Effect of Low-dose Ketamine Infusion on Opioid Consumption in Children Undergoing Open Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of low-dose ketamine infusion on the perioperative consumption of opioids in pediatric open cardiac surgery. DESIGN: A randomized, controlled, double-blinded single-center study was conducted. SETTING: The study took place in a tertiary care children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients of both sexes aged 2-12 years who underwent cardiac surgery were included. INTERVENTIONS: Patients in the ketamine group received a bolus of 0.3 mg/kg of ketamine before skin incision followed by continuous intraoperative infusion of 0.25 mg/kg/h and postoperative infusion of 0.1 mg/kg/h for 24 h. Patients in the control groups received volumes of normal saline either bolus or continuous infusion like that of the ketamine group. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was the total dose of fentanyl consumed over the first 24 hours postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative fentanyl consumption, time to extubation, modified objective pain score, and incidence of vomiting, pruritus, diplopia, or hallucinations. A total of 80 patients were recruited but the final analysis was done on 35 patients in the ketamine group and 34 in the control group. Fentanyl consumption during surgery and in the first 24 hours postoperatively was significantly lower in the ketamine than the control group. Patients in both the ketamine and control groups had similar times to extubation. Modified objective pain scores were significantly lower in the ketamine group than the control group. None of the patients in either group had diplopia or hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose ketamine infusion in children undergoing open cardiac surgery reduced intra- and postoperative opioid consumption and postoperative pain scores. Moreover, ketamine did not cause diplopia or hallucinations.

Ultrasound-guided mid-point transverse process to pleura block versus thoracic paravertebral block in pediatric open-heart surgery: A randomized controlled non-inferiority study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The mid-point transverse process to pleura block (MTPB) is a new variant of thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB). This study aimed to compare TPVB and MTPB with respect to intraoperative attenuation of the hemodynamic stress response to surgery and postoperative analgesia in pediatric open heart surgery with midline sternotomy. DESIGN: A single-center, randomized, controlled, double-blind, non-inferiority study. SETTING: Tertiary care children's university hospital. PATIENTS: We recruited 83 children aged 2-12 years of both sexes with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class II who were scheduled for elective open cardiac surgeries with midline sternotomy for the repair of simple noncyanotic congenital heart defects. INTERVENTIONS: Eligible participants were randomized into either the TPVB or MTPB groups at a ratio of 1:1. In the TPVB group, patients were bilaterally injected with 0.4 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine in the paravertebral space at T4 and T5. In the MTPB group, patients were bilaterally injected with 0.4 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine mid-transverse process and pleura just posterior to superior costotransverse ligament at the level of T4 and T5. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was the hemodynamic responses to sternotomy incision, including heart rate (HR) and invasive mean arterial pressure (MAP), recorded before and after the induction of anesthesia, after skin incision, after sternotomy, 15 min after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and after the closure of the sternum. The secondary outcomes were time needed to perform the bilateral block, intraoperative fentanyl consumption, postoperative fentanyl consumption, modified objective pain score (MOPS) measured at 1, 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after extubation, extubation time, intensive care unit (ICU) discharge time, and the incidence of non-surgical complications (postoperative pruritus, postoperative vomiting, pneumothorax, hematoma or local anesthetic toxicity). MAIN RESULTS: There were no significant differences in HR and MAP in the TPVB group compared with the MTPB group at the following time points: baseline, after induction, after skin incision, after sternotomy, 15 min after CPB, and after sternal closure. Intergroup comparisons of HR and MAP did not reveal significant differences between the groups. The median (IQR) time needed to perform bilateral MTPB (7[6-8] min) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter than that of TPVB (12[10-13] min). Intraoperative fentanyl consumption and fentanyl consumption in the first postoperative 24 h after extubation were similar in the TPVB and MTPB groups (4[2-4] vs 4[2-4] and 4.66 ± 0.649 vs 4.88 ± 1.082 µg/kg), respectively. Extubation time and ICU discharge time were comparable in the TPVB and MTPB groups (2[1-3] vs 2[1-3] h and 21.2 ± 2.5 vs 20.8 ± 2.6 h), respectively. Measurements of MOPS pain scores at 1, 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after extubation were similar in both groups. The incidence of nonsurgical complications was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: MTPB is non-inferior to TPVB in attenuating the intraoperative hemodynamic stress response to noxious surgical stimuli and in reducing perioperative opioid consumption, extubation time, and ICU discharge time. Moreover, MTPB is technically easier than TPVB and requires less time to perform. Clinical trial registration number The clinical trial registration was prospectively performed at the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR202204901612169, approval date 01/04/2022, URL https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=22602).

Ultrasound-Guided Suprazygomatic Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block for Postdural Puncture Headache Resistant to Epidural Blood Patch: A Case Report.

Even though epidural blood patch (EBP) is thought to be the definitive treatment for severe cases of postdural puncture headache (PDPH), it may be accompanied by complications like adhesion arachnoiditis, and cauda equina syndrome, especially if the injection is repeated. The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) block is a new minimally invasive technique for the treatment of PDPH, with variable results according to the clinical situation and deployed approach. We describe a case of PDPH resistant to EBP in which we successfully managed symptoms using ultrasound-guided suprazygomatic SPG block to deliver local anesthetic directly into pterygopalatine fossa, thus avoiding a second EBP.

Comparison of the Outcomes of Oral Versus Nasal Endotracheal Intubation in Neonates and Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: The choice of oral or nasal endotracheal intubation in children undergoing cardiac surgery is affected by several factors. This study compared the outcomes of oral versus nasal intubation in neonates and infants who underwent open cardiac surgery. DESIGN: A randomized, controlled, open-labeled study. SETTING: At a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 220 infants and neonates who underwent cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were allocated randomly to oral or nasal intubation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome measure was postoperative fentanyl consumption (µg/kg/h) by intubated patients. Secondary outcome measures were the increase in heart rate (HR) from baseline during intubation, the time consumed for intubation, accidental intraoperative extubation, the occurrence of epistaxis, time to extubation, the onset of full oral feeding, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital lengths of stay, and the incidence of postoperative complications (the need for reintubation, stridor, pneumonia, wound infection). The mean (SD) postoperative fentanyl consumption of intubated patients (the primary outcome) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the nasal intubation group (0.53 ± 0.48) µg/kg/h compared with the oral intubation group (0.82 ± 0.20) µg/kg/h. The median (IQR) time needed for the intubation (31.5, 27-35 v 16, 14.8-18 seconds) was significantly (p < 0.001) longer, and the mean (SD) increase in HR (beats/min) from baseline during intubation (18 ± 5 v 26 ± 7) was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the nasal intubation group compared to the oral intubation group. The incidence of inadvertent intraoperative extubation was significantly (p = 0.029) higher in the oral (n = 6, 6.1%) than in the nasal (n = 0, 0%) intubation group. The median (IQR) time to extubation (14, 12.6-17.2 v 20.5, 16.4-25.4 hours) and the ICU length of stay (27, 26-28 v 30, 28-34 hours) were significantly (p < 0.05) shorter in the nasal group compared to the oral group. The median (IQR) time to onset of full oral feeding was significantly (p = 0.031) shorter in the nasal intubation group (3, 1-6 days) compared to the oral intubation group (4, 2-7 days). There were no significant differences between the oral and nasal groups in the duration of hospital stay and the indices for reintubation, postintubation stridor, pneumonia, and surgical wound infection. CONCLUSIONS: The nasal route for intubation is associated with less postoperative fentanyl consumption, earlier extubation, lower incidence of accidental extubation, and earlier full oral feeding than oral intubation. The nasal route is not associated with an increased risk of postoperative pneumonia or surgical wound infection.

Bilateral Ultrasound-Guided Mid-Point Transverse Process to Pleura Block for Perioperative Analgesia in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: Mid-point transverse process to pleura (MTP) block is a new regional analgesia technique. This study aimed to assess the perioperative analgesic effects of MTP block in children undergoing open-heart surgery. DESIGN: A single-center, randomized, double-blinded, controlled, superiority study. SETTING: At a University Children's Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two patients aged 2 to 10 years who underwent open-heart surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to receive either bilateral MTP block or no block (control). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was fentanyl consumption in the first postoperative 24 hours. The secondary outcomes were intraoperative fentanyl consumption, modified objective pain score (MOPS) measured at 1, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours after extubation, and the duration of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). The mean (SD) postoperative fentanyl consumption (µg/kg) in the first 24 hours was significantly reduced in the MTP block group (4.4 ± 1.2) compared to the control group (6.0 ± 1.4, p < 0.001). The mean (SD) intraoperative fentanyl requirement (µg/ kg) was significantly reduced in the MTP block group (9.1 ± 1.9) compared to the control group (13.0 ± 2.1, p < 0.001). The MOPS was significantly reduced in the MTP block group compared to the control group at 1, 4, 8, and 16 hours after extubation but was comparable in both groups at 24 hours. The mean (SD) duration of ICU stay (hours) was significantly reduced in the MTP block group (25.0 ± 2.9) compared to the control group (30.7 ± 4.2, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Single-shot bilateral ultrasound-guided MTP block in children undergoing cardiac surgery reduced the mean fentanyl consumption in the first postoperative 24 hours, intraoperative fentanyl requirements, pain score at rest, time to extubation, and duration of ICU stay.

Ultrasound-guided transversalis fascia plane block versus lateral quadratus lumborum plane block for analgesia after inguinal herniotomy in children: a randomized controlled non-inferiority study.

BACKGROUND: Surgical repair of inguinal hernia is one of the most common day case surgeries in the pediatric population. This study compared the postoperative analgesic effects of transversalis fascia plane block (TFB) versus quadratus lumborum block (QLB) in children scheduled for open unilateral inguinal herniotomy. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled non-inferiority study, 76 eligible patients were recruited. Patients were randomly allocated to either the TFB or QLB group. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients who needed rescue analgesia during the first postoperative 12 h. The secondary outcomes were, the time needed to perform the block, the postoperative FLACC score, intraoperative heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). RESULTS: The proportion of patients who required a rescue analgesic was comparable (p = 1.000) between the TFB group (7/34, 20.5%) and the QLB group (6/34, 17.6%). The median [Q1-Q3] time needed to perform the block (min) was significantly longer (p < 0.001) in the QLB group (5[5]) compared with the TFB group. The postoperative FLACC pain scale was comparable between the two groups at all-time points of assessment. There is no difference regarding the heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure values at the time points that the values were recorded. (P > 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Both TFB and QLB similarly provide good postoperative analgesia by reducing the proportion of patients who required rescue analgesia, pain scores and analgesic consumption. Moreover, TFB is technically easier than QLB.

Heart rate variability as an indicator of COVID-19 induced myocardial injury: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a valuable indicator of autonomic nervous system integrity and can be a prognostic tool of COVID-19 induced myocardial affection. This study aimed to compare HRV indices between patients who developed myocardial injury and those without myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients who were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: In this retrospective study, the data from 238 COVID-19 adult patients who were admitted to ICU from April 2020 to June 2021 were collected. The patients were assigned to myocardial injury and non-myocardial injury groups. The main collected data were R-R intervals, standard deviation of NN intervals (SDANN) and the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD) that were measured daily during the first five days of ICU admission. RESULTS: The R-R intervals, the SDANN and the RMSSD were significantly shorter in the myocardial injury group than the non-myocardial group at the first, t second, third, fourth and the fifth days of ICU admission. There were no significant differences between the myocardial injury and the non-myocardial injury groups with regard the number of patients who needed mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay and the number of ICU deaths. CONCLUSIONS: From the results of this retrospective study, we concluded that the indices of HRV were greatly affected in COVID-19 patients who developed myocardial injury.

The Analgesic Effects of the Addition of Intravenous Ibuprofen to a Multimodal Analgesia Regimen for Pain Management After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: Intravenous ibuprofen is used to control fever and pain. This study aimed to assess the analgesic effects of the addition of intravenous ibuprofen to a multimodal analgesia regimen for pain management after pediatric cardiac surgery. DESIGN: A randomized, controlled, double-blinded, superiority study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-eight pediatric patients who underwent open cardiac surgery using midline sternotomy incision were screened for eligibility; 10 patients were excluded, leaving 68 patients (34 patients in the ibuprofen group and 34 patients in the control group) for final data analysis. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly allocated to either the ibuprofen group, in which the patient received intravenous ibuprofen infusion of 10 mg/kg/6 hours for 24 hours, or the control group, in which the patient received a placebo 0.9% saline. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary endpoint was the 24-hour postoperative fentanyl consumption, and the secondary endpoints were postoperative modified objective pain score and the incidence of ibuprofen-related side effects (eg, vomiting, epigastric pain, bleeding, and renal dysfunction). The mean total fentanyl consumption (µg/kg) during the first postoperative 24 hours after extubation was significantly lower (p<0.001) in the ibuprofen group (3.5 ± 1.3) than the control group (5.1 ± 1.4). The median postoperative modified objective pain score was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the ibuprofen group than the control group at 0 hours, 2 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, and 24 hours postoperatively. Ibuprofen did not cause significant increases in the incidences of bleeding, epigastric pain, and vomiting. Postoperative renal dysfunction was not reported in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of intravenous ibuprofen to a multimodal analgesia regimen for pain management after pediatric cardiac surgery improved postoperative analgesia in terms of reduction of opioid consumption and pain scores.

The effect of ultrasound-guided bilateral thoracic retrolaminar block on analgesia after pediatric open cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled double-blind study.

BACKGROUND: The thoracic retrolaminar block (TRLB) is a relatively new regional analgesia technique that can be used as an alternative to the thoracic paravertebral block. This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative analgesia effects of ultrasound-guided TRLB in children undergoing open cardiac surgery via median sternotomy incision. METHODS: Sixty-six patients aged 2-8 years were recruited. In the TRLB group, 0.25% bupivacaine 0.4 ml/kg was injected into the retrolaminar space on both sides at the level of the T4 lamina. Patients in the control group were injected with 0.9% saline. The primary outcome measure was fentanyl consumption in the first 24 h post-extubation. The secondary outcome measures were the total intraoperative fentanyl consumption, postoperative modified objective pain score (MOPS), and time to extubation. RESULTS: The total intraoperative fentanyl requirements and fentanyl consumption in the first 24 h post-extubation were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the TRLB group (9.3 ± 1.2; 6.9 ± 2.1 µg/kg, respectively) than in the control group (12.5 ± 1.4; 16.6 ± 2.8, respectively). The median (Q1, Q3) time to extubation was significantly shorter (P < 0.001) in the TRLB group (2 [1, 3] h) than in the control group (6 [4.5, 6] h). The MOPS was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the TRLB group than in the control group at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 h post-extubation. CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral ultrasound-guided TRLB is effective in providing postoperative analgesia in children undergoing open cardiac surgery via median sternotomy incision.

Safety of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Thoracis Plane Block in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: Ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks are associated with good postoperative analgesia after pediatric cardiac surgery, with improved safety profile. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study was the first with the primary aim of assessing the safety profile of transversus thoracis plane (TTP) block in pediatric patients who underwent open cardiac surgery. DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The authors reviewed the medical records of patients aged 6 months to 18 years who underwent open cardiac surgery via median sternotomy incision and who received bilateral transversus thoracis muscle plane block from January 2019 to August 2021 in their institutional hospital. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received ultrasound-guided bilateral TTP block. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome measure was the incidence of mechanical complications (subcutaneous hematoma, internal mammary vessels injury, pleural puncture, pneumothorax, pericardial puncture, injury of the heart, and hemopericardium). The secondary outcomes were the incidences of hypoxia, hypotension, and bradycardia after local anesthetic injection, allergy to local anesthetic, local infection, and postoperative neuropathic pain at the sternal area. A total of 236 patients who received bilateral TTP block were screened for eligibility, of whom 38 patients were excluded. Left-sided pleural and pericardial puncture occurred in 1 patient (0.5%) without clinical evidence of pneumothorax, hemopericardium, or traumatic cardiac injury as directly seen after sternotomy. One patient (0.5%) developed a self-limiting small subcutaneous hematoma. Pneumothorax, injury of internal mammary vessels, cardiac injury, and hemopericardium were not observed in any patient. No patient developed an allergy to local anesthetic, hypoxia, bradycardia, or hypotension after local anesthetic injection. Poststernotomy neuropathic pain was not recorded in any patient. CONCLUSION: The above complications were noted in patients who received TTP block, and further prospective studies with more patients are required to comment on its safety.

Ultrasound-Guided Long-Axis Versus Short-Axis Femoral Artery Catheterization in Neonates and Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to compare ultrasound-guided long-axis (LAX) and short-axis (SAX) femoral artery catheterization in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery. DESIGN: A single-center, prospective, randomized, single-blinded, controlled study. SETTING: This study was conducted in the operating room and intensive care unit of the division of cardiac surgery, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Egypt. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety neonates and infants undergoing elective cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study and randomly allocated to ultrasound-guided LAX and SAX groups. INTERVENTIONS: Ultrasound-guided femoral artery catheterization was done using either LAX (in-plane) or SAX (out-of-plane) technique. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome measure was the rate of a successful first puncture. The secondary outcome measures were the rates of mechanical complications, failure rate, time to a successful first, second, and third puncture, total time of catheterization, and imaging time. The first puncture success rate was significantly higher (p = 0.048) in the LAX group (34 of 41, 82.9%) than in the SAX group (25 of 41, 60.9%). The mean time to a successful first puncture was significantly shorter (p < 0.001) in the LAX group (153.1 ± 30.1 seconds) than in the SAX group (227.2 ± 48.8 seconds). The total catheterization time was significantly shorter in the LAX group than in the SAX group. There was no significant difference in the rate of complication. CONCLUSION: With a single experienced operator performing the ultrasound-guided femoral artery cannulation, the LAX technique resulted in a higher first puncture success rate and shorter time to cannulation than the SAX technique.

Ultrasound-guided retrolaminar block versus ilioinguinal nerve block for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing inguinal herniotomy: A randomized controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Ultrasound-guided retrolaminar block (RLB) is a new, safe and technically easy nerve block. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated its analgesic efficacy in pediatric patients. This study aimed to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy of RLB and ilioinguinal nerve block (INB) in pediatric patients undergoing unilateral inguinal herniotomy. DESIGN: Superiority, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. SETTING: Operating rooms and wards of Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Egypt. PATIENTS: Sixty-five patients aged 2 to 6 years undergoing unilateral inguinal herniotomy were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS: In the ultrasound-guided RLB group (n = 30), we injected 0.5 mL/kg bupivacaine 0.25% into the retrolaminar space between the lamina of T12 and the paraspinal muscles and in ultrasound-guided INB group (n = 30), 0.5 mL/kg bupivacaine 0.25% was injected for INB. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome measure was the number of patients requiring ibuprofen as rescue analgesia and the secondary outcome measures were intraoperative hemodynamic changes and the postoperative FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) score. MAIN RESULTS: The number of patients who needed rescue analgesia in the first postoperative 24 h was significantly lower (P = 0.023) in the RLB group [5 (16%)] than the INB group [13 (43%)]. The mean (SD) arterial blood pressure and heart rate were significantly higher (P < 0.001) during sac traction in the INB group [74.07 (2.99), 97.33 (6.98)] than the RLB group [67.73 (3.55), 90.79 (5.13)]. The postoperative FLACC scores at 4, 6, 12, and 24 h were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the RLB group than in the INB group. CONCLUSION: Retrolaminar block is superior to ilioinguinal nerve block in providing postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing unilateral inguinal herniotomy.

The direct comparison of inhaled versus intravenous levosimendan in children with pulmonary hypertension undergoing on-cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery: A randomized, controlled, non-inferiority study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is commonly seen in children with left to right intracardiac shunts and affects the outcomes of cardiac surgery. Our study aimed to compare the efficacy of inhaled levosimendan (LS) versus intravenous LS in reducing elevated pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in children scheduled for cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Non-inferiority, prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled study. SETTING: Operative room and intensive care unit (ICU), institutional children's hospital of Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Egypt. PATIENTS: 50 patients of either sex, aged 1 to 5 years undergoing surgical repair of intracardiac left to right shunt complicated by pulmonary hypertension were recruited for the study. INTERVENTIONS: In the intravenous LS group, patients received intravenous infusion of LS a rate of 0.1 µg/kg/min and in the inhaled LS group, LS (36 µg/kg/6 h) was delivered by nebulization. MEASUREMENTS: The primary endpoint was systolic PAP, while the secondary endpoints were the heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, dose of norepinephrine, time to extubation and ICU length of stay. MAIN RESULTS: Both intravenous and inhaled routes of LS similarly reduced the high systolic PAP over all time points of measurement and intravenous LS was associated with higher heart rate, lower arterial pressure and the need for a higher dose of norepinephrine than the inhaled LS. CONCLUSION: Inhalation of LS is non-inferior to intravenous LS in reducing high PAP in children who underwent on-pump cardiac surgery and it is associated with less tachycardia and hypotension with reduced need for vasoactive drugs.

Preemptive analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversalis fascia plane block in children undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Surgical repair of congenital inguinal hernia results in significant postoperative discomfort and pain. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the pre-emptive analgesic efficacy of a transversalis fascia plane (TFP) block after pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHODS: Forty-four patients aged 12 to 60 months who underwent unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy were enrolled. Four patients were excluded, and the remaining were allocated to the control group and the TFP block group. In the TFP block group, 0.4 mL/kg bupivacaine 0.25% was instilled in the plane between the transversus abdominis and transversalis fascia, while in the control group 0.9% saline was used instead of bupivacaine. The collected data were the total dose of paracetamol consumed during the first 12 h postoperatively, the postoperative Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score, time to first use of rescue analgesia, number of patients required additional postoperative analgesics, and parents' satisfaction. RESULTS: The median paracetamol consumption was significantly lower in the TFP block group than in the control group, and FLACC pain scores were significantly lower for all study times in the TFP block group with higher parental satisfaction scores than those for the control group. The number of patients who required additional analgesics was significantly lower in the TFP block group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a TFP block decreases postoperative analgesic consumption and postoperative pain intensity after pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy. Future studies with larger sample size are required to evaluate the actual complications rate of TFP block.

Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound guided bilateral transversus thoracis muscle plane block in pediatric cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Adequate perioperative pain control in children undergoing cardiac surgery is mandatory. Intravenous opioids and neuraxial anesthetic techniques have been used but didn't gained any popularity. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of transversus thoracis plane (TTP) block in pediatric cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Superiority, randomized, double-blind, controlled study. SETTING: Intraoperative and postoperative in intensive care unit (ICU), Mansoura university children hospital, Egypt. PATIENTS: Eighty pediatric patients aged 2-12 years, undergoing cardiac surgery via median sternotomy, were randomly allocated into 2 equal groups, the control group and TTP block group. INTERVENTIONS: Controlled group received only fentanyl for perioperative analgesia, while TTP block was performed in the intervention group (TTP group). MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome measure was the total dose of fentanyl in the first postoperative 24 h after extubation, while the secondary outcome measures were postoperative pain score, intraoperative fentanyl consumption, time to extubation and ICU length of stay. MAIN RESULTS: During the first postoperative 24 h, total fentanyl consumption was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the TTP block group (9.892 ± 3.397 µg/kg) than the control group (18.500 ± 3.401 µg/kg) and modified objective pain score was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in TTP block group than the control group all over the time. Total intraoperative fentanyl requirement was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in TTP block group (8.27 ± 1.170 µg/kg) than the control group (13.72 ± 1.186 µg/kg). CONCLUSION: The use of TTP block decreased perioperative fentanyl consumption and reduced postoperative pain intensity.