Comparisons of choroidal blood flow velocity between initial-onset acute uveitis associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and acute central serous chorioretinopathy.

OBJECTIVES: Acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease in the acute uveitic phase are characterized by serous retinal detachment caused by dysfunction of the choroid. The aim of this study is to compare blood flow velocity and pulse waveform parameters in the choroid between these two diseases. METHODS: In this study, 25 patients (50 eyes) with VKH disease, 21 patients (27 eyes) with CSC and 15 healthy controls (30 eyes) were studied. Laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) was performed at presentation. RESULTS: Choroidal mean blur rate (MBR), representing blood flow velocity in choroidal vessels, was significantly lower in the eyes affected by VKH disease compared with the healthy control and CSC eyes. CSC eyes had a significantly higher MBR compared with healthy controls. Among the analyzed pulse waveform parameters, blow-out time (BOT), falling rate (FR) and flow acceleration index (FAI) changed significantly. BOT value was significantly lower in CSC eyes than in healthy control and VKH eyes. FR and FAI values were significantly lower in VKH eyes than in healthy control and CSC eyes. There was a strong positive correlation between MBR and FAI. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm different pathophysiology of these two diseases. Assessment of choroidal blood flow velocity and haemodynamics with LSFG provides useful information to differentiate acute CSC and initial-onset acute uveitis associated with VKH disease.

Prognostic value of pretreatment indocyanine green angiography in the acute uveitic phase of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prognostic value of pretreatment indocyanine green angiographic (ICGA) features in initial-onset acute uveitis associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 84 patients (168 eyes). Main outcome measures were final visual acuity, development of 'sunset glow fundus' (SGF) and progression to chronic recurrent evolution. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients (76 eyes) presented in the phase preceding anterior segment (AS) inflammation (early presentation) and 46 patients (92 eyes) had AS inflammation at presentation (late presentation). The mean number of hypofluorescent dark dots (HDDs) and frequency of disc hyperfluorescence were more in the late presentation group (p < 0.001 for both comparisons), whereas the early presentation group showed higher frequencies of peripapillary punctate choroidal hyperfluorescence (p < 0.001) and hypofluorescent patches involving macula corresponding to the areas of exudative retinal detachment (p = 0.012). The mean number of HDDs and the frequency of disc hyperfluorescence were higher among eyes that developed SGF (p < 0.001 for both comparisons) and eyes that progressed to chronic recurrent evolution (p < 0.001; p = 0.001, respectively). The frequencies of peripapillary punctate choroidal hyperfluorescence and hypofluorescent patches corresponding to the areas of exudative retinal detachment were less in the eyes that developed SGF (p = 0.019; p = 0.003, respectively). Punctate choroidal hyperfluorescence elsewhere was less frequent in the eyes that developed SGF (p < 0.001) and eyes that progressed to chronic recurrent evolution (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment ICGA has a prognostic value in initial-onset acute uveitis associated with VKH disease.

Optic Nerve Head Infiltration in Presumed Tuberculous Uveitis.

To report the clinical and multimodal imaging findings of presumed tuberculous optic nerve head (ONH) infiltration in 3 patients at a tertiary eye care center. In addition to unilateral presumed tuberculous ONH infiltration, all patients had clinical findings suggestive of tuberculous choroidal involvement which was confirmed by Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). All patients were treated successfully with a combination of antituberculous regimen and systemic corticosteroids.

Clinical Findings Predicting Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis after Repair of Open Globe Injuries.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate risk factors for developing endophthalmitis after repair of open globe injuries. METHODS: Retrospective chart analysis of 1303 patients from May 1996 till December 2019. RESULTS: All patients received prophylactic intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics for 5-7 days. Endophthalmitis was clinically suspected in 37 (2.8%) eyes and was culture proven in 14 of these eyes (1.1%). Univariate analysis identified poor initial visual acuity at presentation, rural setting of injury, contaminated wound and lens injury as significant predictors for the development of clinically suspected endophthalmitis. Intravitreal antibiotics at the time of primary repair in eyes with high-risk characteristics decreased risk of developing endophthalmitis (OR: 2.28;95% CI,1.07-4.86; p = .033). CONCLUSIONS: Poor initial visual acuity, rural setting of injury, contaminated wound, and lens injury increased risk of suspected posttraumatic endophthalmitis. Prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics at the time of primary repair in eyes with high-risk characteristics reduced the risk of posttraumatic endophthalmitis.

Saudi Arabian retinopathy of prematurity national telemedicine program: Achievements and challenges.

The Saudi Arabian Retinopathy of Prematurity National Telemedicine programme (SAROP) is a product of the National Committee for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP). The program includes ROP telescreening, diagnosis, and management of cases requiring treatment. Digital retinal images and filled ROP software requests were uploaded from 20 level-3 neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital server and the ROP telemedicine website. The data were accessed and reported by qualified retinal and pediatric ophthalmologists. Currently, retinal wide-angle digital cameras are available in 20 of the 31 level-3 NICUs of the Ministry of Health, Kingdom of KSA. This telemedicine approach is practical and effective in detecting and managing ROP cases. In the first 2.5 years, encouraging results were noticed with no unfavorable outcomes in the participating NICUs. Technical challenges were resolved promptly to ensure that the program ran smoothly. Therefore, this ideal state-of-the-art ROP telemedicine program could be also applied to similar and neighboring countries.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in retinopathy of prematurity: An updated literature review.

Laser photocoagulation can still be considered the gold standard for treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). However, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has increasingly become an important option that plays a significant role in the treatment of ROP. Major clinical trials have been published regarding the anti-VEGF use in ROP, along with multiple other studies looking into the different agents, doses, techniques, and possible complications. Anti-VEGF therapies can be considered as a safe and effective option for managing ROP. More longitudinal randomized clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the preferred treatment agent, the appropriate dose, best follow-up protocol, and the long-term ocular and systemic outcomes following treatment.

Anesthesia in retinopathy of prematurity.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remains among the leading causes of childhood blindness. It affects mainly premature infants who tend to be systematically and clinically unstable and are more prone to complications and anesthesia related adverse effects when undergoing examination or treatment. A better comprehension of different analgesic and anesthetic methods used during screening and treatment may help in choosing a suitable option for ROP screening and treatment. An electronic search was done using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Embase databases. Search terms used included ROP, ROP, ROP screening, ROP treatment, analgesia, and anesthesia. All randomized clinical trials, large case series, and surveys were included in the review. Topical proparacaine is the most commonly used anesthesia during ROP screening and may significantly ease pain during ROP screening. Different comfort measures during screening may help infants recover faster but do not abolish pain. Topical tetracaine seems an effective pain-relieving option during intravitreal injections for ROP treatment. Photocoagulation of the peripheral retina under general anesthesia is considered the most common practice in the treatment of ROP. Further work is necessary to better understand the options of anesthesia methods offered for the treatment of ROP patients. This is a comprehensive review highlighting the available anesthetic methods for ROP patients to aid ophthalmologists in determining the most common and current anesthetic and analgesic practices.

Internal Limiting Membrane Folds as a Presenting Sign in Acute Initial-Onset Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease: A Case Report.

PURPOSE: To report a case of initial-onset acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) presenting with internal limiting membrane (ILM) folds as the initial clinical sign. METHODS: This is a retrospective case review. RESULTS: A 36-year-old woman with a recent history of periorbital injection of cosmetic filler who presented with sudden blurred vision in the right eye of a few hours duration. Initial fundus examination revealed only ILM folds in the right eye. Next day, the patient developed the full ophthalmic clinical picture of initial-onset acute VKH disease. Multimodal imaging showed features of ILM undulations and acute VKH disease. Uveitis was treated successfully with systemic corticosteroids combined with mycophenolate mofetil. The patient had complete resolution of posterior segment inflammation and exudative retinal detachment. CONCLUSION: ILM folds/undulations can be one of the early signs in acute VKH disease, and may serve as an important early clinical clue for this diagnosis.

Successful Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Zonulo-hyaloidectomy Performed 4 Years after the Onset of Chronic Low-Grade Aqueous Misdirection.

In aqueous misdirection, the interval between diagnosis and surgical intervention is inversely proportional to the success of the surgery. Here, we report a successful outcome of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with irido-zonulo-hyaloidectomy 4 years after the onset of the disease. A 34-year-old female, known to have primary angle closure glaucoma, underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin C in the right eye for uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP). Six weeks after the surgery, the patient presented with a shallow anterior chamber centrally and peripheral iridocorneal touch along with a patent peripheral iridectomy. Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed a shallow AC centrally with peripheral iridocorneal touch, and the ciliary body was rotated forward confirming the diagnosis of aqueous misdirection. The patient refused surgical management and was managed medically, which was unsuccessful. Four years after the diagnosis, the patient underwent PPV with irido-zonulo-hyaloidectomy because of progressive shallowing of the AC and corneal edema. One month postoperatively, visual acuity improved from 20/200 to 20/60, and the AC maintained appropriate depth. In conclusion, PPV with irido-zonulo-hyaloidectomy may result in a complete resolution of a chronic low-grade form of aqueous misdirection.

Pitfalls of Advanced Retinopathy of Prematurity Presentation: A Content Analysis of Medical Records.

PURPOSE: To identify the pitfalls in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening leading to advanced disease at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A qualitative deductive content analysis was used to study the phenomena of defects in ROP screening. A retrospective review of medical records of newborns presenting to two tertiary eye care centers with advanced ROP (stage 4 and 5) from January 2012 to June 2019 was completed. An extensive review of the original files at the referring hospitals was conducted, including the general condition and findings of ophthalmic examination and the sequence of follow-up until the infant was discharged/referred. Data analysis was completed using pre-structured categorization matrix. RESULTS: Records of 29 infants with advanced stage ROP were identified. Only 13 medical records were available and obtained. The pitfalls in screening found in the study were failure to refer by the neonatologist, delayed follow-up by the ophthalmologist, failure to follow-up by the ophthalmologist, failure to diagnose by the ophthalmologist, poor documentation in patient files, unavailability of ophthalmologist, family negligence, lack of treatment and delayed referral to a higher center, and progression despite timely screening and management. CONCLUSION: Although clear ROP screening guidelines are available, implementations of these guidelines are suboptimal. This study showed that the most common defect in screening is physician's inadequacy and unavailability. A proper network of competent ROP screening physicians in all neonatal intensive care units should be established. Centers for advanced ROP surgery should be allocated to deliver a timely surgical care if needed.

Saudi Arabia Guidelines for diabetic macular edema: A consensus of the Saudi Retina Group.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications are major public health burdens in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is 19.7% and the prevalence of diabetic macular edema (DME) is 5.7% in Saudi Arabia. Diabetic macular edema is a vision-threatening complication of DR and a major cause of vision loss worldwide. Ocular treatments include retinal laser photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, intravitreal corticosteroids, and vitreoretinal surgery when necessary. The present consensus was developed as a part of the Saudi Retina Group's efforts to generate Saudi guidelines and consensus for the management of DME, including recommendations for its diagnosis, treatment, and best practice. The experts' panel stipulates that the treatment algorithm should be categorized according to the presence of central macula involvement. In patients with no central macular involvement, laser photocoagulation is recommended as the first-line option. Patients with central macular involvement and no recent history of cardiovascular (CVS) or cerebrovascular disorders can be offered anti-VEGF agents as the first-line option. In the case of non-responders (defined as an improvement of <20% in optical coherence tomography or a gain of fewer than 5 letters in vision), switching to another anti-VEGF agent or steroids should be considered after 3 injections. Within the class of steroids, dexamethasone implants are recommended as the first choice. In patients with a recent history of CVS events, the use of anti-VEGF agents is not recommended, regardless of their lens status. The experts' panel recommends that a future study be conducted to provide a cut-off point for early switching to steroid implants in pseudo-phakic eyes.

Indocyanine green angiographic findings in presumed intraocular tuberculosis.

PURPOSE: To study features of Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in patients with presumed intraocular tuberculosis. METHODS: Retrospective study of 48 consecutive patients (77 eyes) who underwent ICGA. The following signs were analysed: choroidal perfusion inhomogeneity, early hyperfluorescent stromal vessels, round or oval hypofluorescent dark dots (HDDs), hypofluorescent geographic lesions (HGLs), fuzzy or lost pattern of large stromal choroidal vessels, disc hyperfluorescence and diffuse late choroidal hyperfluorescence. RESULTS: Among 44 eyes of 29 patients with no clinical evidence of choroidal involvement, only 7 eyes of 6 patients had no ICGA evidence of choroidal involvement. On the other hand, ICGA findings suggesting choroidal involvement were noted in 37 (84.1%) eyes of 23 patients in the form of HDDs in all 37 (100%) eyes, HGLs in 7 (18.9%) eyes, disc hyperfluorescence in 20 (45.5%) eyes, fuzzy stromal vessels in 17 (38.6%) eyes, early hyperfluorescent stromal vessels in 13 (29.5%) eyes, late pinpoint hyperfluorescence in 11 (25%) eyes and late diffuse choroidal hyperfluorescence in 7 (15.9%) eyes. Among 33 eyes of 19 patients with clinically evident choroidal involvement, the following findings were identified; HDDs in 12 (36.4%) eyes, HGLs in 10 (30.3%) eyes, both HDDs and HGLs in 9 (27.3%) eyes, disc hyperfluorescence in 11 (33.3%) eyes, early hyperfluorescent stromal vessels in 7 (21.2%) eyes, fuzzy stromal vessels in 6 (18.2%) eyes and late diffuse choroidal hyperfluorescence was present in 2 (6.1%) eyes. CONCLUSIONS: ICGA is necessary in identifying and diagnosing subclinical tuberculous choroidal involvement. The most prevalent ICGA finding was persistent HDDs.

Posterior Segment Characterization in Children With Pierson Syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pierson syndrome is a rare genetic disease defined by congenital nephrotic syndrome in association with microcoria. The authors aim to describe the posterior segment and retinal features in Pierson syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of nine patients diagnosed with Pierson syndrome was ascertained. Details of ophthalmic history, ocular examination, retinal imaging, and surgical interventions were obtained during a median duration of 17 months of follow-up (range: 6 to 60 months). Retinal interventions included scatter laser photocoagulation and surgical retinal repair. RESULTS: Sixteen eyes of nine patients were included. The axial length of five eyes with flat retina was 26.59 mm ± 0.99 mm. Highly myopic features including tessellated fundus with accompanying optic disc pallor, unidentifiable cup, and abnormal retinal vascular emanation from the disc were observed in all eyes (100%), whereas 12 eyes (75%) had parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy. Features of abnormal retinal vascularization included avascular peripheral retina on fluorescein angiography, aberrant course of the temporal arcades in 13 eyes (81.3%), and straightened nasal retinal blood vessels in 12 eyes (75%). Tortuous retinal blood vessels were observed in three eyes (18.75%). Surgical repair was performed in five out of seven eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Recurrence was observed in all eyes, which required two to three procedures to achieve final reattachment. CONCLUSIONS: Combined features of high axial myopia with incomplete peripheral vascular maturation characterize the posterior segment in Pierson syndrome. Careful posterior segment examination is essential to detect RRD or retinal neovascularization. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51:618-627.].

Effect of 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic on Ophthalmologists Practicing in Saudi Arabia: A Psychological Health Assessment.

PURPOSE: To assess the psychological impact and mental health outcomes including depression, anxiety, and insomnia during COVID-19 crisis among ophthalmologists. METHODS: This was a simple random study in which ophthalmologists practicing in Saudi Arabia were asked to fill in a self-administered online survey during the period from March 28, 2020, to April 04, 2020. Four validated psychiatric assessment tools were used to detect symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and stress perception. RESULTS: One hundred and seven participants successfully completed the survey with a response rate of 30.6%. Males constituted 56.1% (n = 60). Ophthalmology residents constituted the majority (n = 66, 61.7%). About half of the physicians exhibited symptoms of depression (n = 56, 50.5%), anxiety (n = 50, 46.7%), and insomnia (n = 48, 44.9%). Symptoms of stress ranged between low (28%), moderate (68.2%), and high (3.7%). According to the cutoff values for severe symptoms, 29% were identified as having depression, 38.3% had anxiety, and 15% had insomnia.Depression was found to be more common among female ophthalmologists (P = 0.06), those living with an elderly (P = 0.003), and fellows (P = 0.006). Female ophthalmologists suffering from anxiety were significantly more than male ophthalmologists (P = 0.046). There was a trend toward suffering from anxiety in frontline health-care providers (P = 0.139) and in ophthalmologists who are living with an elderly (P = 0.149). Female participants exhibited significantly more moderate-to-high symptoms of stress (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmologists' psychological needs, females in particular, should be addressed appropriately during the COVID-19 pandemic. Establishing psychological support units, especially for high-risk individuals, should be considered to minimize psychological adverse effects.

Adherence to optical safety guidelines for laser-assisted hair removal.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there was a rise in ocular injuries secondary to cosmetic laser-assisted hair removal. PURPOSE: To assess the level of adherence to optical safety guidelines during laser-assisted hair removal performed by nurses or physicians in private practice. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at thirty-one private laser-assisted hair removal clinics. An electronic random number generator using a cluster random sampling technique was used to select the clinics. The Alexlazr™ (Candela Corp.) device operator's manual checklist was modified to collect data from laser device operators and patients by surveying the laser rooms, interviewing the patients, and observing the treatments. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients treated by different service providers were included from 31 private centers. All treatment sessions were delivered by trained nurses. Only 9.5% had acceptable adherence to optical safety guidelines during hair removal treatment, while the majority (90.5%) of service providers were poorly adherent. None of the providers achieved excellent adherence to optical safety guidelines. The item with the least adherence was the lack of non-reflective floors inside laser rooms in 72.3% of centers. All service providers were familiar with the laser system controls and emergency shutdown (100% adherence). CONCLUSION: There is a significant deficiency in the safety precautions at laser-assisted hair removal centers that can result in devastating ophthalmic injuries. Companies providing laser-assisted hair removal machines should be involved in aiding these centers to implement safety procedures.

Presumed tuberculous uveitis in a university-based tertiary referral center in Saudi Arabia.

PURPOSE: To describe clinical characteristics and outcomes of treatment in patients with presumed tuberculous uveitis (PTU). METHODS: All patients diagnosed with PTU between January 1996 and March 2013 were reviewed. The diagnosis was made when clinical findings were consistent with possible intraocular tuberculosis, strongly positive purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test result, and response to anti-tuberculous therapy with no other cause of uveitis as suggested by history, symptoms, or ancillary testing. RESULTS: Ninety patients (141 eyes) were identified. There were 43 males (47.3%) and 47 females (52.7%). Mean age was 48.2 ± 14.4 years. Mean duration of symptoms prior to presentation was 6.7 ± 8.3 months. Ten eyes (7.1%) had anterior uveitis, 18 eyes (12.8%) had intermediate uveitis, 34 eyes (24.1%) had posterior uveitis, and 79 eyes (56%) had panuveitis. Macular edema was present in 33.3% of the eyes at presentation. All patients received anti-tuberculous therapy and systemic corticosteroids. Mean follow-up after completion of therapy was 36 ± 2.5 months. Only 2 eyes developed recurrent inflammation after treatment completion. At last follow-up, all eyes showed resolution of inflammation, associated with significant improvement in visual acuity. There was a significant positive correlation between initial and final VA. Eyes that had macular edema at presentation showed a significant reduction in central macular thickness at final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: There is delay in presentation of patients with PTU. The most common anatomic diagnosis was panuveitis. Treatment with anti-tuberculous therapy combined with systemic corticosteroids resulted in resolution of inflammation and macular edema with significant improvement in visual acuity.

Combined cilioretinal artery and hemi-retinal vein occlusion in Sturge Weber syndrome: Expanding the clinical spectrum.

A 9-year-old boy with the diagnosis of Sturge-Weber Syndrome, and port-wine stain involving the right side of the face, presented with acute visual loss of the right eye. Examination revealed a high intraocular pressure and a combined cilioretinal artery and inferior hemi-retinal vein occlusion in the right eye. Systemic work-up was negative. After controlling the intraocular pressure, gradual improvement of vision was noticed with simultaneous disappearance of signs of vascular occlusion.

Prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics reduce the risk of post-traumatic endophthalmitis after repair of open globe injuries.

PURPOSE: To investigate efficacy of prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics in reducing incidence of endophthalmitis after repair of open globe injuries. At King Abdulaziz University Hospital, a standard protocol of intravenous vancomycin and ceftazidime was used in all cases. METHODS: Charts of 353 patients who presented between January 2010 and January 2014 with open globe injury were retrospectively reviewed. In addition, the standard protocol in this cohort included prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics in high-risk cases at time of primary repair. High-risk cases were identified based on the presence of one or more of the following risk factors: dirty wound, retained intra-ocular foreign body (IOFB), rural setting, delayed primary repair of >24 hr and ruptured lens capsule. Rate of endophthalmitis in this recent cohort was compared with that of a previous cohort admitted for primary repair between May 1996 and May 2008 (641 patients). In the previous cohort, protocol did not include prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics. RESULTS: Rates of clinically suspected endophthalmitis and culture-positive endophthalmitis were higher in previous cohort (24 of 641 eyes; 3.7% and 12 of 641 eyes; 1.9%, respectively) compared to recent cohort (six of 353 eyes; 1.7% and two of 353 eyes; 0.6%, respectively). In high-risk groups, rates of suspected endophthalmitis and culture-positive endophthalmitis were higher in previous cohort (19 of 345 eyes; 5.5% and 12 of 345 eyes; 3.5%, respectively) compared to the recent cohort (five of 200 eyes; 2.5% and two of 200 eyes; 1.0%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics reduce risk of endophthalmitis after repair of open globe injuries.

SURGICAL OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS OF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT IN EYES WITH CHORIORETINAL COLOBOMA: The Results of the KKESH International Collaborative Retina Study Group.

PURPOSE: To study the outcomes of management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in eyes with chorioretinal colobomas. METHODS: A retrospective review of 119 patients (119 eyes) with chorioretinal colobomas who underwent surgical repair for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was performed. Data were collected on the site of the retinal break, type of surgery, anatomical success, and complications. RESULTS: The most common location of the primary retinal break was the intercalary membrane in 58.8% of eyes. The most common surgical intervention was vitrectomy with endolaser and silicone oil tamponade (77.3% of eyes). Final anatomical success was achieved in 87.4% of eyes. Anatomical success was significantly higher in eyes that received long-acting tamponade (P = 0.006). Cryotherapy was significantly associated with failure of primary vitrectomy (P = 0.028). Placement of an encircling band did not affect anatomical outcomes (P = 0.75). Most of the eyes (60%) with recurrent retinal detachment after primary vitrectomy had a primary break within the normal retina. CONCLUSION: The optimal option for managing retinal detachment in eyes with chorioretinal colobomas is pars plana vitrectomy with long-acting tamponade (silicone oil or octafluoropropane) and retinopexy to the edge of the coloboma and the primary breaks. Cryotherapy is associated with poor anatomical outcomes. An encircling band does not seem to affect the final anatomical outcome.