Impacts of early deprivation on behavioral and neural measures of executive function in early adolescence.

Children reared in institutional settings experience early deprivation that has lasting implications for multiple aspects of neurocognitive functioning, including executive function (EF). Changes in brain development are thought to contribute to these persistent EF challenges, but little research has used fMRI to investigate EF-related brain activity in children with a history of early deprivation. This study examined behavioral and neural data from a response conflict task in 12-14-year-olds who spent varying lengths of time in institutional care prior to adoption (N = 84; age at adoption - mean: 15.85 months, median: 12 months, range: 4-60 months). In initial analyses, earlier- and later-adopted (EA, LA) youth were compared to a group of children raised in their biological families (non-adopted, NA). NA youth performed significantly more accurately than LA youth, with EA youth falling in between. Imaging data suggested that previously institutionalized (PI) youth activated additional frontoparietal regions, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as compared to NA youth. In addition, EA youth uniquely activated medial prefrontal regions, and LA uniquely activated parietal regions during this task. A separate analysis in a larger group of PI youth examined whether behavioral or brain measures of EF varied with the duration of deprivation experienced. Duration of deprivation was negatively associated with activation of default mode network (DMN) regions. Overall, results suggest that there are lasting effects of deprivation on EF, but that those who are removed from institutional care earlier may be able to recruit additional neural resources as a compensatory mechanism.

Unique and interactive effects of threat and deprivation on latent trait cortisol among emerging adults.

Though considerable work supports the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, prior research has not tested whether the dimensions-threat (e.g., abuse) and deprivation (e.g., neglect)-are uniquely related to salivary trait indicators of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity. We examined the unique and interactive effects of threat and deprivation on latent trait cortisol (LTC)-and whether these effects were modified by co-occurring adversities. Emerging adults (n = 90; Mage = 19.36 years; 99.88% cisgender women) provided salivary cortisol samples four times a day (waking, 30 min and 45 min postwaking, bedtime) over three 3-day measurement waves over 13 weeks. Contextual life stress interviews assessed early adversity. Though the effects varied according to the conceptualization of early adversity, overall, threat-but not deprivation, nor other co-occurring adversities-was uniquely associated with the across-wave LTC. Specifically, the incidence and frequency of threat were each negatively related to the across-wave LTC. Threat severity was also associated with the across-wave LTC, but only among those with no deprivation. Finally, the effects of threat were modified by other co-occurring adversities. Findings suggest that threat has unique implications for individual differences in HPA axis activity among emerging adults, and that co-occurring adversities modify such effects.

Foster Care Leads to Lower Irritability Among Adolescents with a History of Early Psychosocial Deprivation.

Irritability reflects a propensity for frustration and anger, and is a transdiagnostic symptom of both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. While early adverse experiences are associated with higher levels of irritability, experiences of early psychosocial deprivation and whether family-based placements can mitigate the impact on subsequent irritability, remain underexplored. The current study examined irritability in 107 16-year-olds with a history of institutional care from a randomized controlled trial of foster care as an alternative to institutional care and 49 community comparison children. At age 16 years, irritability was assessed using parent- and self-report forms of the Affective Reactivity Index. Compared to community adolescents, those with a history of institutional care exhibited significantly elevated irritability levels. Among those who experienced institutional care, those randomized to foster care had lower levels of irritability compared to participants randomized to the care-as-usual group, and this effect persists after controlling for baseline negative emotionality. These findings suggest a causal link between high-quality foster care and lower irritability following psychosocial deprivation. Additionally, longer duration in institutional care and non-family placement at age 16 years were associated with higher levels of irritability, highlighting the role of caregiving in explaining variation in irritability in adolescence. Policies that support long-term, high-quality family placements for children without regular caregivers should be prioritized.

Perceived Social Support and Experiential Avoidance in Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Individual Relative Deprivation and Subjective Social Class.

Based on the integration of ecological systems theory and the risk and protective factor model, the current study tested whether individual relative deprivation mediated the association between perceived social support and adolescents' experiential avoidance and whether this mediation model was moderated by subjective social class. A sample of 582 senior high school students in China participated in the current survey. The results indicated that perceived social support was negatively related to the students' experiential avoidance. Mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of perceived social support on experiential avoidance, via individual relative deprivation. Moreover, the mediation effect of individual relative deprivation was moderated by subjective social class. Specifically, the negative relationship between perceived social support and individual relative deprivation, and the direct relationship between perceived social support and experiential avoidance were stronger for adolescents with low subjective social class. In contrast, the positive relationship between individual relative deprivation and experiential avoidance was stronger for adolescents with high subjective social class.

Effects of early institutionalization involving psychosocial deprivation on cognitive functioning 60 years later: Findings of the LifeStories project.

BACKGROUND: Institutionalization involving psychosocial deprivation affects child development negatively. However, there are few longitudinal studies, and no prospective study has yet examined the consequences of institutionalization in late adulthood. OBJECTIVE: Investigating effects of psychosocial deprivation on cognitive functioning 60 years later. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A population-based survey of institutionalized infants and toddlers was conducted in Switzerland from 1958 to 1961 (n = 387; Mage = 0.93 years, SD = 0.53, 48 % female, 48 % Swiss nationality). In parallel, a comparison group of 399 family-raised children were assessed (Mage = 0.85 years, SD = 0.50, 46 % female, 100 % Swiss nationality). Six decades later, data on cognitive functioning were collected for 88 of the institutionalized group (Mage = 62.63 years, SD = 1.32), and 148 of the comparison group (Mage = 65.06, SD = 1.32). METHODS: Standardized tests were used: the Brunet-Lézine Developmental Test in early childhood and a short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in late adulthood. RESULTS: Formerly institutionalized individuals scored lower on cognitive functioning (d = - 0.67, p < .001), with the greatest difference in working memory (d = -0.78, p < .001). Longer duration of institutionalization increased the risk of lower cognitive functioning, indicating a dose-response effect. Institutionalization's impact on adult cognitive functioning was mediated by early childhood developmental status but not by later educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the early experience hypothesis, indicating that early life conditions have lasting effects on human development, even into late adulthood.

Fathering children aged from 2 to 10: psychometric properties of the IFI-BR-27 / Paternidade com filhos entre 2 e 10 anos de idade: propriedades psicométricas do IFI-BR-27 / Paternidad con hijos de entre 2 y 10 años: propiedades psicométricas del IFI-BR-27

The Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) was developed to examine paternal involvement among men with children from 5 to 10 years of age. However, father involvement affects child development starting in the child's infancy. In Brazil, a revised version of the instrument (called the IFI-BR-27) was developed to use with fathers of children in a wider age group (2 to 10 years). Thus, in this study we aimed to investigate evidence for validity of this revised version based on internal structure, measurement invariance, and evidence of convergent validity. For this purpose, 572 Brazilian fathers completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the IFI-BR-27, and either the Father Engagement Questionnaire (FEQ; for fathers of children in early childhood education settings) or the Inventory of Parenting Practices (IPP; for fathers of children in elementary school). Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated the plausibility of a second-order internal structure for the IFI-BR-27 (χ 2 / df = 3.526; CFI = .937; TLI = .929; RMSEA = .066). Composite reliability for the nine factors varied from .65 to .84. Invariance analyses indicated that the structure is independent of the child's educational setting. Evidence of convergent validity was also found ( r = .67 - FEQ; r = .58 - IPP). Therefore, the IFI-BR-27 is an adequate tool to assess the quality of father involvement for fathers of children in preschool or elementary school. The IFI-BR-27 can contribute to further scientific research, aiding in longitudinal studies, as well as helping professionals to evaluate and encourage specific dimensions of father involvement.(AU)

O Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) foi desenvolvido para avaliar o envolvimento paterno de homens com filhos de 5 a 10 anos. No entanto, envolvimento paterno afeta o desenvolvimento de crianças desde a primeira infância. No Brasil, uma versão revisada dessa medida (chamada de IFI-BR-27) foi desenvolvida para uso com pais de crianças em uma faixa etária mais ampla (2 a 10 anos). O objetivo deste estudo foi, portanto, investigar evidências de validade dessa versão revisada com base na estrutura interna, invariância de medida e evidências de validade convergente. Para isso, 572 pais brasileiros preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico, o IFI-BR-27 e o Questionário de Engajamento Paterno (QEP; para pais com filhos no Ensino Infantil) e o Inventário de Práticas Parentais (IPP; para pais com filhos no Ensino Fundamental 1). Os resultados de análises fatoriais confirmatórias indicaram a plausibilidade de uma estrutura interna de segunda ordem para o IFI-BR-27 (χ 2 / gl = 3,526; CFI = 0,937; TLI = 0,929; RMSEA = 0,066). A confiabilidade composta para os nove fatores variou de 0,65 a 0,84. Análises de invariância indicaram que a estrutura é independente do ciclo escolar da criança. Também foram encontradas evidências de validade convergente ( r = 0,67 - QEP; r = 0,58 - IPP). Assim, considera-se o IFI-BR-27 uma medida adequada para avaliar a qualidade do envolvimento paterno de pais de crianças do Ensino Infantil ao Fundamental 1. O IFI-BR-27 poderá contribuir para melhorias científicas, viabilizando estudos longitudinais e ajudando profissionais a avaliar e promover dimensões específicas do envolvimento paterno.(AU)

El Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) se desarrolló para evaluar la participación paterna en la crianza de hijos de entre 5 y 10 años de edad. Es sabido que la participación paterna contribuye al desarrollo infantil desde la primera infancia. En Brasil, una versión brasileña de este instrumento (la IFI-BR-27) se desarrolló para aplicarse a padres con hijos de un grupo de edad más amplio (de 2 a 10 años). Este estudio tuvo por objetivo comprobar evidencia de validez de esta versión revisada con base en la estructura interna, la invariancia del instrumento y la evidencia de validez convergente. Para ello, 572 padres brasileños completaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el IFI-BR-27 y el Cuestionario de Involucramiento Paterno (CIP; para padres de niños en el jardín de infantes) y el Inventario de Prácticas Parentales (IPP; para padres de niños en la primaria). Los resultados de los análisis factoriales confirmatorios indicaron la plausibilidad de una estructura interna de segundo orden para el IFI-BR-27 (χ 2 / gl = 3,526; CFI = 0,937; TLI = 0,929; RMSEA =0,066). La confiabilidad compuesta para los nueve factores varió de 0,65 a 0,84. Los análisis de invariancia indicaron que la estructura es independiente del ciclo educativo del niño. También se encontró evidencia de validez convergente ( r =0,67 - CIP; r = 0,58 - IPP). Por lo tanto, el IFI-BR-27 es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar la calidad de participación paterna de padres con hijos en edad preescolar o en la primaria. El IFI-BR-27 permitirá un mayor desarrollo científico, permitiendo estudios longitudinales y ayudando a los profesionales a evaluar y fomentar dimensiones específicas de participación paterna.(AU)

Contemporary slave labor and subjectivity: psychosocial perspectives on the enslaved's narratives / Trabalho escravo contemporâneo e subjetividade: considerações psicossociais sobre narrativas de escravizado(a)s / Trabajo esclavo contemporáneo y subjetividad: consideraciones psicosociales sobre narrativas de personas esclavizadas

This study addresses the relation between subjectivity and contemporary enslaved labor from the enslaved workers' narratives in Brazil. A qualitative social research was carried out based on a constructionist perspective. We sought interaction with rescued workers and used (a) participant observation of workers' routine in an institutional project that supports them and a field diary, (b) semi-structured and open individual interviews with workers and a member of the team project. The fieldwork lasted a year and a half and the analysis followed Content Analysis. Freudian theory and Foucault's thought were used for interpretation, which managed to understand aspects of workers' experiences, exploitation characteristics, parental abandonment, as well as the tensions in self-classification as enslaved. The narratives pointed to a dramatic reality manifested in body exploitation, authoritarian abuses, violence, and negligence. At the same time, these narratives showed forms of worker resistance that calls for further investigations to increase knowledge on the subjective experiences of those who were enslaved.(AU)

O artigo aborda as relações entre subjetividade e trabalho escravo contemporâneo a partir da narrativa de trabalhadores(as) escravazados(as). Foi realizada uma pesquisa social qualitativa em uma perspectiva construcionista. Buscamos a interação com trabalhadores resgatados e realizamos a observação participante da rotina de trabalhadores atendidos em um projeto institucional, com diário de campo, e entrevistas individuais (semiestruturadas e abertas) com trabalhadores(as) e equipe do projeto institucional. O trabalho de campo durou um ano e meio, e a pesquisa foi realizada com o suporte da Análise de Conteúdo. Para a interpretação utilizamos aportes da teoria freudiana e do pensamento de Foucault, com os quais foi possível compreender aspectos das vivências dos trabalhadores, características da exploração, abandonos parentais e tensões em torno da autoclassificação como "escravo". As narrativas apontaram uma realidade dramática manifesta na exploração do corpo, em abusos autoritários, na violência e negligência. Ao mesmo tempo, as narrativas evidenciaram formas de resistência dos trabalhadores que convocam mais investigações para adensar o conhecimento sobre as experiências subjetivas desses que estão num lugar de escravizado(a).(AU)

Este artículo aborda la relación entre la subjetividad y el trabajo esclavo contemporáneo desde la narrativa de trabajadores esclavizados. Se realizó una investigación social cualitativa desde una perspectiva construccionista. Buscamos la interacción con los trabajadores liberados y utilizamos la observación participante de la rutina de los trabajadores atendidos en un proyecto institucional, diario de campo y entrevistas individuales (semiestructuradas y abiertas) con trabajadores y miembros del equipo del proyecto institucional. El trabajo de campo duró un año y medio, y se utilizó como apoyo el análisis de contenido. Para la interpretación se utilizaron aportes de la teoría freudiana y el pensamiento de Foucault, con lo que fue posible comprender aspectos de las vivencias de los trabajadores, características del escenario de explotación, abandono parental y las tensiones relacionadas con la autoclasificación "esclavo". Las narrativas apuntan a una realidad dramática manifestada en la explotación del cuerpo, abuso autoritario, violencia y abandono. Al mismo tiempo, evidenciaron formas de resistencia por parte de los trabajadores, que reclaman más investigaciones para profundizar en el conocimiento sobre las vivencias subjetivas de quienes se encuentran en esclavitud.(AU)

Práticas psicológicas nos Creas do interior do RS: o olhar de trabalhadoras(es) / Psychological practices on CREAS in the countryside of the state of Rio Grande do Sul: perspectives of workers / Prácticas psicológicas en CREAS en el interior de Rio Grande do Sul: perspectiva de trabajadoras/es

O presente texto tem o objetivo de explanar ações desempenhadas por psicólogas(os) trabalhadoras(es) dos Centros de Referência Especializados de Assistência Social (Creas), em situações de violência intrafamiliar, identificadas a partir do estude empírico realizado por mim, psicóloga pesquisadora, também trabalhadora de um Creas. Participaram da pesquisa doze psicólogas(os), trabalhadoras(es) destes centros, em sete municípios do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, onde foram realizadas, presencialmente, as entrevistas. A análise dos dados apontou para uma compreensão metodológica a partir de três dimensões já apontadas na bibliografia, sendo elas: a) Acolhida Inicial, que demonstra que esses profissionais geralmente iniciam suas práticas com uma família ou indivíduo indo ao encontro destes, buscando a vinculação dos mesmos com o serviço; b) Acompanhamento Especializado, onde essas(es) trabalhadoras(es) desenvolvem suas práticas com diversidade e criatividade, a partir de visitas domiciliares, trabalhos com grupos, indivíduos ou famílias, geralmente em conjunto com outros profissionais, principalmente assistentes sociais; c) Articulação com a Rede, onde se identificou um importante movimento para o trabalho em conjunto com outros serviços disponíveis no território. Por fim, as considerações finais indicam que ainda há um caminho a ser trilhado com relação à definição das práticas dos psicólogos no Creas. Porém, há muito que se falar a respeito de práticas que já estão ocorrendo. Assim, tornam-se relevantes as pesquisas acadêmicas nesse contexto, pois ao inserir os profissionais psicólogos trabalhadores da política, eles podem promover uma articulação entre a produção do fazer cotidiano e a reflexão teórica e acadêmica sustentada pelas pesquisas.(AU)

This study aims to explore the activities developed by psychologists from the Centros de Referência de Atenção Especializada (CREAS - Brazilian Specialized Social Assistance Reference Centers), regarding situations of intrafamily violence identified by me, the author, a research psychologist and, CREAS worker. Participants include 12 psychologists who work on such centers from 7 cities in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where the interviews were conducted in person. The data analysis pointed toward a methodological comprehension based on 3 dimensions that have already been mentioned in the literature: the Initial Approach, which shows that these workers usually initiate their practices with a family or an individual by going after them, seeking bond development with the service. The Specialized Follow-up, in which these workers develop their practices with diversity and creativity, through home visits and activities with group, family or individual, often with other workers, such as social assistance workers. And the Network Articulation, in which a significant movement toward working with the public services available on each territory is identified. Finally, there is still a path to be taken regarding the definition of psychological practices on CREAS, however, there is much to be noticed of what has already been occurring. Thus, academic research on such context is relevant since the inclusion of psychologists who work in this policy may promote an articulation between daily activity and the theoretical and academic reflection, supported by the research.(AU)

Este texto tuvo por objetivo explicar las acciones desarrolladas por psicólogas/os trabajadoras/es en los "Centros de Referência Especializados de Assistência Social" (CREAS) (Centros de Referencia Especializados en Asistencia Social), respecto a las situaciones de violencia intrafamiliar, identificadas por un estudio empírico hecho por una psicóloga-investigadora que actúa en un CREAS. Participaron 12 psicólogas/os que trabajan en estos centros, en siete ciudades del interior de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), donde se llevó a cabo las entrevistas en persona. El análisis de datos apuntó a una comprensión metodológica de tres dimensiones ya destacadas en la bibliografía: la Acogida Inicial, que enseña que estos profesionales generalmente empiezan sus prácticas con una familia o individuo buscando el encuentro para la promoción de la vinculación con el servicio; El Seguimiento Especializado, en el que desarrollan sus prácticas con diversidad y creatividad desde visitas domiciliarias, trabajos con grupos, individuos o familias, generalmente junto a otros profesionales, sobre todo con trabajadores sociales; y Articulación con la Red de Servicios, en la cual se identificó un importante movimiento para el trabajo con otros servicios disponibles en el territorio. Por fin, se observa que todavía hay un camino por recorrer en relación a la definición de las prácticas de psicólogos en CREAS, aunque hay mucho que decir respecto a las prácticas que ya están ocurriendo. Así, se vuelven relevantes las investigaciones académicas en ese contexto por introducir a los profesionales psicólogos trabajadores de la política, las cuales pueden promover una articulación entre la producción del hacer cotidiano y la reflexión teórica y académica sustentada por las investigaciones.(AU)

Fatores de risco psicossociais no trabalho de gestores: revisão sistemática / Psychosocial Risk Factors in the Work of Managers: Systematic Review

Objetivo. Este estudo objetiva sistematizar e avaliar a produção científica nacional e internacional acerca dos fatores de risco psicossociais presentes no trabalho de gestores e como estes afetam sua saúde. Método. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Foram seguidas as diretrizes do Protocolo PRISMA - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. Resultados. Verificou-se que os gestores estão expostos a riscos psicossociais relacionados às categorias tipo e produção de tarefas e saúde e bem-estar. A exposição a estes fatores de risco pode desencadear alterações físicas e mentais na saúde. Foram identificadas ações de intervenção e seus resultados, bem como a necessidade de desenvolvimento de ações de prevenção e promoção de saúde mental voltadas para gestores.

Objective. This study aims to systematize and evaluate the national and international scientific production about the psychosocial risk factors present in the work of managers and how these affect their health. Method. A systematic review of the literature was done. For its development, the guidelines for conducting a systematic review proposed by the PRISMA Protocol - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses were followed. Results. After the process of refining the results, it was found that managers are exposed to psychosocial risks related to the categories types, and production of tasks and health and well-being. The exposure to these risk factors can trigger physical and mental changes in the health of these workers, requiring prevention and mental health promotion actions.

Recorte temporal dos desafios para implementação da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS) no Brasil: revisão sistemática / Temporal review of the challenges for the implementation of the Psychosocial Attention Network (RAPS) in Brazil: systematic review

A RAPS integra um dos eixos prioritários da Rede de Atenção à Saúde no Brasil. Objetiva-se apontar um panorama referente aos desafios para implementação da RAPS no Brasil. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura por meio de buscas nas bases: Google Acadêmico, Scielo, BDENF, Portal da CAPES, Medline e Lilacs, utilizando-se a associação "Rede de Atenção Psicossocial" e "desafios". Os desafios foram: articulação da rede/efetivação do apoio matricial; recursos materiais e humanos; gestão; assistência tradicional/manicomial e outros. Conclui-se que é primordial que as práticas assistenciais em saúde mental sejam revistas, que profissionais e poder público busquem integrar suas ações e que familiares possam também compor e se reconhecerem como parte importante para o processo do cuidado.

The Psychosocial Attention Network (RAPS) integrates one of the priority axes of the Health Care Network in Brazil. Aim to give an overview of the challenges for implementing RAPS in Brazil. A systematic review of the literature was carried out, by the searching at the bases: Google Academic, Scielo, BDENF, Portal of the CAPES, Medline and Lilacs, using the association "Psychosocial Care Network" and "challenges". The challenges were: articulation of the network/implementation of matrix support; material and human resources; management; traditional/asylum assistance and others. It was concluded that is essential that mental health care practices be reviewed, that professionals and public authorities seek to integrate their actions and that family members can also compose and recognize themselves as an important part of the care process.

Estrés laboral: una revisión de las principales causas consecuencias y estrategias de prevención / Work Stress: A Review of the Main Causes, Consequences, and Prevention Strategies / O estresse no trabalho: uma revisão das principais causas, consequências e estratégias de prevenção

Introducción: El estrés laboral es una enfermedad peligrosa que altera el estado psicológico de la persona, porque genera reacciones y respuestas de tipo emocional, cognitivo, fisiológico y del comportamiento frente a situaciones con alta demanda laboral que sobrepasa los recursos personales y del trabajo. Se considera una problemática de tipo social y económica asociada con factores de riesgo psicosocial y con desencadenantes. Por ello, es fundamental su detección precoz, para evitar sus secuelas y para emplear estilos de afrontamiento. Objetivo: Analizar los referentes teóricos del estrés laboral, teniendo en cuenta sus principales causas, consecuencias y estrategias de prevención en el ámbito laboral. Metodología: Revisión documental disponible en las bases de datos Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Frontiers in Psychology, Academy, Biblioteca Digital, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO y Science Direct, de estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2020 que incluyeran conceptos de estrés laboral, causas, consecuencias y estrategias de prevención. Se revisaron 60 artículos, y para seleccionar la información se aplicó búsqueda, organización, categorización y análisis de 5554 documentos electrónicos. Se excluyeron 6 estudios relacionados con temas específicos del síndrome de burnout. Conclusiones: El estrés es una problemática prevalente en el contexto organizacional que se genera por múltiples factores asociados con las condiciones laborales y personales y origina en el individuo consecuencias fisiológicas y mentales que afectan su desempeño y productividad. De ahí que sea necesario incentivar una cultura preventiva que fomente la salud de los colaboradores.

Introduction: The labor stress is dangerous disease that alters the psychological state of the person, by generating emotional, cognitive, physiological and behavioral reactions and responses to situa-tions with high work demand that exceeds personal and work resources. It is considered as a social and economic problem associated with psychosocial risk factors and triggers, which, it is essential to attach importance to its early detection and thus avoid its consequences, as well as the use of coping styles. Objective: To analyze the theoretical references of work stress, considering the main causes, conse-quences and prevention strategies in the workplace. Methodology: Documentary review available in the databases Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Frontiers in Psychology, Academy, Bibliotheca Digital, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria: works published between 2015 and 2020 that include concepts of work stress, causes, consequences and prevention strategies. 60 articles were reviewed to select the information, a search, organization, categorization and analysis of 5554 electronic documents were applied, 6 studies related to specific topics of Burnout syndrome were excluded. Conclusions: Stress is a prevalent problem in the organizational context that is generated by multiple factors associated with the work and personal conditions, originating in the individual consequences of physiological and mental type affecting the performance and the productivity, being necessary to stimulate a preventive culture that promotes the health of the collaborators.

Introdução: O estresse relacionado ao trabalho é uma doença perigosa que altera o estado psicoló-gico da pessoa, pois gera reações emocionais, cognitivas, fisiológicas, comportamentais e respostas a situações com altas exigências de trabalho que excedem os recursos pessoais e de trabalho. É conside-rado um problema social e econômico associados a fatores de risco psicossociais e desencadeadores. É, portanto, essencial detectá-lo cedo, para evitar suas consequências e usar estilos de enfrentamento. Objetivo: Analisar as referências teóricas do estresse relacionado ao trabalho, levando em conta suas principais causas, consequências e estratégias de prevenção no local de trabalho. Metodologia: revisão documental disponível nas bases de dados Epistemonikos, ProQuest, Frontiers in Psychology, Academy, Digital Library, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO e Science Direct, de estudos publicados entre 2015 e 2020 que incluíam conceitos de estresse relacionado ao trabalho, causas, consequências e estratégias de prevenção. Sessenta artigos foram revisados, e para selecionar as informações, foi aplicada uma pesquisa onde foram organizados, categorizados e analisados 5554 documentos eletrônicos. Foram excluídos seis estudos relacionados a questões específicas da Síndro-me de Burnout. Conclusões: O estresse é um problema predominante no contexto organizacional que é gerado por múltiplos fatores associados às condições de trabalho e pessoais, e causa consequências fisiológicas e mentais no indivíduo que afetam seu desempenho e produtividade. Portanto, é necessário incentivar uma cultura preventiva que promova a saúde dos funcionários.Palavras-chave: estresse ocupacional; psicossocial; saúde ocupacional; trabalhadores.

Médicos, enfermeras y pacientes: entre las contradicciones, la incertidumbre y las carencias en tiempo de covid-19 en México / Doctors, nurses and patients: dealing with contradictions, uncertainty and shortages during covid-19 in Mexico

Resumen La pandemia de covid-19 puso al descubierto las innumerables carencias que durante décadas han formado parte del inequitativo y fragmentado sistema nacional de salud. Las siguientes reflexiones tienen como propósito central enunciar la fragilidad en la que labora el personal de salud en México, al igual que las contradictorias declaraciones que han acompañado el desarrollo de la pandemia en el país, una conjunción de elementos que han acentuado la incertidumbre frente a la nueva enfermedad y su manejo.

Abstract The covid-19 pandemic revealed the innumerable shortages that have characterized the nation's inequitable and fragmentary health care system for decades. The main goal of the following reflections is to outline the precarity of working conditions for health care personnel in Mexico, as well as the contradictory statements issued as the epidemic developed in the country, a combination of factors that magnified uncertainty about the new disease and how to deal with it.

Necessidades pessoais de enfermeiros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em Mato Grosso / Personal needs of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mato Grosso / Necesidades personales de enfermeras durante la pandemia da COVID-19 em Mato Grosso

Objetivo: Identificar as necessidades pessoais de Enfermeiros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em Mato Grosso. Método: estudo exploratório e qualitativo, realizado em abril de 2020, com Enfermeiros do estado de Mato Grosso. Utilizou-se o discurso do sujeito coletivo e a Teoria das Necessidades Humanas de Maslow. Resultados: Os participantes apresentaram necessidades intermediárias (segurança e sociais) quanto as categorias da teoria de Maslow. Em relação aos discursos foram obtidas quatro ideias centrais: autocuidado, necessidade de afeto, compreensão do distanciamento e prejuízos na relação conjugal. Conclusões: As necessidades pessoais dos Enfermeiros refletem o impacto das medidas protetivas recomendadas durante a pandemia da COVID-19 tanto no contexto laboral como familiar. Descritores: Pandemias; Coronavirus; Pessoal de Saúde; Carência Psicossocial.(AU)

Objective: To identify the personal needs of Nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mato Grosso. Method: exploratory and qualitative study, conducted in April 2020, with Nurses from the state of Mato Grosso. The collective subject discourse and Maslow Theory of Human Needs were used. Results: The participants presented intermediate needs (security and social) regarding the categories of Maslow theory. Regarding the speeches, four central ideas were obtained: self-care, need for affection, understanding of distance and losses in the marital relationship. Conclusions: Nurse personal needs reflect the impact of the protective measures recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic in both the work and family context. Descriptors: Pandemics; Coronavirus; Health Personnel; Psychosocial Deprivation.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar las necesidades personales de las Enfermeras durante la pandemia da COVID-19 en Mato Grosso. Metodo: estudio exploratorio y cualitativo, realizado en abril de 2020, con Enfermeras del estado de Mato Grosso. Se utilizó el discurso del sujeto colectivo y la Teoría de las Necesidades Humanas de Maslow. Resultados: Los participantes presentaron necesidades intermedias (seguridad y sociales) en relación con las categorías de la teoría de Maslow. Con respecto a los discursos, se obtuvieron cuatro ideas centrales: autocuidado, necesidad de afecto, comprensión de la distancia y pérdidas en la relación matrimonial. Conclusiones: Las necesidades personales de las Enfermeras reflejan el impacto de las medidas de protección recomendadas durante la pandemia da COVID-19, tanto en el contexto laboral como familiar. (AU)

Factores psicosociales asociados a la depresión en gestantes atendidas en un centro materno infantil peruano, 2018 / Psychosocial factors associated with depression in pregnant women treated in a peruvian maternal and child center, 2018

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evidencia reporta que más del 20% de las gestantes peruanas presentan depresión, lo cual acarrea complicaciones maternas y problemas neurológicos en el infante. OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores psicosociales que se asocian a la depresión durante el embarazo. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles donde participaron 95 gestantes atendidas en un centro de atención primaria. La depresión fue tamizada mediante el Cuestionario de la salud del paciente (PHQ-9). El análisis bivariado se realizó mediante la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson y el multivariado mediante regresión logística, considerando un nivel de confianza del 95%. RESULTADOS: De las gestantes con depresión, un 57.14% presentó depresión leve y un 36, 73% moderada. Entre los factores asociados (p<0.05) se encontraron el haber presentado un embarazo de bajo riesgo (OR=0.34; IC95%:0.14-0.88), presentar un embarazo no deseado (OR=3.07; IC95%:1.17-8.03), presentar antecedentes de depresión en la infancia (OR=2.72; IC95%:1.04-7.14) y no haber consumido alcohol durante la gestación (OR=0.35; IC95%:0.14-0.89). CONCLUSIONES: Los factores de riesgo para presentar depresión durante el embarazo fueron el haber presentado un embarazo no deseado y antecedentes de depresión durante la infancia, mientras que los factores protectores fueron no haber consumido alcohol durante el embarazo y el considerar a su embarazo de bajo riesgo.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence reports that more than 20% of pregnant women in Peru have depression, leading to maternal and neurological problems in the infant. OBJECTIVE: To identify the psychosocial factors that are associated with depression during pregnancy. METHODS: Case-control study that involved 95 pregnant women assisting to a primary care centre. Depression was screened using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). For bivariate analysis Pearson's and Chi square test was performed and for multivariate logistic regression was used, considered a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: Of pregnant women with depression, 57.14% presented level depression and 36, 73% moderate. Among the associated factors (p <0.05) were having a low risk pregnancy (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.14-0.88), presenting an unwanted pregnancy (OR = 3.07; 95% CI: 1.17-8.03), present a history of depression in childhood (OR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.04-7.14) and have not consumed alcohol during pregnancy (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.14-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for presenting depression during pregnancy were having had an unwanted pregnancy and a history of depression during childhood, while the protective factors were not having consumed alcohol during pregnancy and considering their pregnancy to be low risk.

Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 y la cuarentena en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres viviendo con VIH en Argentina / mpact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown among Men who have sex with Men living with HIV in Argentina

Introducción: Las personas que viven con VIH (PVV) tienen mayor riesgo de complicaciones de salud mental. Para mitigar la propagación del COVID-19 en nuestro país se estableció una cuarentena temprana. Estudiamos el impacto del estrés relacionado con COVID-19 y la cuarentena en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres que viven con VIH (HSHV) en Argentina.Materiales y métodos: Realizamos una encuesta anónima en abril-mayo de 2020. Se incluyeron PVV en seguimiento en una institución privada en Argentina. Se evaluaron la adherencia a medidas preventivas de COVID-19 y al tratamiento antirretroviral, el acceso a recursos, factores psicosociales y el consumo de sustancias durante la cuarentena. Este análisis se centró en los resultados de HSHV.Resultados: Entre 1336 participantes incluidos, 596 se autoreportaron HSHV (mediana de edad de 44 años, RIC 35-52). La adherencia a la cuarentena fue del 96,8%; la pérdida de empleo en el hogar 55,4%. Se observó interrupción en la obtención de medicamentos antirretrovirales en el 4,9% y el 29,9% reportó adherencia subóptima. Los problemas de salud mental fueron frecuentes: depresión (14,1%), soledad (15,6%) y ansiedad (20,2%).Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio evidenció alta adherencia a las medidas preventivas al inicio de la cuarentena y dificultades en el acceso a los servicios de salud. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha comprometido la economía del país; este estudio muestra su impacto en el acceso de los HSHV a recursos básicos. Dado que la salud mental de los HSHV ha sido afectada, la pandemia resalta la necesidad de una visión integral de la salud de nuestros pacientes

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of mental health complications. In order to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in our country, an early quarantine was established. We studied the impact of COVID-19-related stress and quarantine in men who have sex with men living with HIV(MSMLH) in Argentina.Materials and methods: An anonymous survey was conducted between April and May 2020. PLWH in follow-up at a private institution in Argentina were included. We assessed adherence to preventive measures of COVID-19 and antiretroviral treatment, access to resources, psychosocial factors and substance use during quarantine. This analysis focused on MSMLH results.Results: Among 1336 participants included, 596 self-reported as MSMLH (median age 44, IQR 35-52). Quarantine adherence was 96.8%; household job loss 55.4%. Interruption to access to antiretroviral medication was observed in 4.9% and 29.9% reported suboptimal adherence. Mental health problems were common: depression (14.1%), loneliness (15.6%) anxiety (20.2%).Conclusions: Our study showed high adherence to preventive measures during the beginning of lockdown and difficulties to access health services. The COVID-19 pandemic has compromised the country's economy; this study shows its impact on MSMLH access to basic resources. Since MSMLH mental health has been affected, the pandemic highlights the need of a comprehensive approach to our patients' health

Brasil: uma nação contra as suas minorias / Brazil: a nation against its minorities / Brasil: una nación contra sus minorías

O artigo aborda a violência racial e o efeito de pensamento vindo de perspectivas minoritárias sobre o genocídio étnico-racial no Brasil. Ao seguir as pistas de uma perspectiva religiosa afro-brasileira sobre pretos velhos, o artigo sonda uma filosofia do tempo que insiste sobre a persistência atual da escravidão. E se, como parece sugerir a religiosidade afro-brasileira, o sistema de escravidão negra iniciado no século XV não terminou? A primeira seção do artigo esboça uma etnografia para retirar consequências dessa proposição sobre a duração do sistema escravista. Na segunda parte, o artigo articula essa proposição a posicionamentos do ativismo antirracista do movimento negro. Por fim se sugere uma leitura da relação entre a problemática racial e os limites da democracia brasileira (AU)

This paper approaches the racial violence and the effects of the thought of the minority perspectives about ethnic-racial genocide in Brasil. Following the leads of an afro-brazilian religious perspective about the preto velho, the article probes a time philosophy that insists in the endurance of the current slavery. And as the afro-Brazilian religiosity suggests, has the black slavery system, that initiated in the 15th century, finished yet? The first section of the article sketches an ethnography to get to the consequences of the proposition concerning the length of the enslavement system. In the second part, the paper articulates this proposition to place the anti-racist activism in the black movement. Finally, it suggests a possible relation between the racial issue and the brazilian democracy

El artículo aborda la violencia racial y el efecto de pensamiento de las perspectivas minoritarias sobre el genocidio étnico-racial en Brasil. Siguiendo las pistas de una perspectiva religiosa afro-brasileña acerca de los pretos velhos, el artículo indaga una filosofía del tiempo que insiste acerca de la persistencia actual de la esclavitud. Según lo que parece sugerir la religiosidad afro-brasileña, el sistema de esclavitud negra iniciado en el siglo XV ¿ha terminado? La primera sección del artículo esboza una etnografía para retirar consecuencias de esa proposición acerca de la duración del sistema esclavista. En la segunda parte el texto articula esa proposición con posicionamientos del activismo antirracista del movimiento negro. Por fin sugiere una lectura de la relación entre la problemática racial y los límites de la democracia brasileña

Excesso de peso, ambiente percebido e privação social: um estudo da percepção de pais ou responsáveis / Overweight, perceived environment, and social deprivation: a study on the perception of parents or guardians

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a percepção de pais ou responsáveis sobre a proximidade residencial a locais de venda de alimentos, de lazer e de atividade física segundo a privação social da vizinhança e testar associações do ambiente percebido com o excesso de peso de seus filhos. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido com 408 crianças e adolescentes (6 a 15 anos de idade) de escolas públicas de um município de médio porte brasileiro. A coleta de dados ocorreu de 2011 a 2014. Foram determinados a presença de excesso de peso e o tempo de deslocamento da residência dos participantes aos locais avaliados, questionados durante entrevista telefônica com instrumento de pesquisa estruturado. O indicador de privação social adotado foi o Índice de Vulnerabilidade da Saúde. Modelos de regressão logística foram construídos para predizer a proximidade percebida (privação social como variável explicativa) e para avaliar os fatores do ambiente percebido (variáveis explicativas) associados ao excesso de peso (desfecho). Resultados: Moradores de áreas com maior vulnerabilidade social apresentaram chances de percepção de proximidade 50 a 71% menores para supermercados, feiras/sacolões, parques, áreas de lazer/centros comunitários e academias de ginástica, quando comparados a residentes de áreas com menor vulnerabilidade. A percepção de proximidade a parques reduziu em 73% a chance de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes, com Odds Ratio (OR) de 0,27 (IC95% 0,07-0,95; p<0,05). Conclusões: A percepção ambiental sobre a infraestrutura da área residencial pode estar relacionada com a privação social da vizinhança e a presença de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate parents' or guardians' perception of their residential proximity to food retailers, leisure areas, and spaces for physical activity according to neighborhood social deprivation, and test associations between the perceived environment and their children's overweight. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with 408 children and adolescents (6- to 15-year-olds) attending public schools in a medium-sized Brazilian city. Data were collected from 2011 to 2014. A telephone interview using a structured research tool determined the presence of overweight and the walking time between the participants' home and the places evaluated. The indicator of social deprivation adopted was the Health Vulnerability Index. Logistic regression models were constructed to predict the perception of proximity (social deprivation as an explanatory variable) and evaluate perceived environmental factors (explanatory variables) associated with overweight (outcome). Results: Residents of areas with higher social vulnerability showed a probability of perceived proximity 50 to 71% lower to supermarkets, street/produce markets, parks, recreation areas/community centers, and gyms compared to residents of less vulnerable areas. The perceived proximity to parks reduced the chance of overweight in children and adolescents in 73%, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.27 (95%CI 0.07-0.95; p<0.05). Conclusions: The perceived environment of the residential area infrastructure might be related to neighborhood social deprivation and the presence of overweight in children and adolescents.

Satisfacción personal de mujeres en condiciones de vulnerabilidad de Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco / Personal satisfaction of women in conditions of vulnerability of Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco

Resumen Introducción: Las mujeres en condiciones de vulnerabilidad de sectores específicos de la población deben lidiar con circunstancias que ponen en riesgo su autoestima y satisfacción personal con la vida que llevan. Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de satisfacción de las mujeres en condiciones de vulnerabilidad de Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, a partir de la autopercepción que muestran de su situación de vida. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional llevado a cabo en junio de 2016. Participaron 122 mujeres beneficiarias de despensa, que respondieron al instrumento ISPRELEBA. Se comparó el puntaje global de insatisfacción con las condiciones de vulnerabilidad y las variantes sociodemográficas con una prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados: Los sectores vulnerables que mayores niveles de insatisfacción personal presentan son las mujeres solas o en viudez, las embarazadas y en periodo de lactancia, cuyo nivel de estudios no cubre la escuela básica. Conclusiones: Se encontraron escasas iniciativas para atender problemas emocionales de las involucradas. Se sugiere un programa de atención psicológica e integración social que estimule el progreso individual de las mujeres vulnerables.

Abstract Introduction: The vulnerability conditions of specific sectors of population have to deal with circumstances that jeopardize their self-concept and personal satisfaction with their lifestyle. Objective: Evaluate the satisfaction levels of women in conditions of vulnerability in Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco, according to the self-perception of their life situation. Methodology: Correlational descriptive study implemented in June 2016. 122 beneficiary women answered the ISP-RELEBA instrument. The global score of dissatisfaction was compared with the vulnerability conditions and sociodemographic variables with a Pearson's Chi-squared test. Results: The vulnerable sectors with highest personal dissatisfaction levels are lonely women and widows, followed by pregnant and breastfeeding women, whose educational levels do not cover the basic school. Conclusion: There are few initiatives to attend to the psychological problems of those involved. It is suggested a psychological assistant and social integration program which stimulate the individual progress of vulnerable women.

Relación entre característica resilientes y riesgo psicosocial en personas con discapacidad / Relationship between resilient characteristics and psychosocial risk in people disabilities

La discapacidad permanente o transitoria es un indicador que incrementa diariamente a nivel mun-dial, afectando las funciones familiares, sociales, laborales, económicas y psicológicas de las perso-nas. Objetivo: Conocer la relación existente entre las características resilientes y el nivel de riesgo psicosocial en personas con discapacidad. Método: La investigación fue cuantitativa, correlacional, con muestreo no probabilístico. La muestra estuvo conformada por 119 personas con discapacidad física que se encontraban vinculadas laboralmente en 6 departamentos de Colombia. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos, la Escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young adaptada por Novella en 2002 y el Cuestionario de factores de riesgo psicosocial intralaboral forma A y B creado por el Ministerio de la Protección Social (2010). Resultados: Se encontró una relación inversa entre los factores resilientes asociados al nivel de riesgo psicosocial, a menor resiliencia mayor es el nivel de riesgo en las carac-terísticas de liderazgo, en las recompensas derivadas de la pertinencia a la organización y del trabajo que se realiza y en reconocimiento y compensación; sin embargo, a mayor resiliencia mayor es el riesgo en las demandas de carga mental. Discusión: Las personas con discapacidad física vinculadas laboralmente presentan menos riesgos psicosociales intralaborales, considerándose como factor de protección la resiliencia. Ante la carencia de investigaciones sobre el tema es relevante no solo evaluar los riesgos en dicha población sino brindar información a las organizaciones conducentes a generar cambios hacia la inclusión.

Permanent or temporary disability is an indicator that increases daily worldwide, it affects people's familiar, social, working, economic and psychological functions. Objective: To determine the rela-tionship between the resilient characteristics and the level of psychosocial risk in people with disabili-ties. Method: The research was quantitative, correlational with non-probability sampling. The sample consisted of 119 individuals with physical disabilities who were occupationally related in 6 depart-ments of Colombia. Two instruments were used: the Resilience Scale of Young and Wagnild adap-ted by Novella (2002), and the Questionnaire of psychosocial risk factors in professional environ-ments, form A and B, established by the Ministry of Social Protection (2010) were applied. Results:An inverse relationship between the resilient factors associated with the level of psychosocial risk was found. The lower the resilience is, the greater level of risk there is in the characteristics of leadership, rewards derived from the relevance to the organization, the work done, and in recognition found and compensation; however, the greater resilience is, the greater is the risk of mental workload demands. Discussion: Employed people with physical disabilities have fewer psychosocial risks in professional environments, considering resilience as a protective factor. To address the lack of research on this sub-ject, it is necessary not only to evaluate the risks of this population, but also to provide information to the relevant organizations about this subject that contributes to produce changes towards inclusion.

Prevención de la carencia afectiva crónica: nuevos paradigmas en el modelo de familia de acogida temporal / Preventing chronic emotional deprivation: new paradigms in the foster family model

In Chile, most of infants whose biological family is not able to offer them a proper care are referred to a national child protection system and are early institutionalized. During their stay in the hospital and into childcare institution these infants lack of an exclusive and stable affect figure. This situation jeopardizes the child proper neurologic, affective and social development, commonly resulting in Chronic Emotional Deprivation. In this article the authors show a concise review of this concept and propose a novel foster family program, in an attempt to prevent and mitigate the occurrence of this disorder. The proposed program offers psychotherapeutic support and is based on the existence of a foster family having a one-time-only experience with exclusive dedication to just one child. This temporary family does not receive economic retribution and has the possibility to maintain contact with the child after his incorporation to a definitive family. The theoretical differences of the proposed program with the currently ongoing programs are explored and a clinical vignette is shown.

En Chile, la mayor parte de los recién nacidos que no cuentan con los cuidados de su familia de origen son derivados al sistema de protección y sometidos a una institucionalización temprana. Durante el periodo de internación -primero en el recinto asistencial y luego en una residencia para lactantes- el bebé carece de una figura de afecto exclusiva y estable. Esta situación compromete significativamente su desarrollo, siendo habitual en estos casos la presencia de un cuadro de Carencia Afectiva Crónica. Los autores brindan una breve revisión sobre este concepto e introducen un innovador programa de Familia de Acogida Temporal (FAT) que busca mitigar y prevenir el desarrollo de este cuadro. A diferencia de los programas actualmente en curso, se entrega un apoyo psicoterapéutico y se promueve que la familia de acogida temporal realice una única experiencia con dedicación exclusiva a un recién nacido, sin recibir remuneración económica por esta labor y con la posibilidad de mantener el vínculo con el infante después de su integración a una familia definitiva. Para dar cuenta del proceso psicoterapéutico, los autores entregan una viñeta clínica.