Granulosa cell tumour in a llama (Lama glama).

Hormonally active tumours are characterized by production and secretion of hormones, irrespective of endogenous feedback mechanisms. An adult llama had exuberant oestrous behaviour, infertility, elevated concentrations of oestradiol and a large ovarian mass. Necropsy revealed the presence of two large abdominal masses, one effacing the right ovary and one in the mesocolon. Considering the clinical and histopathological findings, we conclude that the llama was affected by a granulosa cell tumour. The case suggests that granulosa cell tumours in camelids are hormonally active, and the clinical presentation resembles that of other large animal species. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of an oestrogen-producing, metastatic granulosa cell tumour in a llama.

Immunohistochemical expression of HER - 2 and Ki - 67 in granulosa cell tumor in bitches.

Granulosa cell tumour, an ovarian neoplasm of stromal origin, is an important tumour related to oestrogenic dominance syndrome and cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex. In order to analyse ovarian tumour´s malignant potential, immunohistochemical markers can be used, such as anti-HER2 and anti-Ki-67. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of immunohistochemical markers HER-2 and Ki-67 in granulosa cell tumour from bitches´ ovaries. In HER-2 immunomarker analysis using the HercepTest® method, most tumours were classified as 2+ (moderate labelling). Concerning Ki-67 immunomarker, only one case was described as having a high proliferative index. An association was found between immunostained cell percentage by anti-HER-2 antibodies and high pleomorphism, represented by the pattern of follicular/trabecular tumour arrangement. There was no correlation between anti-Ki-67 and anti-HER-2 antibody immunostaining intensities, probably due to only one case with a high Ki-67 index. With an effective protocol for HER-2 and Ki-67 immunohistochemical identification in granulosa cell tumours in bitches, it was possible to characterize this neoplasm proliferation profile.

Ovarian histopathology, pre- and post-operative endocrinological analysis and behavior alterations in 27 mares undergoing bilateral standing laparoscopic ovariectomy.

Determining if ovariectomy will abolish unwanted behaviors can be challenging in mares without ultrasonographic ovarian abnormalities and/or endocrine values not consistent with a granulosa cell tumor. The objective of the study was to identify mares that have a positive improvement in unwanted behaviors after elective standing laparoscopic ovariectomy and to determine if the change is associated with any pre- and post-operative endocrine profiles and/or with ovarian histological findings. During the study period 27 mares underwent a bilateral standing laparoscopic ovariectomy. Pre- and post-operative questionnaires and endocrine profiles, along with ovarian histopathology were performed and data were analyzed. Eighty-nine percent of clients were satisfied with the change in behavior after surgery. There were no significant associations between specific elevated hormones or absent luteal tissue with any specific unwanted behaviors. Pre-operative endocrine values were not predictive of post-operative owner satisfaction but bilateral ovariectomy for the treatment of unwanted behaviors in mares had a high likelihood of achieving owner satisfaction.

Histopathologie ovarienne, analyse endocrinienne pré- et post-opération et modifications du comportement chez 27 juments soumises à une ovariectomie bilatérale laparoscopique en position debout. Déterminer si une ovariectomie éliminera les comportements non-désirés peut représenter un défi chez les juments sans anomalie ovarienne détectable par échographie et/ou ayant des valeurs endocrines non cohérentes avec une tumeur des cellules de la granulosa. L'objectif de la présente étude était d'identifier les juments avec une amélioration positive des comportements non-désirés à la suite d'une ovariectomie élective par laparoscopie en position debout et de déterminer si le changement était associé avec un quelconque profil endocrinien pré- et post-opération et/ou avec des trouvailles histologiques dans les ovaires. Durant la période d'étude 27 juments ont été soumises à une ovariectomie laparoscopique bilatérale en position debout. Des questionnaires pré- et post-opération ainsi que des profils endocriniens et des analyses histopathologiques des ovaires furent réalisés et les données analysées. Quatre-vingt-neuf pourcents des clients étaient satisfaits avec le changement dans le comportement après la chirurgie. Il n'y avait pas d'association significative entre des niveaux élevés d'hormones spécifiques ou l'absence de tissu lutéal et des comportements non-désirés spécifiques. Les valeurs endocrines pré-opération n'étaient pas prédictives de la satisfaction post-opération des propriétaires mais l'ovariectomie bilatérale pour le traitement de comportements non-désirés chez les juments avait un grand potentiel d'obtenir la satisfaction du propriétaire.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Histopathological findings in the early diagnosis of granulosa cell tumour in bitches.

Granulosa cell tumour (GCT) is a majorly observed ovarian tumour in female dogs. It is essential to diagnose GCT in its initial phase before any symptoms occur, as histological and physiological differences may be observed based on the evolution of this neoplasia. This study aimed to analyse the anatomic histopathology of GCT in its initial stage, with findings of ovaries not yet with the suspicion of neoplasms in the Canis familiaris. A sample including 55 ovaries presented GCT in 40 female dogs. The histopathological analysis was performed considering the intensity of pleomorphism, vascularization and inflammatory infiltrate. Furthermore, we evaluated the mitoses count in 10 fields using 40× magnification. Out of the 40 animals evaluated, 62.5% (25/40) presented the tumour in only one ovary. The Call-Exner corpuscle was present in 65% (26/40) of the cases. The follicular histological pattern was present in 52.5% (21/40) of the animals. The presence of the Call-Exner bodies and the degree of tumour cell pleomorphism (p = 0.033) were associated. Moreover, the degree of vascularization and the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate were also related (p = 0.001). In addition, there was a positive relationship between the increase in pleomorphism and the mean age of the animals (p = 0.044). This study confirmed that the appearance of this tumour may precede any clinical symptomatology. In this study, the most frequent histopathological pattern was the follicular. The characteristics of the granulosa cell tumour diagnosed early were poorly pleomorphic cells, low mitotic index and presence of Call-Exner body.

Double ovarian tumour in the mare: Case report.

Ovarian tumours in mares represent 2.5% to 6% of the most frequent neoplasms found in the equine species, with a higher chance of benignity. This study aims to describe a case of two different tumours found in the same ovary of a mare that presented clinical signs of suppressed oestrous cycle during 5 years. After unilateral ovariectomy, the ovary was sent to the histopathology examination which determined a mixed tumour of granulosa cell and leiomyosarcoma. After treatment, the mare returned to oestrus and got pregnant in the next season.

Bilateral granulosa cell tumor in a cycling mare.

A 16-year-old Oldenburg mare was evaluated for stallion-like behavior. The mare had given birth to 2 foals previously. Transrectal palpation revealed bilaterally enlarged ovaries with no palpable ovulation fossa. Ultrasound examination showed both ovaries to have small follicles giving a honeycomb appearance, concurrent with a single large cystic structure in the left ovary (10.2 cm diameter). Serum Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was elevated (95.7 pmol/L), consistent with granulosa cell tumor (GCT). Both ovaries were removed via flank laparoscopy and were evaluated by histopathology, which confirmed bilateral GCT and concurrent presence of fresh luteal tissue, demonstrating the unusual presentation of bilateral granulosa cell tumor in a cycling mare.

Tumeur bilatérale de la granulosa chez une jument en cycle. Une jument Oldenburg âgée de 16 ans a été évaluée pour un comportement s'apparentant à celui d'un étalon. La jument avait précédemment donné naissance à deux poulains. La palpation transrectale a révélé des ovaires élargis bilatéralement sans fosse d'ovulation palpable. L'échographie a indiqué que les deux ovaires avaient de petits follicules à l'apparence de nid d'abeilles ainsi qu'une seule grande structure cystique dans l'ovaire gauche (diamètre de 10,2 cm). L'hormone antimllérienne (HAM) était élevée (95,7 pmol/L), conformément à une tumeur de la granulosa (TG). Les deux ovaires ont été enlevés par laparascopie du flanc et ils ont été évalués par histopathologie qui a confirmé les TG bilatérales et la présente concomitante de tissu lutéal frais, ce qui démontre la présentation inusitée des tumeurs granulosa bilatérales chez une jument en cycle.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Anti-Muellerian hormone concentration in bitches with histopathologically diagnosed ovarian tumours and cysts.

Increased concentrations of Anti-Muellerian hormone (AMH) can indicate a granulosa cell tumour as shown in women, mares and cows. To investigate AMH to differentiate canine granulosa cell tumour from other ovarian pathologies, we evaluated the ovaries of 63 bitches. Blood serum samples were collected before surgery for AMH analysis. Ovaries were submitted for histopathological examination. Fourteen bitches showed normal ovaries. These bitches had AMH values between 0.12 and 0.99 ng/ml. In 20 bitches ovarian cysts i.e., follicular cysts (n = 8), corpora lutea cysts (n = 7), subsurface cysts (n = 5) were diagnosed. These dogs had AMH values of 0.11-2.09 ng/ml. Bitches with small luteinized follicular cysts had slightly higher AMH values than those without ovarian alteration. In 29 cases ovarian neoplasms i.e., granulosa cell tumour (n = 9), epithelial tumours (n = 16), dysgerminomas (n = 3) and one sarcoma were identified. Anti-Muellerian hormone values of bitches with an ovarian neoplasm except granulosa cell tumour ranged from 0.18 to 1.18 ng/ml. The AMH values of bitches with granulosa cell tumour ranged from 1.12 to ≤23 ng/ml and were significantly higher (p < .05) than in all of the other bitches. The cut-off of 0.99 ng/ml gave a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94.44% to diagnose granulosa cell tumour. In conclusion, markedly elevated AMH concentrations in bitches are indicative for a granulosa cell tumour. However, negative testing does not rule out the existence of small one. Differentiation of GCT from luteinized follicular cysts may especially be difficult.

Evidence of Spontaneous Recovery of Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumour in a Heifer: A Retrospective Report.

A 14-month-old Japanese Black heifer was evaluated on Day 0 (D 0) for enlargement of the right ovary (RO). Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) revealed that the RO was markedly enlarged and multicystic, while the left ovary (LO) was small and inactive. The presumptive diagnosis was granulosa-theca cell tumour (GTCT), which was confirmed by markedly elevated plasma anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) of 4.42 ng/ml. Therefore, ovariectomy of the RO was the treatment of choice. The heifer was checked by TRUS and blood sampling on D 42, D 63 and immediately before ovariectomy on D 85. On D 42, TRUS did not show marked changes in either ovary in comparison with D 0. However, on D 63, the RO had transformed into a single cyst, and on D 85, the LO had resumed cyclic activity. The RO was extracted on D 85 by hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariectomy to allow better control. Unexpectedly, histopathology revealed the lesion to be a fluid-filled cystic structure, with no neoplastic proliferation of follicular epithelium that would indicate GTCT. The wall of the cystic structure consisted of collagen fibres and a few degenerated granulosa cells. The retrospective hormonal analysis revealed that the AMH concentrations had markedly dropped on D 63 and 85, which coincided with resumption of cyclicity in the LO. These findings suggest that the GTCT had self-cured and transformed into a cyst-like structure. The heifer then received an oestrous synchronization regime on D 105, was artificially inseminated on D 115 and became pregnant.

Acute pancreatitis following granulosa cell tumor removal in a mare.

Acute pancreatitis is a rare disease in horses and is often associated with gastrointestinal disorders. Accurate diagnosis is challenging due to the presence of nonspecific clinical signs. This case represents the first documentation of acute pancreatitis in a horse following surgery of the reproductive tract.

Pancréatite aiguë consécutive à l'enlèvement d'une tumeur de la granulosa chez une jument. La pancréatite aiguë est une maladie rare chez les chevaux et est souvent associée aux troubles gastro-intestinaux. Un diagnostic exact est difficile en raison de la présence de signes cliniques non spécifiques. Ce cas représente la première fois qu'une pancréatite aiguë est documentée chez un cheval après la chirurgie de l'appareil reproducteur.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

[Haemoabdomen and haemothorax in a cow with metastatic granulosa cell tumor]. / Hämoabdomen und Hämothorax bei einem Rind mit metastasierendem Granulosazelltumor.

This case report describes the clinical, ultrasonographic, pathological and histological findings in a two-year-old Swiss Braunvieh cow with granulosa cell tumor and metastases in the abdomen and thorax. The cow was ill and had tachycardia, coughing, increased breath sounds, positive reticular foreign body tests and a tense abdominal wall. Ultrasonography revealed a massive accumulation of hypoechoic fluid in the thorax and abdomen, and abdomino- and thoracocentesis yielded red fluid indicative of abdominal and thoracic haemorrhage. Because of a poor prognosis, the cow was euthanized and examined postmortem. Multiple nodular lesions were seen in the omentum, liver, spleen and lungs. The left ovary was grossly enlarged and nodular in appearance. Histological examination of the lesions revealed granulosa cell tumour of the left ovary and metastases in the omentum, liver, spleen and lungs.

[Five case reports on granulosa cell tumors in cattle with practical information on diagnosis and possible progression]. / Fünf Fallberichte zum Granulosazelltumor beim Rind mit praktischen Hinweisen zur Diagnostik und zum möglichen Verlauf.

INTRODUCTION: Five cases of ovarian tumors (granulosa cell tumors) in cattle are presented from the patient load of the Vetsuisse University of Zurich and Bern. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the variable development of the illness and to indicate diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities to the practicing veterinarians. Case 1 shows bilateral appearance and the development of malignancy and metastases. The main symptoms in case 2 were the development of the mammary gland in a juvenile animal and the behavior modification due to a hormonal imbalance. The cases 3, 4 and 5 underwent surgery, case 4 restarted reproductive activity resulting in five subsequent pregnancies. The initial presumption is a result of a gynecological including ultrasonographic examination and can be verified by the analysis of Müllerian Inhibiting Hormone in serum. The decision to perform surgery should be done rapidly, as normal fertility can be achieved if the tumor is located unilaterally. Tumor growth and potential malignancy can provoke fatal health issues and also make it impossible to use meat of these animals for consumption.

INTRODUCTION: Cinq cas de tumeurs ovariennes (tumeurs des cellules de la granulosa) chez les bovins sont présentés à partir de la patientèle de l'Université Vetsuisse de Zurich et de Berne. Le but de ce travail était de montrer l'évolution variable de la maladie et d'indiquer les possibilités diagnostiques et thérapeutiques aux vétérinaires praticiens. Le cas 1 montre la possibilité d'une apparition bilatérale avec développement d'une tumeur maligne et de métastases. Les principaux symptômes du cas 2 étaient le développement de la glande mammaire chez un animal juvénile et la modification du comportement due à un déséquilibre hormonal. Les cas 3, 4 et 5 ont subi une intervention chirurgicale, le cas 4 a repris une activité de reproduction avec cinq gestations ultérieures. La présomption initiale résulte d'un examen gynécologique et peut être vérifiée par l'analyse de l'hormone anti-müllérienne dans le sérum. La décision d'opérer doit être prise rapidement, car une intervention chirurgicale pour enlever l'ovaire atteint peut, dans l'idéal, permettre une reprise de l'activité de reproduction. La croissance de la tumeur et la malignité potentielle peuvent provoquer des problèmes de santé fatals et rendre la viande de ces animaux impropre à la consommation.

Successful intra-abdominal resection of a 24 kg ovarian granulosa cell tumor in a Warmblood mare.

Background: Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are the most common ovarian tumors in mares. The classical presentation of a GCT is a unilaterally enlarged ovary appearing as a multicystic honeycomb mass. In rare cases, GCTs cause hemoperitoneum as a result of the rapid growth of the tumor. The clinical diagnosis of GCT is usually based on history, rectal examination, ultrasonographic examination, and serum hormone analysis, and surgical removal of the affected ovary is the treatment of choice. The different surgical approaches are based on the dimension of the GCT. Case Description: A 7-year-old mare was referred to the department for horses due to suspicion of a large colon impaction. The mare presented with clinical signs of colic, fever, and signs of hypovolemic shock. Rectal and ultrasonographic examination showed hemoperitoneum and a honey-comb mass within the abdomen, and a GCT as the cause of an acute hemoperitoneum was diagnosed based on the serum level of anti-Müllerian hormone. After stabilization of the mare, the GCT was removed through a ventral midline incision. Because of the enormous dimensions of the GCT, intra-abdominal partial resection of the tumor using a tenotomy knife was necessary to exteriorize the ovarian pedicle. At 3 months follow-up, the mare was ridden for her intended use. Conclusion: This report provides an approach to an uncommon case of a very large and heavy GCT.

Clinical and ultrasonographic findings of ovarian tumours in bitches: A retrospective study.

A retrospective study was carried out to investigate incidence, clinical signs and ultrasonographic findings of ovarian tumours in a population of dogs referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Perugia (Italy) and Anicura Tyrus Veterinary Clinic (Terni, Italy). The period of study ranged from January 2005 to December 2021. A total of 1910 dogs were affected by neoplasia but only 35 of them (1.8%), of different breeds and ages, were found to have ovarian tumours. Ultrasound of the ovaries was performed based on clinical signs; the diagnosis was achieved after ultrasound findings prompted ovariohysterectomy and ovarian pathologic evaluation In our study, the age of bitches affected by ovarian neoplasia ranged from 3 to 20 years (mean 9.6 ± 3.8). The histopathological findings of ovarian masses identified 16 granulosa cell tumours (GCT) (46%), 7 adenomas (20%), 5 adenocarcinomas (14%), 2 teratomas (6%), 1 leiomyoma (3%), 1 luteoma (3%), 1 tecoma (3%), 1 dysgerminoma (3%), and 1 haemangiosarcoma (3%). In particular, with respect to clinical signs, 69% of bitches showed abnormalities of estrus cycle (short interestral interval, persistent estrus, prolonged interestral interval). The other main clinical signs included abdominal distention, palpable abdominal mass, vulvovaginal discharge, polyuria/polydipsia, mammary masses. When present, the laboratory abnormalities were slight anemia and leucocytosis with neutrophilia. The tumours were ultrasonographically classified as mainly solid: 12/35 (34%) (1 adenoma, 4 adenocarcinomas, 1 dysgerminoma, 1 haemangiosarcoma, 1 leyomioma, 1 luteoma, 1 GCT, 1 tecoma, 1 teratoma); solid with cystic component 13/35 (37%) (9 GCT, 2 Adenomas, 1 adenocarcinoma, 1 teratoma); and mainly cystic 10/35 (29%) (6 GCTs, 4 adenomas). In our study, the ultrasound examination allowed us to suspect ovarian neoplasia in asymptomatic subjects referred for breeding management or for preventive health check. On the basis of our data, we proposed to perform a complete periodic examination of the reproductive system once a year from 6 years. Nevertheless, the presence of ovarian neoplasms found in young subjects, during breeding management, suggest including routine ultrasound examination of the reproductive tract.

Immunohistochemical characterization of nonhuman primate ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors.

This study evaluates the immunoreactivity of 12 sex cord-stromal tumors of nonhuman primates (11 granulosa cell tumors and 1 luteoma). The markers selected are used in the characterization of gonadal tumors in dogs and other species, including cytokeratins AE1/AE3, GATA-4, inhibin-α, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, and vimentin. A normal nonhuman primate ovary was used as a control and to optimize immunolabeling. Staining was graded as follows: 0 (nonstaining), 1+ (< 10% positive cells), 2+ (10%-50% positive cells), and 3+ (> 50% positive cells). Calretinin, GATA-4, neuron-specific enolase, and vimentin were the most consistently expressed markers (12 of 12). Cytokeratins AE1/AE3 were also consistently expressed (11 of 12). Inhibin-α and protein gene product 9.5 were expressed in 8 and 10 sex cord-stromal tumors, respectively. Results indicate that immunoreactivity of nonhuman primate sex cord-stromal tumors is similar to that observed in other species and that calretinin, GATA-4, and neuron-specific enolase are the most consistently expressed markers in nonhuman primate sex cord-stromal tumors.

Granulosa cell tumour in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from German waters.

Neoplastic diseases in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena have rarely been described, and there are no reported gonadal stromal tumours. A 12 yr old female harbour porpoise was stranded on the North Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Necropsy findings included a severe granulomatous pneumonia, pregnancy and a left ovarian tumour. Respiratory insufficiency was the likely cause of death. There was a multinodular mass composed of cords with peripherally palisading cells within the left ovary. The histological and cytological appearance of the neoplasm was suggestive of a granulosa cell tumour; supportive immunohistochemical stains, including those for vimentin, cytokeration, carcinoembryonic antigen, c-kit, chromogranin and α-smooth muscle action, were negative.

Primary ovarian teratoma and GCT with intra-abdominal metastasis in a dog.

This report describes the simultaneous occurrence of an ovarian teratoma and a granulosa cell tumor (GCT) with intra-abdominal metastasis in a 1.5 yr old female Doberman pinscher. At surgery, a 20 cm, smooth, intact mass associated with the left ovary and multiple 1-2 cm irregular masses in the broad ligament were found. The masses were surgically removed and submitted for histopathology. A histologic diagnosis of a teratoma and a GCT with broad ligament metastasis was made. Further treatment was elected by the owner and included two cycles of carboplatin therapy. The dog was euthanized 6 wk postoperatively for signs related to metastasis and dyspnea. Teratoma of the ovary, although it contains derivatives of all three embryonic germ cell layers, rarely presents together with either ovarian epithelial or sex cord-stromal tumors. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of an ovarian teratoma coexisting with a primary GCT with intra-abdominal metastasis in the same ovary in a dog.

Characterization of an incipient granulosa cell tumour in a Holstein cow: Steroid hormone receptors and coregulators expression.

The objective of this study was to describe a case of a granulosa cell tumour (GCT) of incipient formation and to characterize it by its immunohistochemical pattern and hormonal profile. The case presented corresponds to a 7-year-old Holstein cow without reproductive disorders. No alterations were observed at rectal palpation, neither in the ultrasonography nor in the hormonal profile. A GCT concomitant with normal follicular development was diagnosed. Through a panel of immunohistochemical markers, a highly differentiated pattern could be determined in the GCT, which preserves the expression of steroid receptors (ESR1, ESR2 and PR) typical of granulosa cells, but does not express the enzymes for the synthesis of androgens (CYP17A1) and oestrogens (CYP19A1). In addition, the expression of co-regulators of steroid hormone receptors and neuroendocrine markers was described for the first time in a GCT in cattle. These results increase the information about GCTs in cattle before the ovarian function is compromised.

Ovarian granulosa cell tumor in a Persian cat: Case report from Tripoli, Libya.

Background: Ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are common neoplasms in domestic animals that originate from the sex-cord stromal cells of the ovary. The aim of the present paper was to report a case of ovarian GCT in a 5-year-old Persian female cat and to describe the histopathological pattern of this tumor. Case Description: The cat was brought for a routine diagnostic examination for pregnancy at Albaittar clinic in Tripoli, Libya with a history of 1 month mating before it was brought to the clinic for investigation of progressive behavioral changes. The cat external examination showed noticeable enlargement in the abdomen that was potentially suspected of pregnancy; however, the abdominal ultrasonography showed a great mass located on the right ovary. A therapeutic ovariohysterectomy was performed. The cat's clinical signs resolved, 6 months later it was diagnosed with a mass on the right kidney suspected as metastasis and one week later the cat died. Conclusion: In this case, macroscopic and microscopic studies are discussed and histopathological examination confirmed ovarian GCT with cystic endometrial hyperplasia and suspected metastasis in one kidney.

Comparison of anti-Müllerian hormone and inhibin immunolabeling in canine and equine granulosa cell tumors.

Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are common ovarian neoplasms in the mare and bitch that can be challenging to diagnose on histopathology. Inhibin has long been the standard immunohistochemical (IHC) marker for GCTs; however, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has not been evaluated widely as an IHC marker in the bitch and mare. We compared the efficacy of AMH and inhibin as IHC markers in canine and equine GCTs. We selected retrospectively 18 equine and 15 canine cases. All equine tumors were dominated by a cystic pattern; canine tumors often had solid patterns. Both inhibin and AMH had similar punctate cytoplasmic patterns of immunolabeling, although labeling intensity was variable; distribution and intensity of labeling were unrelated to the histomorphologic pattern. Labeling for AMH occurred in 12 of 15 canine and 18 of 18 equine cases. Labeling for inhibin occurred in 15 of 15 canine and 18 of 18 equine cases. AMH in equine GCTs often had stronger immunolabeling than inhibin, and granulosa cells were labeled more extensively. Inhibin and AMH performed comparably in bitches, but AMH had more diffuse immunolabeling than inhibin in mares.

Two atypical cases of granulosa cell tumours in Belgian Blue heifers.

This paper describes two atypical cases of granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) in Belgian Blue heifers. In the first case, an 18-month-old heifer died after ovariectomy, and a granulosa-theca cell tumour was diagnosed post-mortem. The second heifer (31 months of age) was near term and was successfully treated surgically for a malignant granulosa cell tumour. Unfortunately, no further reproductive data are available, as the heifer was sold for slaughter. This is the first report describing GCTs in Belgian Blue beef cattle.