Investigation of cytotoxic cadmium in aquatic green algae by synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Role of dissolved organic matter.

ABSTRACT

The heavy metal Cd can cause severe toxicity on aquatic algae, but there are few studies on the cytotoxicity of heavy metal on algae based on synchrotron radiation technology. In this study, synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy (SR-FTIR) was used to characterize in vivo the toxic effects of Cd on Cosmarium sp. cells, emphasizing the influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on Cd toxicity. Results showed that, in the absence of DOM, obvious growth inhibition, cell volume reduction, and photosynthesis disruption could be observed with increasing Cd concentrations (0-500 µg/L). Based on the SR-FTIR imaging and functional group quantification, it was shown that the biosynthesis of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates was inhibited in algal cells. However, the addition of DOM caused significant heterogeneities in biomacromolecule biosynthesis that an increased biosynthesis of carbohydrates and structural lipids but an inhibited biosynthesis of proteins and storage lipids were observed. Furthermore, the correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed a good correlation between v(C-OH)/Amide II and biochemical parameters, indicating that changes of carbohydrates could be used as the biomarker to indicate the cytotoxicity of heavy metals to algal cells. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of heavy metal cytotoxicity to aquatic algae and systematic cytotoxicity assessment under various aquatic conditions.