Prognostic value of early sustained ventricular arrhythmias in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A substudy of VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial.

Background: Prognostic assessment of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is based mainly on distinguishing between early (<48 hours) and late arrhythmias, and does not take into account its time distribution with regard to reperfusion, or type of arrhythmia. Objective: We analyzed the prognostic value of early ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in STEMI with regard to their type and timing. Methods: The prespecified analysis of the multicenter prospective Bivalirudin versus Heparin in ST-Segment and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarctionin Patients on Modern Antiplatelet Therapy in the Swedish Web System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence-based Care in Heart Disease evaluated according to Recommended Therapies Registry Trial included 2886 STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). VA episodes were characterized regarding their type and timing. Survival status at 180 days was assessed through the population registry. Results: Nonmonomorphic VT or VF was observed in 97 (3.4%) and monomorphic VT in 16 (0.5%) patients. Only 3 (2.7%) early VA episodes occurred after 24 hours from symptom onset. VA was associated with higher risk of death (hazard ratio 3.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.01-6.42) after adjustment for age, sex, and STEMI localization. VA after PCI was associated with an increased mortality compared with VA before PCI (hazard ratio 6.68; 95% CI 2.90-15.41). Early VA was associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 7.39; 95% CI 3.68-14.83) but not with long-term prognosis in patients discharged alive. The type of VA was not associated with mortality. Conclusion: VA after PCI was associated with an increased mortality compared with VA before PCI. Long-term prognosis did not differ between patients with monomorphic VT and nonmonomorphic VT or VF, but events were few. VA incidence during 24 to 48 hours of STEMI is negligibly low, thus precluding assessment of its prognostic importance.

Bivalirudin versus Heparin Monotherapy in Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: The comparative efficacy of various anticoagulation strategies has not been clearly established in patients with acute myocardial infarction who are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) according to current practice, which includes the use of radial-artery access for PCI and administration of potent P2Y12 inhibitors without the planned use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. METHODS: In this multicenter, randomized, registry-based, open-label clinical trial, we enrolled patients with either ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-STEMI (NSTEMI) who were undergoing PCI and receiving treatment with a potent P2Y12 inhibitor (ticagrelor, prasugrel, or cangrelor) without the planned use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The patients were randomly assigned to receive bivalirudin or heparin during PCI, which was performed predominantly with the use of radial-artery access. The primary end point was a composite of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, or major bleeding during 180 days of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 6006 patients (3005 with STEMI and 3001 with NSTEMI) were enrolled in the trial. At 180 days, a primary end-point event had occurred in 12.3% of the patients (369 of 3004) in the bivalirudin group and in 12.8% (383 of 3002) in the heparin group (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.10; P=0.54). The results were consistent between patients with STEMI and those with NSTEMI and across other major subgroups. Myocardial infarction occurred in 2.0% of the patients in the bivalirudin group and in 2.4% in the heparin group (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.19; P=0.33), major bleeding in 8.6% and 8.6%, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.19; P=0.98), definite stent thrombosis in 0.4% and 0.7%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.10; P=0.09), and death in 2.9% and 2.8%, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.41; P=0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing PCI for myocardial infarction, the rate of the composite of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, or major bleeding was not lower among those who received bivalirudin than among those who received heparin monotherapy. (Funded by the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation and others; VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu number, 2012-005260-10 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02311231 .).

Prognostic Impact of Chronic Total Occlusions: A Report From SCAAR (Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry).

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic impact of chronic total occlusion (CTO) on long-term mortality in a large prospective cohort. BACKGROUND: CTO is present in many patients with coronary artery disease and is difficult to treat with percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: The study population consisted of all consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography in Sweden between January 1, 2005 and January 1, 2012, who were registered in SCAAR (Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry). The patient population was heterogeneous with regard to indication for angiography (stable angina, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI], unstable angina or non-STEMI, and other) and treatment options. The long-term mortality rates of patients with and without CTO were compared by using shared frailty Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for confounders. Tests were conducted for interactions between CTO and several pre-specified characteristics: indication for angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (stable angina, STEMI, unstable angina or non-STEMI, and other), severity of coronary artery disease (1-, 2-, and 3-vessel and/or left main coronary artery disease), age, sex, and diabetes. RESULTS: During the study period, 14,441 patients with CTO and 75,431 patients without CTO were registered in SCAAR. CTO was associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio: 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.22 to 1.37; p < 0.001). In subgroup analyses, the risk attributable to CTO was lowest in patients with stable angina and highest in those with STEMI. In addition, CTO was associated with highest risk in patients under 60 years of age and with lowest risk in octogenarians. There was no interaction between CTO and either diabetes or sex, suggesting an equally adverse effect in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective observational study of patients with coronary artery disease, CTO was associated with increased mortality. This association was most prominent in younger patients and in those with acute coronary syndromes.

Outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention for different indications: long-term results from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR).

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcome for different indications for PCI in an unselected, nationwide PCI population at short- and long-term follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated clinical outcome up to six years after PCI in all patients undergoing a PCI procedure for different indications in Sweden between 2006 and 2010. A total of 70,479 patients were treated for stable coronary artery disease (CAD) (21.0%), unstable angina (11.0%), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) (36.6%) and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (31.4%). Mortality was higher in STEMI patients at one year after PCI (9.6%) compared to NSTEMI (4.7%), unstable angina (2.2%) and stable CAD (2.0%). At one year after PCI until the end of follow-up, the adjusted mortality risk (one to six years after PCI) and the risk of myocardial infarction were comparable between NSTEMI and STEMI patients and lower in patients with unstable angina and stable CAD. The adjusted risk of stent thrombosis and heart failure was highest in STEMI patients. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of short-term mortality, heart failure and stent thrombosis is highest for STEMI patients after PCI. Therapies to reduce stent thrombosis and heart failure appear to be most important in decreasing mortality in patients with STEMI or NSTEMI undergoing PCI.

Chronic total occlusions in Sweden--a report from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR).

INTRODUCTION: Evidence for the current guidelines for the treatment of patients with chronic total occlusions (CTO) in coronary arteries is limited. In this study we identified all CTO patients registered in the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR) and studied the prevalence, patient characteristics and treatment decisions for CTO in Sweden. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between January 2005 and January 2012, 276,931 procedures (coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention) were performed in 215,836 patients registered in SCAAR. We identified all patients who had 100% luminal diameter stenosis known or assumed to be ≥ 3 months old. After exclusion of patients with previous coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery or coronary occlusions due to acute coronary syndrome, we identified 16,818 CTO patients. A CTO was present in 10.9% of all coronary angiographies and in 16.0% of patients with coronary artery disease. The majority of CTO patients were treated conservatively and PCI of CTO accounted for only 5.8% of all PCI procedures. CTO patients with diabetes and multivessel disease were more likely to be referred to CABG. CONCLUSION: CTO is a common finding in Swedish patients undergoing coronary angiography but the number of CTO procedures in Sweden is low. Patients with CTO are a high-risk subgroup of patients with coronary artery disease. SCAAR has the largest register of CTO patients and therefore may be valuable for studies of clinical importance of CTO and optimal treatment for CTO patients.

Thrombus aspiration during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The clinical effect of routine intracoronary thrombus aspiration before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is uncertain. We aimed to evaluate whether thrombus aspiration reduces mortality. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label clinical trial, with enrollment of patients from the national comprehensive Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR) and end points evaluated through national registries. A total of 7244 patients with STEMI undergoing PCI were randomly assigned to manual thrombus aspiration followed by PCI or to PCI only. The primary end point was all-cause mortality at 30 days. RESULTS: No patients were lost to follow-up. Death from any cause occurred in 2.8% of the patients in the thrombus-aspiration group (103 of 3621), as compared with 3.0% in the PCI-only group (110 of 3623) (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 1.22; P=0.63). The rates of hospitalization for recurrent myocardial infarction at 30 days were 0.5% and 0.9% in the two groups, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.34 to 1.07; P=0.09), and the rates of stent thrombosis were 0.2% and 0.5%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.20 to 1.02; P=0.06). There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the rate of stroke or neurologic complications at the time of discharge (P=0.87). The results were consistent across all major prespecified subgroups, including subgroups defined according to thrombus burden and coronary flow before PCI. CONCLUSIONS: Routine thrombus aspiration before PCI as compared with PCI alone did not reduce 30-day mortality among patients with STEMI. (Funded by the Swedish Research Council and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01093404.).

Risk reduction for cardiac events after primary coronary intervention compared with thrombolysis for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (five-year results of the Swedish early decision reperfusion strategy [SWEDES] trial).

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction compares favorably to thrombolysis. In previous studies the benefit has been restricted to the early postinfarction period with no additional risk decrease beyond this period. Long-term outcome after use of third-generation thrombolytics and modern adjunctive pharmaceutics in the 2 treatment arms has not been investigated. This study was conducted to compare 5-year outcome after updated regimens of PPCI or thrombolysis. Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were randomized to enoxaparin and abciximab followed by PPCI (n = 101) or enoxaparin followed by reteplase (n = 104), with prehospital initiation of therapy in 42% of patients. Data on survival and major cardiac events were obtained from Swedish national registries after 5.3 years. PPCI resulted in a better outcome with respect to the composite of death or recurrent myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 0.54, confidence interval 0.31 to 0.95) compared to thrombolysis. This was attributed to a significant decrease in cardiac deaths (hazard ratio 0.16, confidence interval 0.04 to 0.74). The difference evolved continuously over the 5-year follow-up. After adjustment for covariates, a significant benefit remained with respect to cardiac death or recurrent infarction but not for the composite of total survival or recurrent myocardial infarction (p = 0.07). The observed differences were not seen in patients in whom therapy was initiated in the prehospital phase. In conclusion, PPCI in combination with enoxaparin and abciximab compares favorably to thrombolysis in combination with enoxaparin with a risk decrease that stretches beyond the early postinfarction period. Prehospital thrombolysis may, however, match PPCI in long-term outcome.

Cost and health outcome of primary percutaneous coronary intervention versus thrombolysis in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-Results of the Swedish Early Decision reperfusion Study (SWEDES) trial.

BACKGROUND: In ST-elevation myocardial infarction, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has a superior clinical outcome, but it may increase costs in comparison to thrombolysis. The aim of the study was to compare costs, clinical outcome, and quality-adjusted survival between primary PCI and thrombolysis. METHODS: Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were randomized to primary PCI with adjunctive enoxaparin and abciximab (n = 101), or to enoxaparin followed by reteplase (n = 104). Data on the use of health care resources, work loss, and health-related quality of life were collected during a 1-year period. Cost-effectiveness was determined by comparing costs and quality-adjusted survival. The joint distribution of incremental costs and quality-adjusted survival was analyzed using a nonparametric bootstrap approach. RESULTS: Clinical outcome did not differ significantly between the groups. Compared with the group treated with thrombolysis, the cost of interventions was higher in the PCI-treated group ($4,602 vs $3,807; P = .047), as well as the cost of drugs ($1,309 vs $1,202; P = .001), whereas the cost of hospitalization was lower ($7,344 vs $9,278; P = .025). The cost of investigations, outpatient care, and loss of production did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment arms. Total cost and quality-adjusted survival were $25,315 and 0.759 vs $27,819 and 0.728 (both not significant) for the primary PCI and thrombolysis groups, respectively. Based on the 1-year follow-up, bootstrap analysis revealed that in 80%, 88%, and 89% of the replications, the cost per health outcome gained for PCI will be <$0, $50,000, and $100,000 respectively. CONCLUSION: In a 1-year perspective, there was a tendency toward lower costs and better health outcome after primary PCI, resulting in costs for PCI in comparison to thrombolysis that will be below the conventional threshold for cost-effectiveness in 88% of bootstrap replications.

Temporal changes in TIMI myocardial perfusion grade in relation to epicardial flow, ST-resolution and left ventricular function after primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial perfusion at the end of reperfusion therapy assessed angiographically with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) has been associated with recovery of left ventricular (LV) function and survival. The aim of this analysis was to study the evolution of TMPG within the first week following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and its association with ECG-derived ST-segment resolution (STRES) and recovery of LV function. METHODS: A total of 76 patients with acute myocardial infarction were pretreated with enoxaparine and abciximab and subjected to primary PCI within a prospective study and evaluated with TMPG assessed on coronary angiography at the end of the procedure and after 5-7 days. STRES was evaluated at 120 min post inclusion and global LV function was assessed by echocardiography after 30 days. RESULTS: Reperfusion (TIMI flow 2-3) was reached in all patients. Forty one percent had 'open myocardium' (i.e. TMPG 2 or 3) after PCI, a number that increased to 61% after 5-7 days (P=0.003). STRES >50% was reached in 73% of the patients and there was a good correlation between TMPG and STRES. Furthermore, those who improved from 'closed' to 'open myocardium' had higher STRES (and similar to those with 'open myocardium' already post-PCI) than those who had 'closed myocardium' at both occasions (80 vs. 52%, P=0.012). CONCLUSION: A significant increase was found in the number of patients with 'open myocardium' within the first week post-primary PCI and STRES seems to predict this improvement.

Comparison of very early treatment with either fibrinolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention facilitated with abciximab with respect to ST recovery and infarct-related artery epicardial flow in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the Swedish Early Decision (SWEDES) reperfusion trial.

BACKGROUND: Results from a number of studies indicate that primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is superior to fibrinolysis for treatment of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Modern adjunctive antithrombotic treatment with systematic use of low-molecular-weight heparins, fibrin-specific thrombolysis, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors may improve the outcome compared with what was achieved in previous studies. METHODS: Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were randomized to receive enoxaparin followed by reteplase (group A; n = 104) or enoxaparin followed by abciximab and transfer to invasive center for optional PCI (group B; n = 101). Primary end points were ST-segment resolution 120 minutes and TIMI flow at coronary angiography 5 to 7 days after randomization. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of the patients started therapy in the prehospital phase. Time from symptom to treatment was 114 minutes in group A and 202 minutes in group B. Baseline characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. Sixty-four percent in group A and 68% in group B had ST resolution of > 50% at 120 minutes (not significant). At control angiography, 54% in the fibrinolytic group and 71% in the invasive group had TIMI 3 flow (P = .04). At 30 days, the composite of death, stroke, or reinfarction occurred in 8% in the fibrinolytic group compared with 3% in the invasive group (not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Despite much shorter time delay to start of fibrinolysis than PCI, this did not result in signs of superior myocardial reperfusion. Epicardial flow in the infarct-related artery was better after invasive therapy, and there was a trend toward better clinical outcome after this treatment compared with after fibrinolysis.