Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus RNA in blood donors with anti-hepatitis C virus reactivity in Rwanda.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of severe liver disease worldwide and is highly endemic in Africa, where it often has nosocomial spread. Little is known on the HCV prevalence, risk for transfusion-transmitted HCV, and circulating genotypes in Rwanda. This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of anti-HCV among blood donors from all regions of the country and genetically characterize identified HCV strains. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data on anti-HCV reactivity for all 45,061 Rwandan blood donations during 2014 were compiled. Samples from 720 blood donors were reanalyzed for anti-HCV in Sweden. Line immunoassay INNO-LIA HCV and detection of HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction were used to confirm anti-HCV reactivity. The NS5B and core regions were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was performed. RESULTS: The anti-HCV prevalence among all first-time blood donors was 1.6%, with the highest occurrence in donors from the eastern region. On further analysis, only 25 of 120 primarily anti-HCV-reactive samples could be confirmed reactive and 15 samples had indeterminate results by INNO-LIA. Confirmed reactivity was more common among females than males (p = 0.03) with no regional difference. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed a predominance of subtypes 4k, 4q, and 4r, with no geographical difference in their distribution. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anti-HCV among Rwandan blood donors has probably been overestimated previously due to the high rate of nonconfirmable anti-HCV reactivity. Further study of the involved mechanism is needed to avoid loss of blood products and distress for blood donors and other test recipients.