Current approaches and future directions for addressing ethics in infant and early childhood mental health.

In this paper, we consider whether the field of infant and early childhood mental health (IECMH) needs its own code of ethics. We begin by describing unique features of infant and early childhood mental health (IECMH) and the diverse strategies that the field has developed to address complex clinical dilemmas, among them workforce development, clinical supports, policy statements, and statements of ethical values. Because of the field's interdisciplinary nature, we also consider how various contributing professions and organizations address ethical issues. While these are important resources that can inform ethical decision-making, we identify some of the limitations of the current approaches. We argue that it is time for the field of IECMH to take an intentional, systematic approach to directly address the complex and unique ethical dilemmas faced by infant and early childhood mental health practitioners, and we grapple with some of the challenges developing such a code might entail. We suggest several avenues for better understanding the scope of ethical issues and ethical decision-making processes in IECMH that could be used to support developing an ethics code that is responsive to the unique and challenging world of infant and early childhood mental health.

En este estudio, consideramos si el campo de la salud mental infantil y la temprana niñez (IECMH) necesita su propio código de ética. Comenzamos describiendo características distintivas de la salud mental infantil y la temprana niñez (IECMH) y la diversidad de estrategias que el campo ha desarrollado para tratar los complejos dilemas clínicos, incluyendo el desarrollo de la fuerza laboral, los apoyos clínicos, las afirmaciones de las políticas, así como las afirmaciones de valores éticos. Debido a la naturaleza interdisciplinaria del campo, también consideramos cómo varias profesiones y organizaciones que aportan contribuciones tratan los asuntos éticos. Aunque estos son recursos importantes que pueden servir de apoyo para la toma de decisiones éticas, identificamos algunas de las limitaciones de los acercamientos en el presente. Sostenemos que es el momento de que el campo de IECMH asuma un acercamiento intencional, sistemático que directamente trate los complejos y distintivos dilemas que enfrentan quienes ejercen en la práctica profesional de la salud mental infantil y la temprana niñez, y nos enfrentemos con algunos de los retos que el desarrollo de tal código pudiera significar. Sugerimos varias maneras de comprender mejor el ámbito de los asuntos éticos y los procesos éticos de toma de decisiones en IECMH con el fin de apoyar un código de ética que tome en cuenta el distintivo y desafiante mundo de la salud mental infantil y la temprana niñez.

Dans cet article nous réfléchissons et étudions si le domaine de la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance (IECMH) a besoin de son propre code d'éthique. Nous commençons par la description des traits uniques de la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance (IECMH) et de la diversité de stratégies que notre domaine a développées afin de faire face à des dilemmes cliniques complexes, y compris pour ce qui concerne la formation du personnel, les soutiens cliniques, les déclarations de principes, et les déclarations de valeurs éthiques. Du fait de la nature pluridisciplinaire de notre domaine, nous évoquons également la manière dont différentes professions et différentes organisations qui contribuent à notre domaine abordent les problèmes éthiques. Sachant que ce sont là des ressources importantes qui peuvent informer nos décisions éthiques, nous identifions certaines des limitations des approches actuelles. Nous faisons valoir qu'il est temps que le domaine de l'IECMH aborde intentionnellement et systématiquement les dilemmes éthiques complexes et uniques auxquels font face les praticiens de la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance, et nous nous attaquons à certains des défis qu'un tel code peut présenter. Nous suggérons plusieurs directions afin de mieux comprendre l'étendue des questions éthiques et des processus de prises de décision éthiques au sein de l'IECMH de façon à soutenir un code éthique qui est sensible au monde unique de la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance ainsi qu'aux défis auxquels il fait face.

Moderating influence of enculturation on the relations between minority stressors and physical health via anxiety in Latinx immigrants.

OBJECTIVES: The Latinx population in the United States has grown rapidly, now standing at over 56 million people. Discrimination and acculturative stress have been found to affect the mental and physical health of Latinx immigrants, yet enculturation has been identified as an important cultural strength for this population. The purpose of this study was to examine the relations among minority stressors, anxiety, and physical health in a sample of Latinx immigrants living in the United States. A secondary aim was to examine whether the direct and indirect effects among these variables were moderated by enculturation (i.e., moderated mediation). METHOD: A community sample of 202 Latinx immigrants completed questionnaires measuring these constructs. RESULTS: Both acculturative stress (b = -1.68, p < .001) and discrimination (b = -1.69, p < .001) yielded direct effects on physical health, as well as indirect effects (b = -.10, 95% confidence interval [-.23, -.01]; b = -.21, 95% confidence interval [-.40, -.08], respectively) through anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Psychologists and allied health care providers are recommended to assess for the impact of minority stressors on anxiety and physical health when providing care to Latinx immigrants. Future intervention research targeting Latinx mental and physical health can consider ways to include innate cultural strengths like enculturation and partner with Latinx cultural centers, churches, and local communities to make enculturation more salient. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Preventing prejudice by preserving the spirit of mental health legislation during the COVID-19 national emergency.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 national emergency activates legislative powers that allow a proportional infringement upon individual liberties. We canvas the complex legal landscape governing mental health consumers in this climate, highlight ethical considerations in application of the law and offer a simple algorithm to navigate this space. CONCLUSION: In times of emergency, it is crucial that we uphold the safeguards embodied within mental health legislation to prevent prejudicial treatment of mental health consumers.

Barriers and facilitators to shared decision making in child and youth mental health: clinician perspectives using the Theoretical Domains Framework.

Shared decision making (SDM) is increasingly being suggested as an integral part of mental health provision. Yet, there is little research on what clinicians believe the barriers and facilitators around practice to be. At the same time, there is also increasing recognition of a theory-practice gap within the field, with calls for more pragmatic uses of theory to inform and improve clinical practice. Using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), a comprehensive, theoretical-led framework, underpinned by 33 behaviour change theories and 128 constructs, clinician perceived barriers and facilitators to SDM are investigated. The sample comprised of 15 clinicians across two sites in England, who took part in qualitative semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Transcripts were analysed using a deductive thematic analysis, and themes were coded under each theoretical domain. Overall, 21 barriers and facilitators for SDM in child and youth mental health were identified across ten domains of the TDF. Under capability, barriers and facilitators were found for knowledge, skills, memory/attention/decision making processes, and behavioural regulation. For opportunity, barriers and facilitators were found for social influences, as well as environmental context and resources. Finally, for motivation, domains covered included: beliefs about consequences, beliefs about capabilities, emotions, and professional role and identity. Findings suggest that a range of barriers and facilitators affect clinicians' abilities to engage in SDM with young people and parents. Interventions which target different domains related to capability, opportunity and motivation should be developed to better facilitate young people and their families in care and treatment decisions.

[Internet and mobile-assisted interventions in mental disorders : Implementation in Germany from an ethical perspective]. / Internet- und mobilgestützte Interventionen bei psychischen Störungen : Implementierung in Deutschland aus ethischer Sicht.

BACKGROUND: Internet and mobile-based interventions (IMIs) for mental disorders are seen by some authors as a step forward to narrow the treatment gap in mental health; however, especially in Germany professionals voice ethical concerns against the implementation of IMIs. The fact that there is broad evidence in favor of IMIs and that IMIs have already been implemented in several countries requires an ethical analysis to answer these concerns. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to tackle ethical issues connected to a possible implementation of IMIs for mental disorders in Germany and to point out possible solutions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted an ethical analysis using the criteria of well-being of patients, non-maleficence, justice, and patient autonomy, based on the empirical evidence. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The ethical analysis showed that IMIs for mental disorders principally have a positive effect on the well-being of patients and have a low risk of impairment. Additionally, IMIs can minimize risk, improve justice, and strengthen autonomy of mentally ill patients. Despite the broad evidence, there are still research desiderates with respect to ethical aspects, e. g. patient information for mentally ill patients.

"Too much too soon, let me out of here!" Psychiatric and obstetric implications of a child's pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Psychiatrists may become involved in circumstances where a child is seeking termination of pregnancy. Potential roles include capacity advice and advocacy, but ethical and legal uncertainties abound. This paper uses illustrative cases, in an Australian jurisdiction, to exemplify the issues. CONCLUSION: Termination of pregnancy at the youthful extreme raises unique challenges for all involved.

The ethics of global psychiatric genomics: Multilayered challenges to integrating genomics in global mental health and disability-A position paper of the Oxford Global Initiative in Neuropsychiatric GenEthics (NeuroGenE).

Psychiatric genomics has the potential to radically improve the prevention and early intervention of serious mental and neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide. However, little work has been done on the ethics of psychiatric genomics-an oversight that could result in poor local uptake, reduced practical/clinical application, and ethical violations in this rapidly developing area of scientific research. As part of the Global Project of the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, the Global Initiative in Neuropsychiatric GenEthics (NeuroGenE) based at the University of Oxford aims to embed ethical inquiry within scientific investigation and engage with fundamental ethical questions around a psychiatric genomics approach to mental and neurodevelopmental disorder. This position paper sets out the core aims of the NeuroGenE research programme and explores the importance of a crosscutting research orientation in this field based on multidisciplinary methodologies which can ensure that efforts to translate and apply global psychiatric genomics in public policy and clinical practice are ethically grounded strategies, respectful of different cultures and contexts.

Ethical Considerations for Mental Health Clinicians Working with Adolescents in the Digital Age.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adolescents' use of digital technologies is constantly changing and significantly influences and reflects their mental health and development. Technology has entered the clinical space and raises new ethical dilemmas for mental health clinicians. After an update on this shifting landscape, including a brief review of important literature since 2014, this article will demonstrate how core ethical principles may be applied to clinical situations with patients, using vignettes for illustration. RECENT FINDINGS: The vast majority of adolescents (95%) across all demographic groups can access smartphones (Anderson et al. 2018•). Technology use in mental health is also expanding, including a proliferation of "apps." While qualitative data from technology experts reports overall positive effects of technology (Anderson and Rainie 2018), concern about its potential negative impact on youth mental health remains high, and an association between technology use and depression is strong. Internet addiction, online sexual exploitation, and accessing illicit substances through the "dark net" pose additional clinical and legal concerns. In this context, clinicians have an ethical responsibility to engage in education and advocacy, to explore technology use with teen patients and to be sensitive to ethical issues that may arise clinically, including confidentiality, autonomy, beneficence/nonmaleficence, and legal considerations such as mandated reporting. New media and digital technologies pose unique ethical challenges to mental health clinicians working with adolescents. Clinicians need to stay abreast of current trends and controversies about technology and their potential impact on youth and engage in advocacy and psychoeducation appropriately. With individual patients, clinicians should watch for potential ethical dilemmas stemming from technology use and think them through, with consultation as needed, by applying longstanding core ethical principles.

Canada Should Retain Its Reservation on the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

The United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2006. When Canada ratified the CRPD, it reserved the right to continue using substitute decision making schemes even if the CRPD was 'interpreted as requiring their elimination'. This was a prescient decision because the CRPD Committee, which is tasked with overseeing the interpretation and implementation of the CRPD, subsequently opined that all legislation supporting substitute decision making schemes contravene the CRPD and must be revoked. The CRPD Committee insists that every person can make decisions with sufficient support and that if a person lacks capacity to make a decision, we must rely on their 'will and preferences'. Many international legal scholars have called this interpretation unrealistic. We agree and, in this article, describe how this unrealistic approach would result in extensive harm and suffering for people with severe cognitive or psychotic disorders. The reader should also be aware that the CRPD Committee also calls for the elimination of all mental health acts and the United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights for the abandonment of the not criminally responsible (NCR) defence.

Introduction to special section doing the "right" thing: Ethical issues in infant and early childhood mental health.

Introducción a la Sección Especial: Hacer lo 'correcto:' Asuntos éticos en la salud mental infantil y en la temprana niñez ética, salud mental infantil y en la temprana niñez, código de ética.

Introduction à la section spéciale: Faire ce qui est 'juste': questions éthiques en santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance.

A guide to community mental health law for district nurses: the right to aftercare.

District nurses frequently provide physical care and treatment to patients in their own homes and care homes who have previously been detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 for the treatment of a mental illness. Such patients are commonly subject to community provisions of the Mental Health Act 1983 and it is important that districts nurses are aware of the implications of these provisions on the patients care and support. In this article the author considers a detained mental health patient's right to aftercare under the Mental Health Act 1983, section 117.

Ethical standards for mental health and psychosocial support research in emergencies: review of literature and current debates.

BACKGROUND: Research in emergencies is needed to understand the prevalence of mental health and psychosocial problems and strengthen the evidence base for interventions. All research - including operational needs assessments, programme monitoring and evaluation, and formal academic research - must be conducted ethically. While there is broad consensus on fundamental principles codified in research ethics guidelines, these do not address the ethical specificities of conducting mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) research with adults in emergencies. To address this gap, this paper presents a review of multidisciplinary literature to identify specific ethical principles applicable to MHPSS research in emergencies. DISCUSSION: Fifty-nine sources meeting the literature review inclusion criteria were analysed following a thematic synthesis approach. There was consensus on the relevance of universal ethical research principles to MHPSS research in emergencies, including norms of participant informed consent and protection; ensuring benefit arises from research participation; researcher neutrality, accountability, and safety; and the duty to ensure research is well designed and accounts for contextual factors in emergency settings. We go onto discuss unresolved issues by highlighting six current debates relating to the application of ethics in emergency settings: (1) what constitutes fair benefits?; (2) how should informed consent be operationalised?; (3) is there a role for decision making capacity assessments?; (4) how do risk management approaches impact upon the construction of ethical research?; (5) how can ethical reflection best be achieved?, and (6) are ethical review boards sufficiently representative and equipped to judge the ethical and scientific merit of emergency MHPSS research? Underlying these debates is a systemic tension between procedural ethics and ethics in practice. In summary, underpinning the literature is a desire to ensure the protection of participants exposed to emergencies and in need of evidence-based MHPSS. However, there is a lack of agreement on how to contextualise guidelines and procedures to effectively maximise the perspectives of researchers, participants and ethical review boards. This is a tension that the field must address to strengthen ethical MHPSS research in emergencies.

Pesticides.

There is growing evidence about the influence of chemical exposures on specific molecular systems and mechanisms involved in cognitive and mental function. Evidence is also emerging about the negative impact of these chemical exposures on mental health, including depression, suicide, and other risks. Despite the growing appreciation of these factors, however, little attention has been paid to the ethical and social implications of their interactions. Drawing on recent work that argues for an environmental neuroethics approach that explicitly brings together ethics, environment, and conditions of the central nervous system, this article focuses on these critical issues for pesticides specifically.

Relationship between positive mental health and appreciation in Korean individuals.

Appreciation is a key component of subjective well-being and may contribute to positive mental health. Few studies have examined relationships between specific aspects of appreciation and the 3 dimensions of positive mental health, and thus, the aim of this study was to identify associations between aspects of appreciation and positive mental health. Appreciation and positive mental health were measured in 266 Korean university students (50% females) using the Appreciation Inventory and the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form. The results obtained showed that Have Focus significantly predicted Emotional Well-being; Have Focus and Loss/Adversity significantly predicted Social Well-being and Have Focus, Expression and Nature/Daily Life significantly predicted Psychological Well-being. The implications of results that might enable positive mental health to be enhanced are discussed.

Opportunities in Reform: Bioethics and Mental Health Ethics.

Last year marks the first year of implementation for both the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act in the United States. As a result, healthcare reform is moving in the direction of integrating care for physical and mental illness, nudging clinicians to consider medical and psychiatric comorbidity as the expectation rather than the exception. Understanding the intersections of physical and mental illness with autonomy and self-determination in a system realigning its values so fundamentally therefore becomes a top priority for clinicians. Yet Bioethics has missed opportunities to help guide clinicians through one of medicine's most ethically rich and challenging fields. Bioethics' distancing from mental illness is perhaps best explained by two overarching themes: 1) An intrinsic opposition between approaches to personhood rooted in Bioethics' early efforts to protect the competent individual from abuses in the research setting; and 2) Structural forces, such as deinstitutionalization, the Patient Rights Movement, and managed care. These two themes help explain Bioethics' relationship to mental health ethics and may also guide opportunities for rapprochement. The potential role for Bioethics may have the greatest implications for international human rights if bioethicists can re-energize an understanding of autonomy as not only free from abusive intrusions but also with rights to treatment and other fundamental necessities for restoring freedom of choice and self-determination. Bioethics thus has a great opportunity amid healthcare reform to strengthen the important role of the virtuous and humanistic care provider.

Global mental health and neuroethics.

BACKGROUND: Global mental health is a relatively new field that has focused on disparities in mental health services across different settings, and on innovative ways to provide feasible, acceptable, and effective services in poorly-resourced settings. Neuroethics, too, is a relatively new field, lying at the intersection of bioethics and neuroscience; it has studied the implications of neuroscientific findings for age-old questions in philosophy, as well as questions about the ethics of novel neuroscientific methods and interventions. DISCUSSION: In this essay, we address a number of issues that lie at the intersection of these two fields: an emphasis on a naturalist and empirical position, a concern with both disease and wellness, the importance of human rights in neuropsychiatric care, and the value of social inclusion and patient empowerment. SUMMARY: These different disciplines share a number of perspectives, and future dialogue between the two should be encouraged.

Blogging and Social Media for Mental Health Education and Advocacy: a Review for Psychiatrists.

We live in a digital age where information can be found instantaneously via the Internet. Studies have shown that consumers search for much of their medical information on the Internet, particularly utilizing blogs and social media platforms. As the mental health field is riddled with misinformation and stigma, this offers a unique opportunity for psychiatrists and mental health professionals to reach a broad audience for mental health education and advocacy. In this review, we discuss the various methods and techniques for blogging and social media. We then review the current recommendations for ethics and professionalism as well as make recommendations to strengthen our guidance in this new and evolving field.

Behavioral Genetics and the Forensic Mental Health Provider: An Overview.

The area of behavioral genetics has sufficiently entered the area of forensic mental health work that providers should have some working knowledge of the strengths and limitations of these exciting technical advances. Using MAOA as an example, this essay reviews some of the recurring themes in forensic behavioral genetics and suggests additional ways in which the technology might be used in legal matters.