in turn induces strong expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, thus catalyzing the conversion to tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). 5-HTP subsequently activates AhR nuclear translocation, causing a coordinated upregulation of inhibitory receptors and downregulation of cytokine and effector-molecule production, thereby rendering T cells dysfunctional in the tumor microenvironment. This molecular pathway is not only present in mouse tumor models but is also observed in people with cancer, identifying IL-2 as a novel inducer of T cell exhaustion.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , 5-Hidroxitriptofano/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/deficiência , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Interleucina-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-2/genética , Células Jurkat , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Células MCF-7 , Melanoma Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Células NIH 3T3 , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/deficiência , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Triptofano Hidroxilase/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) functions as a critical stress sentinel that coordinates cell survival, inflammation, and immunogenic cell death (ICD). Although the catalytic function of RIPK1 is required to trigger cell death, its non-catalytic scaffold function mediates strong pro-survival signaling. Accordingly, cancer cells can hijack RIPK1 to block necroptosis and evade immune detection. We generated a small-molecule proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) that selectively degraded human and murine RIPK1. PROTAC-mediated depletion of RIPK1 deregulated TNFR1 and TLR3/4 signaling hubs, accentuating the output of NF-κB, MAPK, and IFN signaling. Additionally, RIPK1 degradation simultaneously promoted RIPK3 activation and necroptosis induction. We further demonstrated that RIPK1 degradation enhanced the immunostimulatory effects of radio- and immunotherapy by sensitizing cancer cells to treatment-induced TNF and interferons. This promoted ICD, antitumor immunity, and durable treatment responses. Consequently, targeting RIPK1 by PROTACs emerges as a promising approach to overcome radio- or immunotherapy resistance and enhance anticancer therapies.
Assuntos
Morte Celular Imunogênica , Proteólise , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Proteólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Morte Celular Imunogênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Necroptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Necroptose/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Imunoterapia/métodosRESUMO
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) produce durable responses in some melanoma patients, but many patients derive no clinical benefit, and the molecular underpinnings of such resistance remain elusive. Here, we leveraged single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) from 33 melanoma tumors and computational analyses to interrogate malignant cell states that promote immune evasion. We identified a resistance program expressed by malignant cells that is associated with T cell exclusion and immune evasion. The program is expressed prior to immunotherapy, characterizes cold niches in situ, and predicts clinical responses to anti-PD-1 therapy in an independent cohort of 112 melanoma patients. CDK4/6-inhibition represses this program in individual malignant cells, induces senescence, and reduces melanoma tumor outgrowth in mouse models in vivo when given in combination with immunotherapy. Our study provides a high-resolution landscape of ICI-resistant cell states, identifies clinically predictive signatures, and suggests new therapeutic strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina/antagonistas & inibidores , Melanoma/imunologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Evasão Tumoral , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Masculino , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/terapia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologiaRESUMO
Breast cancer (BC) comprises multiple distinct subtypes that differ genetically, pathologically, and clinically. Here, we describe a robust protocol for long-term culturing of human mammary epithelial organoids. Using this protocol, >100 primary and metastatic BC organoid lines were generated, broadly recapitulating the diversity of the disease. BC organoid morphologies typically matched the histopathology, hormone receptor status, and HER2 status of the original tumor. DNA copy number variations as well as sequence changes were consistent within tumor-organoid pairs and largely retained even after extended passaging. BC organoids furthermore populated all major gene-expression-based classification groups and allowed in vitro drug screens that were consistent with in vivo xeno-transplantations and patient response. This study describes a representative collection of well-characterized BC organoids available for cancer research and drug development, as well as a strategy to assess in vitro drug response in a personalized fashion.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Heterogeneidade Genética , Organoides/patologia , Bancos de Tecidos , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Células Cultivadas , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Organoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Medicina de Precisão/métodosRESUMO
Increased androgen receptor (AR) activity drives therapeutic resistance in advanced prostate cancer. The most common resistance mechanism is amplification of this locus presumably targeting the AR gene. Here, we identify and characterize a somatically acquired AR enhancer located 650 kb centromeric to the AR. Systematic perturbation of this enhancer using genome editing decreased proliferation by suppressing AR levels. Insertion of an additional copy of this region sufficed to increase proliferation under low androgen conditions and to decrease sensitivity to enzalutamide. Epigenetic data generated in localized prostate tumors and benign specimens support the notion that this region is a developmental enhancer. Collectively, these observations underscore the importance of epigenomic profiling in primary specimens and the value of deploying genome editing to functionally characterize noncoding elements. More broadly, this work identifies a therapeutic vulnerability for targeting the AR and emphasizes the importance of regulatory elements as highly recurrent oncogenic drivers.
Assuntos
Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Acetilação , Adulto , Idoso , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzamidas , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Metilação de DNA , Edição de Genes , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Metástase Neoplásica , Nitrilas , Feniltioidantoína/análogos & derivados , Feniltioidantoína/farmacologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/genéticaRESUMO
The super elongation complex (SEC) is required for robust and productive transcription through release of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) with its P-TEFb module and promoting transcriptional processivity with its ELL2 subunit. Malfunction of SEC contributes to multiple human diseases including cancer. Here, we identify peptidomimetic lead compounds, KL-1 and its structural homolog KL-2, which disrupt the interaction between the SEC scaffolding protein AFF4 and P-TEFb, resulting in impaired release of Pol II from promoter-proximal pause sites and a reduced average rate of processive transcription elongation. SEC is required for induction of heat-shock genes and treating cells with KL-1 and KL-2 attenuates the heat-shock response from Drosophila to human. SEC inhibition downregulates MYC and MYC-dependent transcriptional programs in mammalian cells and delays tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model of MYC-driven cancer, indicating that small-molecule disruptors of SEC could be used for targeted therapy of MYC-induced cancer.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Fator B de Elongação Transcricional Positiva/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Elongação da Transcrição Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Elongação da Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Drosophila , Feminino , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologiaRESUMO
R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG), produced at high levels by mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) enzymes, was reported as an oncometabolite. We show here that R-2HG also exerts a broad anti-leukemic activity in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting leukemia cell proliferation/viability and by promoting cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Mechanistically, R-2HG inhibits fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) activity, thereby increasing global N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification in R-2HG-sensitive leukemia cells, which in turn decreases the stability of MYC/CEBPA transcripts, leading to the suppression of relevant pathways. Ectopically expressed mutant IDH1 and S-2HG recapitulate the effects of R-2HG. High levels of FTO sensitize leukemic cells to R-2HG, whereas hyperactivation of MYC signaling confers resistance that can be reversed by the inhibition of MYC signaling. R-2HG also displays anti-tumor activity in glioma. Collectively, while R-2HG accumulated in IDH1/2 mutant cancers contributes to cancer initiation, our work demonstrates anti-tumor effects of 2HG in inhibiting proliferation/survival of FTO-high cancer cells via targeting FTO/m6A/MYC/CEBPA signaling.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Glioma/tratamento farmacológico , Glutaratos/farmacologia , Leucemia/tratamento farmacológico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Adenosina/metabolismo , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Glutaratos/uso terapêutico , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Camundongos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Processamento Pós-Transcricional do RNARESUMO
Bladder cancer is the fifth most prevalent cancer in the U.S., yet is understudied, and few laboratory models exist that reflect the biology of the human disease. Here, we describe a biobank of patient-derived organoid lines that recapitulates the histopathological and molecular diversity of human bladder cancer. Organoid lines can be established efficiently from patient biopsies acquired before and after disease recurrence and are interconvertible with orthotopic xenografts. Notably, organoid lines often retain parental tumor heterogeneity and exhibit a spectrum of genomic changes that are consistent with tumor evolution in culture. Analyses of drug response using bladder tumor organoids show partial correlations with mutational profiles, as well as changes associated with treatment resistance, and specific responses can be validated using xenografts in vivo. Our studies indicate that patient-derived bladder tumor organoids represent a faithful model system for studying tumor evolution and treatment response in the context of precision cancer medicine.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Organoides/citologia , Organoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Organoides/metabolismo , Medicina de Precisão , Transplante Heterólogo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismoRESUMO
KRASG12C was recently identified to be potentially druggable by allele-specific covalent targeting of Cys-12 in vicinity to an inducible allosteric switch II pocket (S-IIP). Success of this approach requires active cycling of KRASG12C between its active-GTP and inactive-GDP conformations as accessibility of the S-IIP is restricted only to the GDP-bound state. This strategy proved feasible for inhibiting mutant KRAS in vitro; however, it is uncertain whether this approach would translate to in vivo. Here, we describe structure-based design and identification of ARS-1620, a covalent compound with high potency and selectivity for KRASG12C. ARS-1620 achieves rapid and sustained in vivo target occupancy to induce tumor regression. We use ARS-1620 to dissect oncogenic KRAS dependency and demonstrate that monolayer culture formats significantly underestimate KRAS dependency in vivo. This study provides in vivo evidence that mutant KRAS can be selectively targeted and reveals ARS-1620 as representing a new generation of KRASG12C-specific inhibitors with promising therapeutic potential.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Mutação , Piperazinas/química , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Quinazolinas/química , Quinazolinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Design of small molecules that disrupt protein-protein interactions, including the interaction of RAS proteins and their effectors, may provide chemical probes and therapeutic agents. We describe here the synthesis and testing of potential small-molecule pan-RAS ligands, which were designed to interact with adjacent sites on the surface of oncogenic KRAS. One compound, termed 3144, was found to bind to RAS proteins using microscale thermophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry and to exhibit lethality in cells partially dependent on expression of RAS proteins. This compound was metabolically stable in liver microsomes and displayed anti-tumor activity in xenograft mouse cancer models. These findings suggest that pan-RAS inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy for some cancers and that structure-based design of small molecules targeting multiple adjacent sites to create multivalent inhibitors may be effective for some proteins.