R150S mutation in the human oxytocin receptor: Gain-of-function effects and implication in autism spectrum disorder.

This study investigates the rs547238576 (R150S) missense variant in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene, previously observed through screening of rare variants in Japanese individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Contrary to the anticipated loss-of-function, R150S exhibits gain-of-function effects, enhancing oxytocin (OXT) sensitivity, ligand-binding affinity, and OXT-induced Ca2+ mobilization in vitro. This suggests R150S may alter OXT signaling, potentially contributing to the excitatory/inhibitory imbalance seen in ASD and other psychiatric disorders. Our findings underscore the significance of genetic variations in OXTR on functional activity and highlight the necessity for population-specific genetic study and in vitro analysis to elucidate genetic susceptibilities to neuropsychiatric conditions.

Sudden Hearing Loss Waves: The Effect of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination on the Inner Ear.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) has emerged as a potential complication of COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Various mechanisms by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause hearing loss have been reported, including direct viral invasion, neuroinflammation, blood flow disturbances, and immune-mediated response. However, the temporal relationship between COVID-19 infection and SSNHL remains unclear, with mixed findings and conflicting results reported in different studies. Similarly, while anecdotal reports have linked COVID-19 vaccination to SSNHL, evidence remains scarce. Establishing a correlation between COVID-19 vaccines and SSNHL implies a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis involving interactions between the immune system and the body's stress response. Nevertheless, it is important to consider the overwhelming evidence of the vaccines' safety and efficacy in limiting the spread of the disease and remains the primordial tool in reducing death.

Efficacy of Nortriptyline and Migraine Lifestyle Modifications in Vestibular Migraine Management.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of nortriptyline regimen and migraine dietary/lifestyle modifications on dizziness and stress levels in patients diagnosed with vestibular migraine (VM). METHODS: A total of 35 patients diagnosed with definite VM based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders were included in this intervention study. Patients self-selected to receive either nortriptyline regimen alone (10-40 mg daily with biweekly escalation) (group A, n = 17) or migraine dietary/lifestyle modifications alone (group B, n = 18). Main outcome measures were dizziness severity and stress level measured by the visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: At 4-week post-treatment, dizziness decreased from 6.0 ± 2.5 to 4.2 ± 3.4 (p = 0.069) in group A and from 8.7 ± 1.5 to 3.6 ± 3.0 (p < 0.001) in group B. VAS for stress changed from 5.5 ± 1.3 to 5.4 ± 2.9 (p = 0.93) and from 6.9 ± 3.2 to 5.0 ± 2.7 (p = 0.025) in groups A and B, respectively. The δ values of the VAS score for dizziness were 1.8 ± 3.7 and 5.1 ± 3.1 and the δ values of the VAS score for stress were 0.06 ± 2.9 and 1.9 ± 3.3 in groups A and B, respectively. Quality of life (QOL) improved in 88% patients in group A and 94% patients in group B. CONCLUSIONS: Nortriptyline, at a maximum dose of 40 mg, effectively alleviates patient symptoms, while a migraine diet and lifestyle modifications notably reduce vertiginous symptoms and stress levels in VM patients in 4 weeks. Both interventions are equally effective in ameliorating the QOL of patients. The ideal treatment for patients would likely need to include both medication and diet/lifestyle changes.

Efficacy of Internet-Based Therapies for Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Tinnitus presents a major public health challenge, impacting quality of life. With conventional therapies being often time-consuming and costly, interest in Internet-based treatments, such as auditory treatments and Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, has grown due to their improved patient adherence. This meta-analysis aims to review existing scientific literature to assess the effectiveness of Internet-based therapies (IBTs) in treating tinnitus. METHODS: Studies up to February 2024 using the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI), Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), or Tinnitus Reactions Questionnaire (TRQ) to monitor tinnitus before and after IBTs were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Variation of the score with time was analyzed and a comparison was made with non-IBT studies. Treatment effects were analyzed using Cohen's d model. RESULTS: A total of 14 articles were considered, with a total of 1574 patients. Significant improvements in questionnaire scores were noted post-treatment. In the IBT group, THI and TFI decreased by 17.97 and 24.56 points, respectively (Cohen's d THI: 0.85; TFI: 0.80). In the control group, THI and TFI decreased by 13.7 and 4.25 points, respectively (Cohen's d THI: 0.55; TFI: 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Internet-based therapies showed reliable effectiveness, possibly due to improved patient compliance, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and customization.

White Matter Hyperintensity in Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

OBJECTIVE: To compare white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and analyze subpopulations with age-matched controls. METHODS: T2-weighted MRI scans of 150 patients with SSNHL were assessed for WMHs and compared with the data of 148 healthy age-matched adults. Assessments of WMHs included independent grading of deep white matter hyperintensities (DWMHs) and periventricular hyperintensities (PVHs). WMH severity was visually rated using the Fazekas and Mirsen scales by two independent observers. RESULTS: Fazekas grades for PVHs (p < 0.001) and DWMHs (p < 0.001) of SSNHL patients were found to be significantly greater than those of healthy participants. The average Mirsen grades for DWMHs of healthy and SSNHL patients were evaluated to be 0.373 ± 0.550 and 2.140 ± 0.859, respectively. Mirsen grades for DWMHs of SSNHL patients were found to be significantly greater (p < 0.001) than those of healthy participants. The Mirsen scale was found to have higher sensitivity (p < 0.001) than the Fazekas scale in grading PVHs and DWMHs. No significant difference (p = 0.24) was found in specificities between the two scales. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with sudden hearing loss have a much higher likelihood of having periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities compared to age-matched controls. These findings indicate that sudden hearing loss patients are more likely to have microvascular changes in the brain, which may indicate a vascular and/or migraine origin to sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

The Dawn and Advancement of the Knowledge of the Genetics of Migraine.

Background: Migraine is a prevalent episodic brain disorder known for recurrent attacks of unilateral headaches, accompanied by complaints of photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. Two main categories of migraine are migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO). Main body: Early twin and population studies have shown a genetic basis for these disorders, and efforts have been invested since to discern the genes involved. Many techniques, including candidate-gene association studies, loci linkage studies, genome-wide association, and transcription studies, have been used for this goal. As a result, several genes were pinned with concurrent and conflicting data among studies. It is important to understand the evolution of techniques and their findings. Conclusions: This review provides a chronological understanding of the different techniques used from the dawn of migraine genetic investigations and the genes linked with the migraine subtypes.

Google Trends Analysis of Otologic Symptom Searches Following COVID-19.

Introduction: COVID-19 infection was accompanied by otologic symptoms, a pattern that was captured early by Google Trends. The objective of this study is to investigate searches for otologic symptoms and identify correlations with the pandemic onset. Materials and Methods: Search interest for otologic symptoms was gathered using Google Trends from two years before and two years following the pandemic start date. A two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test was used to identify significant changes and effect size. Results: In total, search interest for 14 terms was collected, with significant changes identified in 11. Six terms showed increased search interest, with the most significant rises observed for headache (r=0.589, p<0.001), dizziness (r=0.554, p<0.001), and tinnitus (r=0.410, p<0.001). Search interest decreased for five terms, with the most notable declines found in searches for migraine headache (r=0.35, p<0.001) and phonophobia (r=0.22, p=0.002). No significant changes were seen in ear pressure (p=0.142), neck pain (p=0.935), and sudden hearing loss (p=0.863) searches. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection is often accompanied otologic symptoms and holds a diagnostic role. Fluctuating search interest may be attributed to a true increase in cases, media trends, or people's desires to stay informed. Google Trends robustly captured trends in search interest and presented itself as a valuable epidemiological tool.

Assessment of laryngologists' ratings on physician review websites.

Objective: To assess and characterize online ratings and comments on laryngologists and determine factors that correlate with higher ratings. Methods: All the American Laryngological Association (ALA) members were queried across several online platforms. Ratings were normalized for comparison on a five-point Likert scale. Ratings were categorized based on context and for positive/negative aspects. Results: Of the 331 ALA members, 256 (77%) were rated on at least one online platform. Across all platforms, the average overall rating was 4.39 ± 0.61 (range: 1.00-5.00). Specific positive ratings including "bedside manners," "diagnostic accuracy," "adequate time spent with patient," "appropriate follow-up," and "physician timeliness" had significant positive correlations to overall ratings, by Pearson's correlation (P < 0.001). Long wait times had significant negative correlations to overall ratings (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Online ratings and comments for laryngologists are significantly influenced by patient perceptions of bedside manner, physician competence, and time spent with the patient.

Online ratings and narrative comments of American Head and Neck Society surgeons.

BACKGROUND: We analyzed online rating scores and comments of head and neck surgeons to understand factors that contribute to higher ratings. METHODS: Numerical ratings and comments for American Head and Neck Society physicians were extracted from Healthgrades, Vitals, RateMDs, and Yelp, with narrative comments categorized based on content. Physician practice location, education, and residency training were also compiled. RESULTS: Patient ratings were significantly higher with supportive staff and affable physician demeanor but showed significant drops with longer wait times and difficulties scheduling appointments or follow-ups. Physician education and postgraduate training did not significantly affect ratings. CONCLUSION: Online ratings and comments correlated to modifiable factors in clinical practice and may be informative in understanding patient needs.

Reply to Theodorou et al. Comment on "Umemoto et al. Management of Migraine-Associated Vestibulocochlear Disorders. Audiol. Res. 2023, 13, 528-545".

We thank the authors for their insightful and thoughtful commentary on our recent publication [...].

A Novel Technique of Reduction Meatoplasty for Correction of Very Large Meatus from a Previous Canal Wall-Down Mastoidectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of reduction meatoplasty, a novel technique aiming to improve the usage of molded hearing aids and ear plugs in patients undergoing mastoid obliteration of a previous canal wall-down (CWD) mastoidectomy, complicated with a very large meatus. PATIENTS: Twenty-six patients from a tertiary care neurotology clinic with a very large meatus from a previous CWD mastoidectomy, who were unable to use molded hearing aids or ear plugs for water protection. INTERVENTION: Reduction meatoplasty after mastoid obliteration (cartilage strips and bone pate) of the CWD mastoidectomy. The procedure involves removing a wedge of skin and underlying soft tissue superiorly in the meatus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reduction in meatus size, enabling usage of hearing aids and ear plugs. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients underwent mastoid obliteration and reduction meatoplasty to reduce meatus size. Patients were followed up for an average of 22 months postoperation. After operation, the meatus size was significantly reduced in all patients, enabling usage of over-the-counter ear plugs. In addition, all six patients with hearing aids could use standard occlusive hearing aid domes without requiring molded hearing aids. No patients showed symptoms of chronic infection in the mastoid cavity during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Results of reduction meatoplasty showed significant improvements in functionality of the external auditory meatus, indicating that this technique is effective in reducing meatus size and improving the normal meatal anatomy after mastoid obliteration.

Triamcinolone Injection for Cochlear Implant Magnet Adherence Issues.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of triamcinolone injections in treating external magnet displacement in cochlear implant (CI) patients with adhesions problems of their processor. PATIENTS: We present seven CI patients with magnet adhesion issues who presented to our tertiary care neurotology clinic. None of the patients had a history of head trauma, postimplant MRI, or surgery in the head and neck other than the cochlear implantation. INTERVENTION: Triamcinolone 40 mg/mL injected subcutaneously at the CI magnet site. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Reduction of scalp thickness and successful magnet retention. RESULTS: Our cohort consisted of seven patients (eight implant sites) of which five were overweight or obese. The temporoparietal scalp thickness measured on preoperative CT scans varied between 8.4 and 15.9 mm. Initial conservative measures such as hair shaving at the magnet site, using a headband, and increasing magnet strength failed in all patients. After receiving triamcinolone injections at the CI receiver site, six out of seven patients (seven out of eight CI sites) were able to use their processor again without the need for a headband for an average of 9.55 hours/day. The average number of injections required for each patient was 2.57 (SD = 2.18), median (range) = 1 (1-7). One patient required a flap thinning surgery but showed no improvement even after flap thinning. None of the patients showed skin irritation, breakdown, ulceration, necrosis, or magnet exposure during follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The significant improvement in CI retention shows that triamcinolone injections are effective in making the subcutaneous tissue thinner and allowing magnet retention.

Management of Migraine-Associated Vestibulocochlear Disorders.

Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder that frequently coexists with different vestibular and cochlear symptoms (sudden hearing loss, tinnitus, otalgia, aural fullness, hyperacusis, dizziness, imbalance, and vertigo) and disorders (recurrent benign positional vertigo, persistent postural perceptual dizziness, mal de debarquement, and Menière's disease). Despite evidence of an epidemiological association and similar pathophysiology between migraine and these vestibulocochlear disorders, patients suffering from migraine-related symptoms are usually underdiagnosed and undertreated. Current migraine treatment options have shown success in treating vestibulocochlear symptoms. Lifestyle and dietary modifications (reducing stress, restful sleep, avoiding migraine dietary triggers, and avoiding starvation and dehydration) and supplements (vitamin B2 and magnesium) offer effective first-line treatments. Treatment with migraine prophylactic medications such as tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., nortriptyline), anticonvulsants (e.g., topiramate), and calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil) is implemented when lifestyle and dietary modifications are not sufficient in improving a patient's symptoms. We have included an algorithm that outlines a suggested approach for addressing these symptoms, taking into account our clinical observations. Greater recognition and understanding of migraine and its related vestibular and cochlear symptoms are needed to ensure the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of affected patients.

A proposed association between subjective nonpulsatile tinnitus and migraine.

Objective: Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound in the absence of an external source. We propose the hypothesis that migraine can cause exacerbation of tinnitus in some patients. Methods: English literature from PubMed has been reviewed. Results: Studies have reported a high prevalence of cochlear symptoms in patients with migraine headaches and up to 45% of tinnitus patients have been shown to concomitantly suffer from migraine. Both conditions are thought to stem from central nervous system disturbances, involving disruption of the auditory and trigeminal nerve pathways. One proposed mechanism of this association is the modulation of sound sensitivity by trigeminal nerve activation of the auditory cortex during migraine attacks, resulting in tinnitus fluctuation in some patients. Increased brain and inner ear vascular permeability resulting from trigeminal nerve inflammation, can also cause observed headache and auditory symptoms. Tinnitus and migraine also share a number of symptom triggers including stress, sleep disturbances, and dietary factors. These shared features may help explain promising results of migraine therapies for the treatment of tinnitus. Conclusion: Given the complex association between tinnitus and migraine, further investigation is needed to identify the underlying mechanisms and determine the optimal treatment strategies for managing migraine-related tinnitus patients.

Meniere's disease is a manifestation of migraine.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the theory that Meniere's disease (MD) is a variation of otologic migraine rather than an isolated inner ear condition. RECENT FINDINGS: In contrast to the approximately 12% of the general population suffering from migraine headaches, 51-60% of patients with MD experience migraine headaches. While pathognomonic for MD, endolymphatic hydrops has also been identified in patients with vestibular migraine. Treatment with the integrative neurosensory rehabilitation approach (diet and lifestyle changes, magnesium and riboflavin supplementation, and when needed, prophylactic medication) to treat the underlying migraine process has been highly effective in patients with MD. SUMMARY: MD can be understood as a manifestation of migraine such that patients with MD can be effectively treated with migraine therapies.

Correlation Between Laterality of Hearing Loss and Migraine Features in Menière's Disease.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to understand whether the hearing loss laterality in Menière's disease (MD) correlates with migraine symptoms laterality such as headache, neck stiffness, and otalgia. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of prospectively obtained data on patients presenting between September 2015 and October 2021 with definite or probable MD. A custom-designed, comprehensive questionnaire was used to identify patients' migraine-related symptoms. The clinical and audiometric data were used to diagnose patients with definite or probable MD using criteria set by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. RESULTS: In total, 113 patients with definite or probable MD were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 60 ± 15 years with no gender predominance (49.6% male and 50.4% female). A total of 57 (50%) patients were presented with headaches. Among the migraine headache cohort, headache and otalgia were on the same side as the MD ear affected by hearing loss. In addition, in patients who present with otalgia as the primary feature of headache, otalgia was more likely to be on the same side as the ear affected by the hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of migraine symptoms on the same side of the ear affected by MD among this cohort could suggest a shared pathophysiology in both MD and migraine, possibly involving migraine-related changes in both the cochlea and vestibule.

Artificial neural network prediction of post-thyroidectomy outcome.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to develop a deep neural network (DNN) for predicting surgical/medical complications and unplanned reoperations following thyroidectomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The 2005-2017 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried to extract patients who underwent thyroidectomy. A DNN consisting of 10 layers was developed with an 80:20 breakdown for training and testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three primary outcomes of interest, including occurrence of surgical complications, medical complications, and unplanned reoperation were predicted. RESULTS: Of the 21 550 patients who underwent thyroidectomy, medical complications, surgical complications and reoperation occurred in 1723 (8.0%), 943 (4.38%) and 2448 (11.36%) patients, respectively. The DNN performed with an area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics of .783 (medical complications), .709 (surgical complications) and .703 (reoperations). Accuracy, specificity and negative predictive values of the model for all outcome variables ranged 78.2%-97.2%, while sensitivity and positive predictive values ranged 11.6%-62.5%. Variables with high permutation importance included sex, inpatient versus outpatient and American Society of Anesthesiologists class. CONCLUSIONS: We predicted surgical/medical complications and unplanned reoperation following thyroidectomy via development of a well-performing ML algorithm. We have also developed a web-based application available on mobile devices to demonstrate the predictive capacity of our models in real time.

Audiometric Validation of a Smart Watch Decibel Meter.

This diagnostic study assesses the performance of the Apple Watch Noise application in comparison with a class 1 sound level meter.