Evaluation of possible COVID-19 reinfection in children: A multicenter clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Although it was originally unknown whether there would be cases of reinfection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as seen with other coronaviruses, cases of reinfection were reported from various regions recently. However, there is little information about reinfection in children. METHODS: In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence and clinical findings of reinfection in pediatric patients who had recovered from COVID-19. We retrospectively evaluated all patients under 18 years of age with COVID-19 infection from a total of eight healthcare facilities in Turkey, between March 2020 and July 2021. Possible reinfection was defined as a record of confirmed COVID-19 infection based on positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results at least 3 months apart. RESULTS: A possible reinfection was detected in 11 out of 8840 children, which yielded an incidence of 0.12%. The median duration between two episodes of COVID-19 was 196 (92-483) days. When initial and second episodes were compared, the rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic disease were similar for both, as was the severity of the disease (p = 1.000). Also, there was no significant difference in duration of symptoms (p = 0.498) or in hospitalization rates (p = 1.000). Only one patient died 15 days after PCR positivity, which resulted in a 9.1% mortality rate for cases of reinfection in pediatric patients. CONCLUSION: We observed that children with COVID-19 were less likely to be exposed to reinfection when compared with adults. Although the clinical spectrum of reinfection was mostly similar to the first episode, we reported death of a healthy child during the reinfection.

Colistin Treatment for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections in Children: Caution Required for Nephrotoxicity.

Objectives: Colistin has come to the fore as a treatment option, especially with the occurrence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections across the world. However, the high nephrotoxic effects of colistin should be taken into consideration in children. The study's primary outcome was to determine the clinical success of the colistin treatment, and the secondary outcome was to detect the side effects related to colistin. Methods: The patients who received intravenous colistin in our hospital's last 5 years were included in the study. In addition to the patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, the clinical success of the colistin treatment, 28-day infection-related mortality of the patients, and side effects of colistin were recorded. Results: A total of 37 patients received colistin therapy during 2015-2019. Four of these patients had colistin treatment twice a year, so we accepted them as separate cases in each infection attack. Therefore, 41 cases were included in the study. The median age of the cases was 26 months (IQR: 4.50-144.50) and 27 (65.9%) were male. Twenty-seven cases (65.9%) had sepsis. The median dose of colistin was 4.2 (IQR: 3-5) mg/kg/day. Among 44 cultures obtained from the patients, the most common microorganism was Acinetobacter baumannii, with 58.5%. The clinical success was detected in 18 patients (43.9%). While overall nephrotoxicity developed in 14 (34.1%) patients, only two of them needed dialysis. Conclusion: Colistin should not be considered the first choice in treating Gram-negative infections but should be kept as salvage therapy in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections across the world. During the treatment process, close monitoring of renal function tests and urinary output were recommended due to the risk of developing nephrotoxicity.

COVID-19 Disease in Presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Multicenter Study of 8886 Cases.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data of children with SARS-CoV-2 positivity by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) together with treatment strategies and clinical outcomes and to evaluate cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in this population. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective observational cohort study performed in the pediatric emergency departments of 19 tertiary hospitals. From March 11, 2020, to May 31, 2021, children who were diagnosed with confirmed nasopharyngeal/tracheal specimen SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity or positivity for serum-specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were included. Demographics, presence of chronic illness, symptoms, history of contact with SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive individuals, laboratory and radiologic investigations, clinical severity, hospital admissions, and prognosis were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 8886 cases were included. While 8799 (99.0%) cases resulted in a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 with PCR positivity, 87 (1.0%) patients were diagnosed with MIS-C. Among SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients, 51.0% were male and 8.5% had chronic illnesses. The median age was 11.6 years (IQR: 5.0-15.4) and 737 (8.4%) patients were aged <1 year. Of the patients, 15.5% were asymptomatic. The most common symptoms were fever (48.5%) and cough (30.7%) for all age groups. There was a decrease in the rate of fever as age increased (p < 0.001); the most common age group for this symptom was <1 year with the rate of 69.6%. There was known contact with a SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive individual in 67.3% of the cases, with household contacts in 71.3% of those cases. In terms of clinical severity, 83 (0.9%) patients were in the severe-critical group. There was hospital admission in 1269 (14.4%) cases, with 106 (1.2%) of those patients being admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Among patients with MIS-C, 60.9% were male and the median age was 6.4 years (IQR: 3.9-10.4). Twelve (13.7%) patients presented with shock. There was hospital admission in 89.7% of these cases, with 29.9% of the patients with MIS-C being admitted to the PICU. CONCLUSION: Most SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients presented with a mild clinical course. Although rare, MIS-C emerges as a serious consequence with frequent PICU admission. Further understanding of the characteristics of COVID-19 disease could provide insights and guide the development of therapeutic strategies for target groups.

SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among pediatric health care personnel after the first peak of the pandemic: nationwide surveillance in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among health care personnel is important to explore risk factors for transmission, develop elimination strategies and form a view on the necessity and frequency of surveillance in the future. METHODS: We enrolled 4927 health care personnel working in pediatric units at 32 hospitals from 7 different regions of Turkey in a study to determine SARS Co-V-2 seroprevalence after the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. A point of care serologic lateral flow rapid test kit for immunoglobulin (Ig)M/IgG was used. Seroprevalence and its association with demographic characteristics and possible risk factors were analyzed. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity prevalence in health care personnel tested was 6.1%. Seropositivity was more common among those who did not universally wear protective masks (10.6% vs 6.1%). Having a COVID-19-positive co-worker increased the likelihood of infection. The least and the most experienced personnel were more likely to be infected. Most of the seropositive health care personnel (68.0%) did not suspect that they had previously had COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Health surveillance for health care personnel involving routine point-of-care nucleic acid testing and monitoring personal protective equipment adherence are suggested as important strategies to protect health care personnel from COVID-19 and reduce nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Are we losing awareness of other infections due to the fear of coronavirus disease-2019 and MIS-C?

INTRODUCTION: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rarely seen severe complication of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Although fever is one of the indispensable symptoms, other infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis during the pandemic. CASE REPORT: An 8-year-old and a 16-year-old female patient were admitted with fever, vomiting, headache. Both had fulfilled the criteria and were diagnosed with MIS-C. However, they both had remarkable persistent costovertebral angle tenderness, which was unexpected in MIS-C. In Case-1, urine analysis showed microscopic hematuria without pyuria, and urine culture showed no bacterial growth. Case-2 had microscopic hematuria and pyuria with Escherichia coli growth in urine culture. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed wedge-shaped hypodense multiple lesions in bilateral kidneys for Case-1, in the right kidney for Case-2. They diagnosed acute focal bacterial nephritis (AFBN). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic criteria of MIS-C can overlap with the symptoms of other severe septic infections such as AFBN, which is a rare urinary tract infection, diagnosed by imaging of localized renal inflammatory mass-like or wedge-shaped lesion. A detailed anamnesis and careful physical examination may help differential diagnosis.

Osteoarticular involvement of brucellosis in pediatric patients: clinical and laboratory characteristics.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of osteoarticular involvement in children with brucellosis. METHODS: A total of 202 pediatric brucellosis patients were evaluated from April 2012 to August 2013. RESULTS: Among the 202 patients, 53 (26.2%) had osteoarticular involvement. In patients with osteoarticular involvement, the mean values of estimated sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (C-RP) were significantly higher than in patients without osteoarticular involvement (p = 0.001, p = 0.01, respectively). The majority of patients with osteoarticular involvement (n = 48, 90.6%) had a higher standard tube agglutination (STA) test titer (≥ 1/640) than patients without osteoarticular involvement (n = 69, 46.3%) (p = 0.001). The most commonly found osteoarticular involvement was peripheral arthritis. The second most commonly found osteoarticular involvement was sacroiliitis (n = 5, 9.4%). Three patients (5.7%) had spondylitis. Only one patient (1.9%) had osteomyelitis. CONCLUSIONS: Osteoarticular involvement was detected in nearly one of every four childhood brucellosis patients in our study. Brucellosis should be considered as a pre-diagnosis in children with osteoarticular complaints, especially in regions where the disease is endemic.

Antifungal consumption, indications and selection of antifungal drugs in paediatric tertiary hospitals in Turkey: Results from the first national point prevalence survey.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this point prevalence survey was to evaluate the consumption, indications and strategies of antifungal therapy in the paediatric population in Turkey. METHODS: A point prevalence study was performed at 25 hospitals. In addition to general data on paediatric units of the institutes, the generic name and indication of antifungal drugs, the presence of fungal isolation and susceptibility patterns, and the presence of galactomannan test and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) results were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 3338 hospitalised patients were evaluated. The number of antifungal drugs prescribed was 314 in 301 patients (9.0%). Antifungal drugs were mostly prescribed in paediatric haematology and oncology (PHO) units (35.2%), followed by neonatal ICUs (NICUs) (19.6%), paediatric services (18.3%), paediatric ICUs (PICUs) (14.6%) and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) units (7.3%). Antifungals were used for prophylaxis in 147 patients (48.8%) and for treatment in 154 patients (50.0%). The antifungal treatment strategy in 154 patients was empirical in 77 (50.0%), diagnostic-driven in 29 (18.8%) and targeted in 48 (31.2%). At the point of decision-making for diagnostic-driven antifungal therapy in 29 patients, HRCT had not been performed in 1 patient (3.4%) and galactomannan test results were not available in 12 patients (41.4%). Thirteen patients (8.4%) were receiving eight different antifungal combination therapies. CONCLUSION: The majority of antifungal drugs for treatment and prophylaxis were prescribed in PHO and HSCT units (42.5%), followed by ICUs. Thus, antifungal stewardship programmes should mainly focus on these patients within the availability of diagnostic tests of each hospital.

Hepatitis A, B, C and HIV seroprevalence among Syrian refugee children admitted to outpatient clinics.

Viral hepatitis is the most common cause of serious health problems such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Leading to immunodeficiency disorders through different mechanisms, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes the development of severe secondary infections. Hepatitis A (HAV) is thought to spread by the faecal-oral route, while Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV are mostly transmitted vertically during childhood. In our study, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HAV, HBV, HCV and HIV among Syrian refugee children who were admitted to outpatient clinics. We conducted a retrospective review of data concerning 171 Syrian children aged between 0-18 years admitted between April 2014 and December 2015 to the outpatient infectious disease clinic of ?zmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital and the social welfare outpatient clinic for Syrian refugees for reasons other than jaundice. Serum samples from patients were studied for HAV antibody IgG (anti-HAV IgG), HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs), antibodies against HBV core antigen (anti-HBc total), HCV antibody (anti-HCV) (anti-HIV) with the ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method. In this study 51% of patients were female, with a mean age of 6.52 years among all patients. Six of the 140 patients (4.2%) scanned for HBV among the patients enrolled in the study were HBsAg and anti-HBc total positive and anti-HBs negative. Three patients (2.1%) were HBsAg negative, and anti-HBc total and anti-HBs positive, which indicated they had previously recovered from an HBV infection. HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc total data for 140 patients (81.9%), anti-HCV data for 109 patients (63.8%), anti-HIV data for 88 patients (51.5%) and HAV IgG data for 86 patients (50.3%) were obtained. Due to migration from regions in Syria where there is no regular follow-up of HBV vaccination in children, HBsAg seroprevalence of refugee children is thought to be higher than in other children in Turkey and anti-HBs positivity is thought to be lower. We expected to see a higher seroprevalence of anti-HCV and anti-HIV in Syria due to the lack of health facilities such as non-regular anti-HCV and anti-HIV screening before blood transfusions and during pregnancy in all regions of Syria. Yet in this study, the anti-HCV, anti-HIV seroprevalence of Syrian refugee children was similar to that in Turkey. According to the results, if the children of asylum seekers are admitted to the national HAV and HBV vaccination schedule, hepatitis infections and their complications may be prevented.

Unrecognized pediatric and adult family members of children with acute brucellosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Brucellosis is an infectious, contagious and zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide. The family members of an index case of brucellosis may be especially susceptible, due to sharing the same source of infection and similar risk factors for brucellosis. In this study, we propose to screen pediatric and adult family members of brucellosis index cases for detecting additional unrecognized infected family members. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 114 family members of 41 pediatric patients with brucellosis were evaluated. All family members completed a brief questionnaire and were tested by a standard tube agglutination test (STA). RESULTS: The majority of family members (n=96, 84.2%) were children. Among the 114 family members, 42 (36.8%) were seropositive, and 15 (35.7%) were symptomatic. The majority of the symptomatic seropositive family members (n=12, 80%) had STA titers (≥1:640) higher than asymptomatic seropositive family members (n=9, 33%; p=0.004). CONCLUSION: The routine screening of both pediatric and adult family members of index cases is a priority in endemic areas. Using this screening approach, unrecognized family members who are seropositive for brucellosis will be identified earlier and be able to receive prompt treatment.

The association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism and lipid levels in children with a family history of premature coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene may modulate lipoprotein metabolism and influence plasma lipid levels. Thus, they have been associated with relative risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism and lipid levels in children with family history of premature coronary artery disease. METHODS: The apoE genotypes, allele frequencie,s and plasma lipid levels were analyzed in 137 children. Among these children, 70 (study group) had and 67 (control group) did not have a parental history of premature CAD RESULTS: Total cholesterol (Tc) levels were greater in the study group (P = .04). The frequencies of ɛ3ɛ4 genotype and ɛ4 allele were significantly greater in the study group (P = 005 for both), Thɛ ɛ2 allele correlated negatively with Tc and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and ɛ4 had a positive correlation with Tc and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS: Tc levels are influenced by apoE genotypes in childhood. Also, the frequency of the ɛ4 allele is greater in children with family history of premature CAD. The ɛ4 allele may be associated with an increased risk for development of atherosclerosis by elevated levels of Tc in children with family history of CAD. The evaluation of apoE gene polymorhisms may contribute to the assessment of cardiovascular risk in children with a family history of CAD.

Brucellosis as a cause of fever of unknown origin in children admitted to a tertiary hospital in the Aegean region of Turkey.

The aim of the study was to determine the role of brucellosis in children with fever of unknown origin (FUO) in the Aegean region of Turkey. For this purpose, the records of all children referred or admitted with diagnosis of FUO to the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ege University Medical School, between 2003 and 2008 were scanned and 92 cases were identified retrospectively. Fifty-eight of these 92 children (63%) were diagnosed with infectious diseases, brucellosis being the most frequent cause (15.2%). Although several other infectious diseases do appear as a cause of FUO, brucellosis should be particularly considered as a differential diagnosis.

The factor V G1691A, factor V H1299R, prothrombin G20210A polymorphisms in children with family history of premature coronary artery disease.

Atherosclerosis, the major cause of coronary artery disease (CAD), has a very long asymptomatic development phase, which begins in childhood. In this study, we describe the factor V G1691A, factor V H1299R and prothrombin G20210A gene polymorphisms in children with a family history of premature CAD. Evidence of these polymorphisms in these children may predict the probability of having atherosclerosis in the future. Our study included a total of 140 children, 72 males and 68 females between the ages of 4.9 and 15.7 years. Among these children, 73 had a parental history of premature CAD and the remaining 67 belonged to our control group. The participants were screened for the mutations factor V G1691A, factor V H1299R and prothrombin G20210A by polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA products with specific oligonucleotide probes. Our results suggested that frequencies of the mutated allele of factor V G1691A and prothrombin G20210A are higher in children with a parental history of premature CAD. In conclusion, factor V G1691A and prothrombin G20210A polymorphisms which were detected in higher frequencies in children with a parental history of premature CAD may indicate a risk for developing atherosclerosis and might be useful in screening for CAD in children; however, large population-based research is necessary to investigate further genetic risk assessment for CAD.

Premature labor and leukoerythroblastosis in a newborn with parvovirus B19 infection.

Leukoerythroblastosis is a rarely observed disease characterized by the presence of leukocytosis, erythroid and myeloid blast cells in peripheral blood. To our knowledge, it had not been diagnosed in a premature newborn before the case we report have.A female baby weighing 1164 grams, who was born prematurely at the 29th week of gestation by Cesarean section was referred to our newborn intensive care unit due to prematurity and respiratory distress with no prenatal pathological findings. Physical examination revealed tachypnea and hepatosplenomegaly. Routine laboratory measurements showed significant leukocytosis (85,000/mm3) and anemia (Hb: 9.6 g/dL and Hct: 27.6%). The platelet count was normal. The peripheral blood smear suggested leukoerythroblastosis with the presence of nucleated erythrocytes, monocytosis, and 4% blasts. Bone marrow cytogenetic examination was normal. Parvovirus B19 Ig G and M serology were detected to be positive. The etiological factors observed in leukoerythroblastosis occurring during neonatal and early childhood period are congenital-postnatal viral infections, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia and osteopetrosis. To our knowledge, no case of leukoerythroblastosis in such an early phase has been reported in the in literature. As a result, premature delivery and leukoerythroblastosis were thought to have developed secondary to intrauterine parvovirus B19 infection. Leukoerythroblastosis is a rarely observed disease characterized by the presence of leukocytosis, erythroid and myeloid blast cells in peripheral blood. It is reported that it can be observed following hematologic malignancies especially juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, acute infections, hemolytic anemia, osteopetrosis, myelofibrosis, neuroblastoma and taking certain medicines. To our knowledge, it has not been diagnosed in a premature newborn before. Here we the case of a newborn who was referred to our intensive care unit due to being born prematurely at the 29th week of gestation and diagnosed with leukoerythroblastosis.