Challenges of therapeutic applications and regenerative capacities of urine based stem cells in oral, and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) have gained the attention of researchers in the biomedical field in the past few years . Regarding the several varieties of cells that have been used for this purpose, USCs have demonstrated mesenchymal stem cell-like properties, such as differentiation and immunomodulation. Furthermore, they could be differentiated into several lineages. This is very interesting for regenerative techniques based on cell therapy. This review will embark on describing their separation, and profiling. We will specifically describe the USCs characteristics, in addition to their differentiation potential. Then, we will introduce and explore the primary uses of USCs. These involve thier utilization as a platform to produce stem cells, however, we shall concentrate on the utilization of USCs for therapeutic, and regenerative orofacial applications, providing an in-depth evaluation of this purpose. The final portion will address the limitations and challenges of their implementation in regenerative dentistry.

Bioactive injectable mucoadhesive thermosensitive natural polymeric hydrogels for oral bone and periodontal regeneration.

Periodontitis is an inflammation-related condition, caused by an infectious microbiome and host defense that causes damage to periodontium. The natural processes of the mouth, like saliva production and eating, significantly diminish therapeutic medication residency in the region of periodontal disease. Furthermore, the complexity and diversity of pathological mechanisms make successful periodontitis treatment challenging. As a result, developing enhanced local drug delivery technologies and logical therapy procedures provides the foundation for effective periodontitis treatment. Being biocompatible, biodegradable, and easily administered to the periodontal tissues, hydrogels have sparked substantial an intense curiosity in the discipline of periodontal therapy. The primary objective of hydrogel research has changed in recent years to intelligent thermosensitive hydrogels, that involve local adjustable sol-gel transformations and regulate medication release in reaction to temperature, we present a thorough introduction to the creation and efficient construction of new intelligent thermosensitive hydrogels for periodontal regeneration. We also address cutting-edge smart hydrogel treatment options based on periodontitis pathophysiology. Furthermore, the problems and prospective study objectives are reviewed, with a focus on establishing effective hydrogel delivery methods and prospective clinical applications.

Prospectives and challenges of nano-tailored biomaterials-assisted biological molecules delivery for tissue engineering purposes.

Nano carriers have gained more attention for their possible medical and technological applications. Tailored nanomaterials can transport medications efficiently to targeted areas and allow for sustained medication discharge, reducing undesirable toxicities while boosting curative effectiveness. Nonetheless, transitioning nanomedicines from experimental to therapeutic applications has proven difficult, so different pharmaceutical incorporation approaches in nano scaffolds are discussed. Then numerous types of nanobiomaterials implemented as carriers and their manufacturing techniques are explored. This article is also supported by various applications of nanobiomaterials in the biomedical field.

Biodegradable suture development-based albumin composites for tissue engineering applications.

Recent advancements in the field of biomedical engineering have underscored the pivotal role of biodegradable materials in addressing the challenges associated with tissue regeneration therapies. The spectrum of biodegradable materials presently encompasses ceramics, polymers, metals, and composites, each offering distinct advantages for the replacement or repair of compromised human tissues. Despite their utility, these biomaterials are not devoid of limitations, with issues such as suboptimal tissue integration, potential cytotoxicity, and mechanical mismatch (stress shielding) emerging as significant concerns. To mitigate these drawbacks, our research collective has embarked on the development of protein-based composite materials, showcasing enhanced biodegradability and biocompatibility. This study is dedicated to the elaboration and characterization of an innovative suture fabricated from human serum albumin through an extrusion methodology. Employing a suite of analytical techniques-namely tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)-we endeavored to elucidate the physicochemical attributes of the engineered suture. Additionally, the investigation extends to assessing the influence of integrating biodegradable organic modifiers on the suture's mechanical performance. Preliminary tensile testing has delineated the mechanical profile of the Filament Suture (FS), delineating tensile strengths spanning 1.3 to 9.616 MPa and elongation at break percentages ranging from 11.5 to 146.64%. These findings illuminate the mechanical versatility of the suture, hinting at its applicability across a broad spectrum of medical interventions. Subsequent analyses via SEM and TGA are anticipated to further delineate the suture's morphological features and thermal resilience, thereby enriching our comprehension of its overall performance characteristics. Moreover, the investigation delves into the ramifications of incorporating biodegradable organic constituents on the suture's mechanical integrity. Collectively, the study not only sheds light on the mechanical and thermal dynamics of a novel suture material derived from human serum albumin but also explores the prospective enhancements afforded by the amalgamation of biodegradable organic compounds, thereby broadening the horizon for future biomedical applications.

Impact of grazing around industrial areas on milk heavy metals contamination and reproductive ovarian hormones of she-camel with assessment of some technological processes on reduction of toxic residue concentrations.

Heavy metals are one of the most toxic chemical pollutants of the environment. Their hazards not restricted to human but extend to animal productivity and reproductively. The present study aimed to assess the impact of grazing around industrial areas on the levels of copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) residues in milk samples collected from dromedary she-camels and studying their effects on some ovarian hormones. In addition, the study aimed to investigate methods of removal of the toxic concentrations of these heavy metals in milk by applying different technological processes. Blood and milk samples were collected from 30 dromedary she-camels, 15 grazing in non-industrial areas (group A) and 15 grazing in industrial areas (group B). Detection of the levels of these heavy metals in milk was done. Ovarian hormones investigation on the blood was performed. Different technological processes such as boiling, skimming and fermentation were applied to all contaminated samples to reduce the toxic concentrations of these heavy metals. Results revealed that all examined milk samples in both groups contained Cu, while 40% of group A and 100 % of group B contained Al residues with different concentrations. The levels of Cu and Al residues in samples of group A not exceeded the maximum residual limit (MRL) set by World Health Organization (WHO) while 60% and 100% of milk samples in group B contained Cu and Al residues exceeded MRL, respectively. Technological processes induce variant changes in the levels of these metals in milk. Heat treatment of milk in Al vats leads to leaching of Al from containers to the milk causing significant increase in Al load, while Cu level was not significantly affected. Boiling in stainless-steel containers decreased the levels of Al and Cu but in non-significant levels. Regarding skimming process, small amount of Cu and Al escaped into the skimmed milk while greater amount were recovered in the cream. Fermentation by probiotic bacteria showed that milk fermentation has non-significant effect on Cu and Al levels. Investigation of ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone) revealed presence of a signification reduction in the levels of these hormones in group B compared to group A. In addition, a negative correlation was found between these heavy metals and ovarian hormones concentrations in the blood. It is concluded that grazing of dromedary camels around industrial areas induce heavy metals toxicity represented by excretion of these metals in milk and significant reduction on ovarian function showed by reduction of estrogen and progesterone levels. Technological processes such as skimming decreased the levels of Al and Cu residues in milk.

Macro, Micro, and Nano-Inspired Bioactive Polymeric Biomaterials in Therapeutic, and Regenerative Orofacial Applications.

Introducing dental polymers has accelerated biotechnological research, advancing tissue engineering, biomaterials development, and drug delivery. Polymers have been utilized effectively in dentistry to build dentures and orthodontic equipment and are key components in the composition of numerous restorative materials. Furthermore, dental polymers have the potential to be employed for medication administration and tissue regeneration. To analyze the influence of polymer-based investigations on practical medical trials, it is required to evaluate the research undertaken in this sector. The present review aims to gather evidence on polymer applications in dental, oral, and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles Mitigate Aging-Related Oxidative Injured Brain Induced by D-galactose in Rats Through Antioxidants, Anti-Inflammatory, and MAPK Pathways.

Background: Loss of normal function is an inevitable effect of aging. Several factors contribute to the aging process, including cellular senescence and oxidative stress. Methods: We investigate how Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) protect against aging injury induced by d-galactose (D-gal) in the rat. So, we subcutaneously (S/C) injected D-gal at 200 mg/kg BW to see if Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) might protect against the oxidative changes generated by D-gal. NSP (0.5 mg/kg body weight once daily by gastric gavage) was given to all groups apart from the control and D-gal groups. The d-gal + NSP group was supplemented with 200 mg of D-gal per kg BW once a day and NSP 0.5 mg/kg BW given orally for 45 days. Biochemical, mRNA expression, and histological investigations of brain tissues were used to evaluate the oxidative alterations caused by d-gal and the protective role of NSP. Results: Our data demonstrated that d-gal was causing significant reductions in relative brain and body weight with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and redox oxygen species (ROS) levels and increases in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme BB (CPK-BB) with marked decreases in the level of antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain and acetylcholinesterase activity augmented with a phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) level increased. The D-gal group had considerably higher phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38MAPK) and C-Jun N-terminal (JNK) kinases. The d-gal administration stimulates the apoptotic gene expression by downregulating the brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The NSP administration saved these parameters in the direction of the control. The brain histopathologic and immunohistochemistry analysis findings support our findings on NSP's protective role. Conclusion: The NSP may be a promising natural protective compound that can prevent aging and preserve health.

Alternate-day fat diet and exenatide modulate the brain leptin JAK2/STAT3/SOCS3 pathway in a fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance mouse model.

Introduction: Obesity is one of the most burdensome health problems and is closely linked to leptin resistance. The study examined whether an alternate-day high-fat diet (ADF) and/or GLP-1 agonist (exenatide) modulate brain leptin resistance caused by a high-fat diet (HFD). Material and methods: Sixty adult male mice were divided into 6 groups: (i) normal palatable diet (NPD), (ii) exenatide control (NPD received exenatide) (iii) HFD, (iv) ADF treated, (v) exenatide treated, (vi) ADF and exenatide treated. All animal groups were fed a HFD for 8 weeks, before they received treatment (ADF and/or exenatide) for 8 additional weeks. Body weight was assessed at the start and at the end of the experiment. Lipid profile, brain leptin and its receptor expression with the leptin-sensitive pathway, JAK2/STAT3/SOCS3/PTP1B, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, liver metabolic handling via its regulators IRS1/PI3K/GLUT4 for hyperinsulinemia/obesity-induced PDK3/NAFLD2 modification, and liver enzymes were determined at the end of the experiment. Results: ADF and exenatide reduced body weight and FBG in HFD-obese mice (p < 0.05). The combined ADF and exenatide regimen enhanced the brain anorexic leptin/JAK2/STAT3 and attenuated the SOCS3/PTP1B pathway (p < 0.05). The ADF/exenatide anorexigenic brain effect also modulated liver glucose via IRS1/PI3K/GLUT4 expression (p < 0.05), attenuating NAFLD2 and PDK3 expression (p < 0.05). Liver enzymes and the histopathological profile confirmed the improvement. Conclusions: In HFD caloric consumption, a combination of ADF and GLP-1 agonist enhances the brain leptin anorexigenic effect with the improvement of the metabolic sequelae of hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and liver steatosis.

DNA Polymorphisms and mRNA Levels of Immune Biomarkers as Candidates for Inflammatory Postpartum Disorders Susceptibility in Italian Buffaloes.

The immunological genes that may interact with inflammatory postpartum diseases in Italian buffaloes were examined in this study. A total number of 120 female Italian buffaloes (60 normal and 60 with inflammatory reproductive diseases) were employed. Each buffalo's jugular vein was pierced to get five milliliters of blood. To obtain whole blood and extract DNA and RNA, the blood was placed within tubes containing sodium fluoride or EDTA anticoagulants. The immunological (IKBKG, LGALS, IL1B, CCL2, RANTES, MASP2, HMGB1, and S-LZ) genes' nucleotide sequence differences between healthy buffaloes and buffaloes affected by inflammatory reproductive diseases were found by employing PCR-DNA sequencing. According to Fisher's exact test (p ˂ 0.01), there were noticeably different probabilities of all major nucleotide changes spreading among buffalo groups with and without reproductive problems. Buffaloes were significantly more likely to express the examined genes when they had inflammatory reproductive diseases. The outcomes might support the significance of these markers' nucleotide variations and gene expression patterns as indicators of the prevalence of inflammatory reproductive disorders and provide a workable buffalo management policy.

Investigating Polymorphisms and Expression Profile of Immune, Antioxidant, and Erythritol-Related Genes for Limiting Postparturient Endometritis in Holstein Cattle.

This study looked at genetic polymorphisms and transcript levels of immune, antioxidant, and erythritol-related markers for postparturient endometritis prediction and tracking in Holstein dairy cows. One hundred and thirty female dairy cows (65 endometritis affected and 65 apparently healthy) were used. Nucleotide sequence variations between healthy and endometritis-affected cows were revealed using PCR-DNA sequencing for immune (TLR4, TLR7, TNF-α, IL10, NCF4, and LITAF), antioxidant (ATOX1, GST, and OXSR1), and erythritol-related (TKT, RPIA, and AMPD1) genes. Chi-square investigation exposed a noteworthy variance amongst cow groups with and without endometritis in likelihood of dispersal of all distinguished nucleotide variants (p < 0.05). The IL10, ATOX1, and GST genes were expressed at substantially lower levels in endometritis-affected cows. Gene expression levels were considerably higher in endometritis-affected cows than in resistant ones for the genes TLR4, TLR7, TNF-α, NCF4, LITAF, OXSR1, TKT, RPIA, and AMPD1. The sort of marker and vulnerability or resistance to endometritis had a significant impact on the transcript levels of the studied indicators. The outcomes might confirm the importance of nucleotide variants along with gene expression patterns as markers of postparturient endometritis susceptibility/resistance and provide a workable control plan for Holstein dairy cows.

Integrated machine learning-based model and WQI for groundwater quality assessment: ML, geospatial, and hydro-index approaches.

The demands upon the arid area for water supply pose threats to both the quantity and quality of social and economic activities. Thus, a widely used machine learning model, namely the support vector machines (SVM) integrated with water quality indices (WQI), was used to assess the groundwater quality. The predictive ability of the SVM model was assessed using a field dataset for groundwater from Abu-Sweir and Abu-Hammad, Ismalia, Egypt. Multiple water quality parameters were chosen as independent variables to build the model. The results revealed that the permissible and unsuitable class values range from 36 to 27%, 45 to 36%, and 68 to 15% for the WQI approach, SVM method and SVM-WQI model respectively. Besides, the SVM-WQI model shows a low percentage of the area for excellent class compared to the SVM model and WQI. The SVM model trained with all predictors with a mean square error (MSE) of 0.002 and 0.41; the models that had higher accuracy reached 0.88. Moreover, the study highlighted that SVM-WQI can be successfully implemented for the assessment of groundwater quality (0.90 accuracy). The resulting groundwater model in the study sites indicates that the groundwater is influenced by rock-water interaction and the effect of leaching and dissolution. Overall, the integrated ML model and WQI give an understanding of water quality assessment, which may be helpful in the future development of such areas.

Modulatory Role of Autophagy in Metformin Therapeutic Activity toward Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a frequent chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various malignant tumors. One of the key factors that diminish its therapeutic importance is DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. The first-line oral antidiabetic drug is metformin (Met), which also has antioxidant properties. The purpose of our study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms for the potential protective effects of Met on DOX-triggered nephrotoxicity. Four animal groups were assigned as follows; animals received vehicle (control group), 200 mg/kg Met (Met group), DOX 15 mg/kg DOX (DOX group), and a combination of DOX and Met (DOX/Met group). Our results demonstrated that DOX administration caused marked histological alterations of widespread inflammation and tubular degeneration. Notably, the DOX-induced dramatic up-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B/P65 (NF-κB/P65), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and Beclin-1 in renal tissue. A marked increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) tissue level and a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also recorded in DOX-exposed animals. Interestingly, Met could minimize all histopathological changes as well as the disruptions caused by DOX in the aforementioned measures. Thus, Met provided a workable method for suppressing the nephrotoxicity that occurred during the DOX regimen via the deactivation of the Beclin-1/LC3B pathway.

Individual Genomic Loci and mRNA Levels of Immune Biomarkers Associated with Pneumonia Susceptibility in Baladi Goats.

The effectiveness of breeding for inherent disease resistance in animals could be considerably increased by identifying the genes and mutations that cause diversity in disease resistance. One hundred and twenty adult female Baladi goats (sixty pneumonic and sixty apparently healthy) were used in this study. DNA and RNA were extracted from blood samples collected from the jugular vein of each goat. SLC11A1, CD-14, CCL2, TLR1, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, ß defensin, SP110, SPP1, BP1, A2M, ADORA3, CARD15, IRF3, and SCART1 SNPs that have been previously found to be associated with pneumonia resistance/susceptibility were identified via PCR-DNA sequencing. The pneumonic and healthy goats differed significantly, according to a Chi-square analysis of the discovered SNPs. The mRNA levels of the studied immune markers were noticeably greater in the pneumonic goats than in the healthy ones. The findings could support the significance of the use of immune gene expression profiles and nucleotide variations as biomarkers for the susceptibility/resistance to pneumonia and provide a practical management technique for Baladi goats. These results also suggest a potential strategy for lowering pneumonia in goats by employing genetic markers linked to an animal's ability to fend off infection in selective breeding.

Analysis of Potential Genes and Economic Parameters Associated with Growth and Heat Tolerance in Sheep (Ovis aries).

This study explored the potential genes and economic factors that might be associated with growth and heat tolerance in two sheep breeds. Data on growth performance from the third month to six months of age were obtained based on records. In comparison to Aboudeleik lambs, Barki lambs developed considerably greater starting body weight, final body weight, final body weight gain, daily weight gain, and percentage increase in BW/month. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found between lambs of the two breeds using PCR-DNA sequencing of CAST, LEP, MYLK4, MEF2B, STAT5A, TRPV1, HSP90AB1, HSPB6, HSF1, ST1P1, and ATP1A1 genes. Lambs from each breed were divided into groups based on detected SNPs in genes related to growth. The least squares means of the differentiated groups revealed a significant correlation of detected SNPs with growth and heat tolerance attributes (p ≤ 0.05). Barki lambs elicited greater total variable costs, total costs, total return, and net return values. The Barki sheep provided the best economic efficiency value when comparing the percentage difference between net profit and economic efficiency. Together with economic considerations, SNPs found may be used as proxies for marker-assisted selection of the best breed of sheep for traits related to growth and heat tolerance.

Effect of Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanofibers Weight Fraction on the Tribological Characteristics of Magnesium Nanocomposites Used in Biomedical Applications.

Biomedical applications, such as artificial implants, are very significant for the disabled due to their usage in orthopedics. Nevertheless, available materials in such applications have insufficient mechanical and tribological properties. The current study investigated the mechanical and tribological properties of a biomedical metallic material, magnesium (Mg), after incorporating titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2) with different loading fractions. The TiO2 nanofibers were synthesized using the electrospinning technique. The ball-milling technique was utilized to ensure the homogenous distribution of TiO2 nanofibers inside the Mg matrix. Then, samples of the mixed powder with different loading fractions of TiO2 nanofibers, 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt.%, were fabricated using a high-frequency induction heat sintering technique. The physicomechanical and tribological properties of the produced Mg/TiO2 nanocomposites were evaluated experimentally. Results showed an enhancement in mechanical properties and wear resistance accompanied by an increase in the weight fraction of TiO2 nanofibers up to 5%. A finite element model was built to assess the load-carrying capacity of the Mg/TiO2 composite to estimate different contact stresses during the frictional process. The finite element results showed an agreement with the experimental results.

New Insights on Nucleotide Sequence Variants and mRNA Levels of Candidate Genes Assessing Resistance/Susceptibility to Mastitis in Holstein and Montbéliarde Dairy Cows.

A major factor in the propagation of an infectious disease is host genetics. In this study, 180 dairy cows (90 of each breed: Holstein and Montbéliarde) were used. Each breed's tested dairy cows were divided into two groups of comparable size (45 cows each), mastitis-free and mastitis-affected groups. Each cow's jugular vein was punctured to obtain blood samples for DNA and RNA extraction. In the examined Holstein and Montbéliarde dairy cows, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related with mastitis resistance/susceptibility were found in the RASGRP1, NFkB, CHL1, MARCH3, PDGFD, MAST3, EPS15L1, C1QTNF3, CD46, COX18, NEURL1, PPIE, and PTX3 genes. Chi-square analysis of identified SNPs revealed a significant difference in gene frequency between mastitic and healthy cows. Except for CHL1, mastitic dairy cows of two breeds had considerably higher mRNA levels of the examined genes than did healthy ones. Marker-assisted selection and monitoring of dairy cows' susceptibility to mastitis may be accomplished through the use of discovered SNPs and changes in the gene expression profile of the studied genes. These findings also point to a possible method for reducing mastitis in dairy cows through selective breeding of animals using genetic markers linked to an animal's ability to resist infection.

Sugar content in infant formula: Accuracy of labeling and conformity to guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Infant formulae are a primary source of nutrition during the first years of life, to which sugars are frequently added. This may contribute to adverse dental health problems if consumed excessively when coupled with prolonged and nocturnal feeding habits. AIM: To assess the amount and type of dietary sugars in commercially available infant formulae in the UAE. DESIGN: Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were measured in 71 different brands of commercially available infant formulae for retail sale in the UAE. Analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection. Sugar values were compared with the reported levels on the nutritional labels. A comparison between findings, product labels, and international standards for infant formulae was performed. RESULTS: Of the 71 samples, 23 had detectable sugar levels, varying between sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Ten samples were found to have sugars contributing to more than 5% of total energy intake ranging between 5.68% and 27.06%. All infant formula packages had carbohydrate levels mentioned on the labels, but very few mentioned the added sugar content. CONCLUSIONS: Many infant formula products tested contained sugars that exceeded the standard recommended intake. Tighter regulations that monitor the amount of sugar in infant formulae and guidelines for comprehensive labeling systems are required.

Endometrial Cancer Individualized Scoring System (ECISS): A machine learning-based prediction model of endometrial cancer prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a prognostic model for endometrial cancer (EC) that individualizes a risk and management plan per patient and disease characteristics. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study conducted in nine European gynecologic cancer centers. Women with confirmed EC between January 2008 to December 2015 were included. Demographics, disease characteristics, management, and follow-up information were collected. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) at 3 and 5 years comprise the primary outcomes of the study. Machine learning algorithms were applied to patient and disease characteristics. Model I: pretreatment model. Calculated probability was added to management variables (model II: treatment model), and the second calculated probability was added to perioperative and postoperative variables (model III). RESULTS: Of 1150 women, 1144 were eligible for 3-year survival analysis and 860 for 5-year survival analysis. Model I, II, and III accuracies of prediction of 5-year CSS were 84.88%/85.47% (in train and test sets), 85.47%/84.88%, and 87.35%/86.05%, respectively. Model I predicted 3-year CSS at an accuracy of 91.34%/87.02%. Accuracies of models I, II, and III in predicting 5-year DFS were 74.63%/76.72%, 77.03%/76.72%, and 80.61%/77.78%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Endometrial Cancer Individualized Scoring System (ECISS) is a novel machine learning tool assessing patient-specific survival probability with high accuracy.

Antibiotic action and resistance: updated review of mechanisms, spread, influencing factors, and alternative approaches for combating resistance.

Antibiotics represent a frequently employed therapeutic modality for the management of bacterial infections across diverse domains, including human health, agriculture, livestock breeding, and fish farming. The efficacy of antibiotics relies on four distinct mechanisms of action, which are discussed in detail in this review, along with accompanying diagrammatic illustrations. Despite their effectiveness, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant challenge to treating bacterial infections. Bacteria have developed defense mechanisms against antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. This review delves into the specific mechanisms that bacteria have developed to resist antibiotics, with the help of diagrammatic illustrations. Antibiotic resistance can spread among bacteria through various routes, resulting in previously susceptible bacteria becoming antibiotic-resistant. Multiple factors contribute to the worsening crisis of antibiotic resistance, including human misuse of antibiotics. This review also emphasizes alternative solutions proposed to mitigate the exacerbation of antibiotic resistance.

Can mobilization of bone marrow stem cells be an alternative regenerative therapy to stem cell injection in a rat model of chronic kidney disease?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a priority health problem affecting 36% of Egyptians. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) have multidifferentiation capacity and the ability to restore several types of cells including damaged renal cells. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is known to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow to the peripheral circulation. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of endogenous CD34+ cells mobilization and exogenous ADMSCs administration in the treatment of a rat model of adriamycin (ADR)-induced CKD. A total of 48 male albino rats of the local strain (200 ± 50 g) were equally divided into four groups: control negative, ADR (control positive), ADMSCs group, and G-CSF group. Six rats from each group were sacrificed after 4 weeks and the other 6 after 12 weeks. Renal function was assessed frequently by measuring serum creatinine, albumin, urea, 24-h urinary protein level, and hemoglobin level throughout the study. Oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant (TAO) were measured on day 28. CD-34+ cell percentage was measured on day 9. After the sacrification of the rats, kidneys were removed for histopathological assessment. Results revealed that both ADMSCs and G-CSF significantly improved serum creatinine, albumin, urea, 24-h urinary protein level, and histopathological damage score, with the G-CSF-treated group showing better improvement in 24-h urinary protein level, serum albumin, and histopathological damage score compared with ADMSCs-treated group. The G-CSF group also had significantly higher levels of CD34+ cells. Oxidative stress markers (MDA and TAO) levels were significantly improved with both therapies. We conclude that mobilization of endogenous hematopoietic stem cells by G-CSF is more effective than exogenously injected ADMSCs in protecting the kidneys against AD-induced toxicity.