Phylogenetic relationships of the poorly known treefrog Boana hobbsi (Cochran amp; Goin, 1970) (Anura: Hylidae), systematic implications and remarks on morphological variations and geographic distribution.

Boana hobbsi is a poorly known hylid frog currently placed within the Boana punctata group. Yet, morphological, ecological and bioacoustic traits do not support this placement, with no molecular data being available to date to test this hypothesis. Based on newly collected mitochondrial DNA sequences, morphological data review and field observations, we provide new insight into the phylogenetic relationships, morphological variations and geographic distribution of B. hobbsi. Our findings reveal that B. hobbsi is nested (with strong support) within the Boana benitezi group, recovering once more a polyphyletic Boana punctata group. Supported by this new genetic, morphological and ecological evidence, we propose a new taxonomic arrangement which includes B. hobbsi as a member of the Boana benitezi group. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of conducting biological inventories in remote Amazonian areas, where many taxonomic and geographic knowledge gaps persist with regards to Amphibian diversity.

A New Species of Cosmocercoides (Ascaridida: Cosmocercidae) Parasitic in Tree Frogs from Southern Amazonia.

Cosmocercoides meridionalis n. sp. is described from the large and small intestines of 5 species of tree frogs belonging to the families Hylidae and Phyllomedusidae collected from 2 localities in Southern Amazonia. The new species is allocated to the genus Cosmocercoides Wilkie, 1930, due to the presence of papillae in rosettes, which are complex caudal papillae surrounded by punctuations. Cosmocercoides meridionalis n. sp. differs from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: the absence of the gubernaculum, the total length of the female (twice the size of the male), and the presence of 26 rosette papillae with a unique arrangement and distribution pattern: 11 pre-cloacal pairs, 1 ad-cloacal pair, and 1 post-cloacal pair. This is the first species of the genus described from the Amazonia region.

Nematodes of Proceratophrys ararype (Anura: Odontophrynidae), an endemic frog from the Araripe Plateau, northeastern Brazil / Nematódeos de Proceratophrys ararype (Anura: Odontophrynidae), um sapo endêmico do Planalto do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil

Abstract: Parasites are an important component of the global biomass, having significant roles in several regulatory mechanisms in the ecosystem. Parasitism is one of the most common ecological interactions on the planet. Studies have shown that the helminth fauna of only 8% of amphibian species in Brazil have been studied, and this percentage is lower for the Odontophrynidae family, with only four of the 50 species kown to occur in Brazil having been investigated. Here, we present the helminth fauna of Proceratophrys ararype, an anuran endemic to the "Brejo de Altitude" Chapada do Araripe (Araripe Plateau), northeastern Brazil. The infection parameters analyzed were prevalence, mean intensity of infection and mean abundance of parasites. We used the Pearson's linear correlation coefficient to check the correlations between the abundance of the parasites with the snout-vent length (SVL) of hosts. To verify the degree of aggregation of parasites in hosts, we used the dispersion index. Out of 40 specimens examined, 19 specimens were infected with at least one parasite. The overall prevalence was 47.5% with a mean infection intensity of 18.93 ± 10.77. The endoparasitic community associated with P. ararype consisted of six species of parasites, with Falcaustra mascula having the highest prevalence (25%). Most parasites had a uniform dispersion index in the hosts and their abundance was unrelated to host size. Here, we also present a compilation of all parasites associated with host species of the genus Proceratophrys from South America. Overall, we found 23 species of parasites associated with five host species (P. ararype, P. appendiculata, P. boiei, P. cristiceps, P. mantiqueira). Of these, two species of parasites (Oswaldocruzia mazzai and Strongyloides sp.) represent new records for the genus Proceratophrys. Our results demonstrate the lack of studies on amphibian helminth fauna and fill an important knowledge gap on the diversity of parasites of Proceratophrys ararype, an endemic frog from the Araripe Plateau, northeastern Brazil.

Resumo: Os parasitas são um componente importante da biomassa global, tendo papel significativo em vários mecanismos reguladores no ecossistema. O parasitismo é uma das interações ecológicas mais comuns no planeta. Estudos demonstraram que somente 8% da fauna de helmintos das espécies de anfíbios que ocorrem no Brasil foi estudada, sendo esta porcentagem mais baixa para a família Odontophrynidae, tendo sido investigadas apenas quatro das 50 espécies com ocorrência conhecida para o Brasil. Aqui, apresentamos a helmintofauna de Proceratophrys ararype, um anuro endêmico do "Brejo de Altitude" Chapada do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil. Os parâmetros de infecção analisados foram prevalência, intensidade média de infecção e abundância média de parasitas. Utilizamos o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson para verificar as correlações entre a abundância dos parasitas com o comprimento rostro-cloacal dos hospedeiros. Para verificar o grau de agregação dos parasitas nos hospedeiros, utilizamos o índice de dispersão. Dos 40 espécimes examinados, 19 estavam infectados com pelo menos um parasita. A prevalência geral foi de 47.5% com intensidade média de infecção de 18.93 ± 10.77. A comunidade endoparasitária associada a P. ararype constituiu de seis espécies de parasitas, com Falcaustra mascula tendo a maior prevalência (25%). A maioria dos parasitas apresentaram índice de dispersão uniforme nos hospedeiros e sua abundância não esteve relacionada ao tamanho do hospedeiro. Aqui, nós também apresentamos uma compilação de todos os parasitas associados as espécies de hospedeiros do gênero Proceratophrys na América do Sul. No geral, nós encontramos 23 espécies de parasitas associadas a cinco espécies de hospedeiros (P. ararype, P. appendiculata, P. boiei, P. cristiceps, P. mantiqueira). Destas, duas espécies de parasitas (Oswaldocruzia mazzai e Strongyloides sp.) representam novos registros para o gênero Proceratophrys. Nossos resultados demonstram a carência de estudos sobre a helmintofauna de anfíbios e preenchem uma importante lacuna de conhecimento sobre a diversidade de parasitas de Proceratophrys ararype, um sapo endêmico do Planalto do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil.

A new species of Hastospiculum Skrjabin (Spirurida: Diplotriaenidae) parasite of Xenodon merremii (Walger in Spix) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Northeastern Brazil.

A new nematode species of the Diplotriaenidae is described from the Neotropical region. The species was found infecting the body cavity of the snake Xenodon merremii (Wagler in Spix) collected in the municipality of Barbalha, Ceará State, Northeastern Brazil. Hastospiculum nordestinum n. sp. differs from the congeners by combining the following characters: caudal end ornamented with lateral alae not surrounding the tail end and not connected, supported by eight pairs of pedunculated papillae (three precloacal, one paracloacal, and four postcloacal pairs) and three adcloacal sessile papillae, and left spicule length 719.6-902.4 µm. Besides the description of Hastospiculum nordestinum n. sp., a species list and a dichotomous key to Hastospiculum are provided.

Anurans of Sete Cidades National Park, Piauí state, northeastern Brazil / Anuros do Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, estado do Piauí, nordeste do Brasil

The Sete Cidades National Park is located in the Brazilian municipalities of Piracuruca and Brasileira, Piauí state, in a transitional zone between the Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. Studies on its herpetofauna were limited to anuran distribution notes and a snake checklist. Thus, here we present an unpublished species list of anurans from Sete Cidades National Park, Piauí state, northeastern Brazil. We recorded one of the two highest species richness for all northeastern National Parks, and also increased the geographic distribution of one species in the state of Piauí. Most species observed are common of both Caatinga and Cerrado biomes or have wide distribution in Brazil. The anuran assemblage of Sete Cidades National Park is more similar to those registered at the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, Ceará, Piauí and Maranhão states, and Ubajara National Park, Ceará state. These results increase our knowledge on anuran diversity in northeastern Brazil, providing basic information for management and conservation actions of an important Brazilian National Park.

O Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades está localizado nos municípios de Piracuruca e Brasileira, Estado do Piauí, em uma zona de transição entre os biomas Caatinga e Cerrado. Os estudos sobre sua herpetofauna estão limitados a notas de distribuição de anfíbios e um inventário de serpentes. Portanto, aqui apresentamos uma lista inédita de espécies de anuros do Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, Estado do Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil. Nós registramos uma das duas maiores riquezas de espécies dentre todos os Parques Nacionais do Nordeste, além de aumentar a distribuição geográfica de uma espécie para o estado. A maioria das espécies observadas são comuns em ambos os biomas da Caatinga e Cerrado ou têm ampla distribuição no Brasil. A assembleia de anuros do Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades é mais similar àquela registrada na Área de Proteção Ambiental do Delta do Parnaíba, estados do Ceará, Piauí e Maranhão, e no Parque Nacional de Ubajara, estado do Ceará. Estes resultados aumentam nosso conhecimento sobre a diversidade de anuros no Nordeste do Brasil, fornecendo subsídios para ações de gestão e conservação de um importante Parque Nacional do Brasil.

Redescription of the Amazonian tiny tree toad Amazophrynella minuta (Melin, 1941) (Anura: Bufonidae) from its type locality.

The description of Amazophrynella minuta was published in 1941 by the Swedish naturalist Douglas Melin based on material from Taracuá (Amazonas state, Brazil). This description was very brief and based on the morphology of few specimens with diagnostic characters and color variation not well defined. Moreover, the type series is currently in poor state of conservation. Consequently, taxonomic ambiguity surrounds the nominal taxon A. minuta, which hampers the description of many unnamed congeneric species. Herein, we redescribe A. minuta based on recently collected specimens from the type locality, designate a lectotype, formulate a new diagnosis, provide patterns of morphological variation, measurements and body proportions.

Description of the advertisement calls of four species of Amazophrynella (Anura:Bufonidae).

Amazophrynella comprises 11 small bufonid species with a pan-Amazonian distribution (Fouquet et al. 2012a, b; Rojas et al. 2016, Rojas et al. 2018). All species inhabit the forest leaf litter, breed in seasonal puddles and are diurnally and nocturnally active (Fouquet et al. 2012b; Rojas et al. 2014; 2015; 2016). Until now only one nominal species, A. javierbustamantei, and two putative lineages-A. moisesii (Rio Yuyapichis, Peru) and A. siona (Santa Cecilia, Ecuador)-had their advertisement calls formally described (Duellman 1978; Schlüter 1981; Rojas et al. 2016). Herein, we described for the first time the advertisement calls from additional four species of Amazophrynella.

A Pan-Amazonian species delimitation: high species diversity within the genus Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae).

Amphibians are probably the most vulnerable group to climate change and climate-change associate diseases. This ongoing biodiversity crisis makes it thus imperative to improve the taxonomy of anurans in biodiverse but understudied areas such as Amazonia. In this study, we applied robust integrative taxonomic methods combining genetic (mitochondrial 16S, 12S and COI genes), morphological and environmental data to delimit species of the genus Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) sampled from throughout their pan-Amazonian distribution. Our study confirms the hypothesis that the species diversity of the genus is grossly underestimated. Our analyses suggest the existence of eighteen linages of which seven are nominal species, three Deep Conspecific Lineages, one Unconfirmed Candidate Species, three Uncategorized Lineages, and four Confirmed Candidate Species and described herein. We also propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and discuss its implications for historical biogeography of this Amazonian group.

Influence of habitat heterogeneity on anuran diversity in Restinga landscapes of the Parnaíba River delta, northeastern Brazil.

Anurans have close associations with environmental conditions and therefore represent an interesting vertebrate group for examining how resource availability and environmental variables influence species diversity. Associations between habitat heterogeneity and anuran species diversity were tested in the Restinga landscapes of the Parnaíba River delta in northeastern Brazil. Twenty-one anuran species were sampled in the rainy season during monthly excursions (December 2015 to June 2016) into areas of Restinga on two islands in the Parnaíba River delta. The fourth highest anuran diversity was found in this type of environment in Brazil and is the third in northeastern Brazil. Microenvironments, characterized by a combination of vernal pools with different vegetational and physical structures, better explained anuran species composition in the Parnaíba River delta.

Uncovering the diversity in the Amazophrynella minuta complex: integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) from southern Peru.

A new species of the genus Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) is described from the departments of Madre de Dios, Cusco and Junin in Peru. An integrative taxonomy approach is used. A morphological diagnosis, morphometrics comparisons, description of the advertisement call, and the phylogenetic relationships of the new species are provided. Amazophrynella javierbustamantei sp. n. differs from other species of Amazophrynella by: intermediate body-size (snout-vent length 14.9 mm in males, n = 26 and 19.6 mm in females, n = 20), tuberculate skin texture of body, greatest hand length of the Amazophrynella spp. (3.6 mm in males, n = 26 and 4.6 mm in females, n = 20), venter coloration yellowish, tiny rounded black points covering the venter, and thirteen molecular autapomorphies in the 16S RNA gene. Its distribution varies from 215 to 708 m a.s.l. This discovery highlights the importance of the remnant forest in preserving the biodiversity in Peru, and increase in seven the species formally described in the genus Amazophrynella.

ResumenDescribimos una nueva especie del género Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) del Perú de los Departamentos de Madre de Dios, Cusco y Junin de Peru. Utilizamos un método de taxonomía integrativa. Obtuvimos la diagnosis morfológica, comparaciones morfométricas, descripción del canto de reproducción y las relaciones filogenéticas de la nueva especie. Amazophrynella javierbustamanteisp. n. difiere de las otras Amazophrynella spp. por poseer tamaño medio (Hocico-cloaca en machos 16.9 mm, n = 26 y en hembras 19.6 mm, n = 20); textura de la piel tuberculada; tamaños de las manos mayores (3.6 mm en machos, n = 26 y 4.6 mm en hembras, n = 20); coloración ventral amarillento-pálida, pequeños puntos redondos de color negro en el vientre y por trece autopomorfias moleculares en el gen 16S RNA. Su distribución varía desde 215 m hasta 708 m a.s.n.m. Este descubrimiento resalta la importancia de los remanentes de la selva Peruana en términos de conservación, e incrementa en siete las especies formalmente descritas en del género Amazophrynella.

ResumoDescrevemos uma nova espécie do gênero Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) dos departamentos de Madre de Dios, Cusco e Junin do Peru. Utilizamos um método de taxonomia integrativa. Apresentamos a diagnose morfológica, comparações morfométricas, descrevemos o canto de anúncio e geramos uma hipótese filogenética da nova espécie. Amazophrynella javierbustamanteisp. n. difere das outras Amazophrynella spp. por possuir tamanho médio (Comprimento rostro-cloacal 16.9 mm em machos, n = 26 e 19.6 mm em fêmeas, n=20); textura da pele tuberculada; tamanhos das mãos maiores (3.6 mm em machos, n = 26 e 4.6 mm em fêmeas, n = 20); coloração ventral amarelo-clara, coberta por pequenos pontos redondos pretos e por treze autapomorfias moleculares no gene 16S RNA. Sua distribuição varia entre os 215 m até os 708 m a.n.m. Nossa descoberta aumenta a importância dos remanescentes da floresta Peruana em termos de conservação e incrementa em sete as espécies formalmente descritas no gênero Amazophrynella.

A new species of Parapharyngodon (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) infecting Dermatonotus muelleri (Anura: Microhylidae) from Caatinga, Northeastern Brazil.

Parapharyngodon silvoi n. sp. (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) is described from the large and small intestine of the Muller's termite frog Dermatonotus muelleri (Boettger, 1885) from the biome Caatinga, Exu municipality, Pernambuco State, Brazil, Dermatonotus muelleri is a fossorial species with a specialized termite diet, and feeding and reproductive behavior occurring only during the wet season. The new species is distinguished from other species of the genus Parapharyngodon by showing ovary not coiled around the esophagus, morphology of anterior cloacal lip, spicule size and number of caudal papillae.

Two new species of Amazophrynella (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Loreto, Peru.

Amazophrynella is a taxonomically poorly known bufonid genus with a pan-Amazonian distribution. A large part of this ambiguity comes from taxonomic uncertainties regarding the type species A. minuta. In this study we compare morphological and molecular data of topotypic specimens of A. minuta with all other nomical congeneric species. Based on these comparisons, we describe two new species. The first species, A. amazonicola sp. nov., differs from other recognized congeners by having a tip of snout with a small triangular protrusion (in dorsal and lateral view), spiculated body and basal webbing on fingers I and II. The second species, A. matses sp. nov., differs from congeners by the smallest snout to vent length of the genus, edges of nasal protrusion dilated and elliptical shape palmar tubercles. The two species are allopatric, where the first species is known to be associated with white sand forests (=campinaranas), while the second inhabits upland (=terra firme) forests. Both species are diagnosable by a series of substitutions in the 16S rDNA, and both species are highly divergent from their sister taxa (p-distances range from 7-14%).

Helminths infection patterns in a lizard (Tropidurus hispidus) population from a semiarid neotropical area: associations between female reproductive allocation and parasite loads.

This study reports helminth infection patterns of the lizard Tropidurus hispidus from an area of semiarid caatinga in northeastern Brazil (Ceará state). The lizard population was parasitized by 8 helminth species, and the species composition of the component community resembles that found for other Neotropical lizards. The prevalence of parasites was higher for males compared with females, whereas no relation was found between intensity of infection of 2 parasites (Parapharyngodon alvarengai and Physaloptera lutzi) and the lizards body size. For reproductive females, parasite infection intensity was negatively correlated to reproductive investment.

A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura:Bufonidae) from the southwestern part of the Brazilian Guiana Shield.

Amazophrynella is a genus of the family Bufonidae, currently represented by three species. The type species of the genus, Amazophrynella minuta, however, is a complex of species occurring throughout the Amazonian biome. This group remains problematic taxonomically; the difficulty lays principally in the lack of diagnostic characters in the original description of A. minuta, the lack of molecular data and refined taxonomic comparison of individuals through its wide distribution. We describe a new species of the genus Amazophrynella, distributed in the southwestern part of the Guiana Shield of Brazil based on a series of morphological and molecular characters. The new species differs from others of the genus by presenting a slightly truncated triangular snout, ventral texture covered by many fine granules, white belly covered with black spots and by fifteen molecular autapomorphies in the 16S rDNA fragment. Uncorrected p-distances of a fragment of the 16S mitochondrial rDNA gene revealed high divergence among other Amazophrynella species (9%-14%). Additionally we provide a new diagnosis of topotypic material of Amazophrynella minuta including molecular data. Our results show the existence of a subestimated diversity in the genus Amazophrynella. 

A new six-pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from the coastal zone of northeast Brazil.

We describe a new Amphisbaena from the Brazilian coastal zone at the municipalities of Guamaré and Macau, state of Rio Grande do Norte. The new species, Amphisbaena littoralis sp. nov., is characterized by six precloacal pores, 252-264 body annuli, 30-34 tail annuli with autotomy on the 6th tail annuli, 20-22 dorsal and 21-24 ventral segments to the midbody annulus.

A new species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae) from western Piauí State, Northeast Brazil.

A new species of Pseudopaludicola from western Piauf State, Brazil, in the Cerrado domain is described. Pseudopaludicola parnaiba sp. nov. is a member of the genus Pseudopaludicola, on the basis of the presence of one hypertrophied antebrachial tubercle, posterolateral process of the hyoid outlined and epicoracoid cartilages slightly overlapped. The new species is characterized by an advertisement call composed of 6-46 non-pulsed notes per call and dominant frequency of 4794 ± 296 Hz, which supports an independent lineage. Additionally, the small size, body slender, toe tips knobbed with central groove, abdominal fold complete, tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the posterior border of the eye, and prepollex and prehallux composed of base and one element are character states that distinguish P. parnaiba from all the members of Pseudopaludicola. We provide its formal description with regard to external morphology, osteological characters and advertisement call.

A new species of Cosmocercoides (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from a gymnophthalmid lizard of western Brazil.

A Cosmocercoides sauria n. sp., an intestinal parasite of the gymnophthalmid lizard Iphisa elegans from western Brazil, is described. Of the 18 species previously described, C. sauria represents the 19th species, and is the third to be reported in the Neotropical region. Moreover, C. sauria is the second species reported from a reptilian host and is distinguished by a smaller number of rosette papillae (4 pairs). Additionally, the new species can be distinguished from the other Neotropical species (Cosmocercoides lilloi Ramallo, Bursey and Goldberg, 2007 and C. variabilis (Harwood, 1930)) by possessing smaller spicule size and presence of both gubernaculum and lateral alae in Cosmocercoides lilloi .

A new species of Africana (Nematoda: Heterakidae) from lizards of Southern Amazon, Brazil.

Africana dardanelosi n. sp. is described from the intestine of the lizard Hoplocercus spinosus Fitzinger, 1843 collected from southern Amazon, Brazil. Africana dardanelosi is the third species of the genus occurring in the Neotropical realm and is the tenth species assigned to the genus. From other species of Africana from Africa, and especially from the Neotropical species (A. telfordi Bursey and Goldberg, 2002 and A. chabaudi Baker, 1981), A. dardanelosi is easily distinguished by spicule size (2,157-2,403 microm versus 366-458 microm and 644-869 microm, respectively) and by the number of caudal papillae (13 versus 17 and 10, respectively).