RESUMO
Approaches to improve pancreatic cancer therapy are essential as this disease has a very bleak outcome. Approximately 80% of pancreatic cancers are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). PDAC is a cancer which is difficult to effectively treat as it is often detected late in the disease process. Almost all PDACs (over 90%) have activating mutations in the GTPase gene KRAS. These mutations result in constitutive KRas activation and the mobilization of downstream pathways such as the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Small molecule inhibitors of key components of the KRas/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways as well as monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for upstream growth factor receptors such insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1-R) and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) have been developed and have been evaluated in clinical trials. An additional key regulatory gene frequently mutated (â¼75%) in PDAC is the TP53 tumor suppressor gene which controls the transcription of multiple genes involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, metabolism, cancer progression and other growth regulatory processes. Small molecule mutant TP53 reactivators have been developed which alter the structure of mutant TP53 protein and restore some of its antiproliferative activities. Some mutant TP53 reactivators have been examined in clinical trials with patients with mutant TP53 genes. Inhibitors to the TP53 negative regulator Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) have been developed and analyzed in clinical trials. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are established anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory drugs that also prevent the induction of autophagy which can have effects on cancer survival. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have also been examined in various clinical trials. Recent studies are suggesting effective treatment of PDAC patients may require chemotherapy as well as targeting multiple pathways and biochemical processes.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Animais , Camundongos , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Cloroquina/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Mutação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
Approximately 90% of pancreatic cancers are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). PDAC is the fourth leading cause of cancer death world-wide. Therapies for PDAC are largely ineffective due to the dense desmoplastic tumor microenvironment which prevents chemotherapeutic drugs and small molecule inhibitors from exerting effective anti-cancer effects. In this review, we will discuss the roles of TP53 and miRs on the PDAC tumor microenvironment and how loss of the normal functions of TP53 promote tumor progression. The TP53 gene is mutated in approximately 50% of pancreatic cancers. Often, these TP53 mutations are point mutations which confer additional functions for the TP53 proteins. These are called gain of function (GOF) mutations (mut). Another class of TP53 mutations are deletions which result in loss of the TP53 protein; these are referred to TP53-null mutations. We have organized this review into various components/properties of the PDAC microenvironment and how they may be altered in the presence of mutant TP53 and loss of certain miR expression.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , MicroRNAs , Microambiente Tumoral , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53 , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Mutação/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
TP53 is a master regulator of many signaling and apoptotic pathways involved in: aging, cell cycle progression, gene regulation, growth, apoptosis, cellular senescence, DNA repair, drug resistance, malignant transformation, metastasis, and metabolism. Most pancreatic cancers are classified as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is mutated frequently (50-75%) in PDAC. Different types of TP53 mutations have been observed including gain of function (GOF) point mutations and various deletions of the TP53 gene resulting in lack of the protein expression. Most PDACs have point mutations at the KRAS gene which result in constitutive activation of KRas and multiple downstream signaling pathways. It has been difficult to develop specific KRas inhibitors and/or methods that result in recovery of functional TP53 activity. To further elucidate the roles of TP53 in drug-resistance of pancreatic cancer cells, we introduced wild-type (WT) TP53 or a control vector into two different PDAC cell lines. Introduction of WT-TP53 increased the sensitivity of the cells to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs, signal transduction inhibitors, drugs and nutraceuticals and influenced key metabolic properties of the cells. Therefore, TP53 is a key molecule which is critical in drug sensitivity and metabolism of PDAC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Suplementos Nutricionais , Receptores ErbB/genética , Mutação com Ganho de Função , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Humanos , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/metabolismo , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Mutação , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53 , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
The TP53 tumor suppressor is mutated in ~75% of pancreatic cancers. The mutant TP53 protein in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Attempts have been made to develop molecules that restore at least some of the properties of wild-type (WT) TP53. APR-246 is one such molecule, and it is referred to as a mutant TP53 reactivator. To understand the potential of APR-246 to sensitize PDAC cells to chemotherapy, we introduced a vector encoding WT-TP53 into two PDAC cell lines, one lacking the expression of TP53 (PANC-28) and one with a gain-of-function (GOF) mutant TP53 (MIA-PaCa-2). APR-246 increased drug sensitivity in the cells containing either a WT or mutant TP53 protein with GOF activity, but not in cells that lacked TP53. The introduction of WT-T53 into PANC-28 cells increased their sensitivity to the TP53 reactivator, chemotherapeutic drugs, and signal transduction inhibitors. The addition of WT-TP53 to PDAC cells with GOF TP53 also increased their sensitivity to the drugs and therapeutics, indicating that APR-246 could function in cells with WT-TP53 and GOF TP53. These results highlight the importance of knowledge of the type of TP53 mutation that is present in cancer patients before the administration of drugs which function through the reactivation of TP53.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Quinuclidinas/uso terapêutico , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common form of pancreatic cancer. In ~75% of PDAC, the tumor suppressor TP53 gene is mutated. Novel approaches to treat cancer involve compounds called mutant TP53 reactivators. They interact with mutant TP53 proteins and restore some of their growth suppressive properties, but they may also interact with other proteins, e.g., TP63 and TP73. We examined the ability of the TP53 reactivator APR-246 to interact with eleven modified berberine compounds (NAX compounds) in the presence and absence of WT-TP53 in two PDAC cell lines: the MIA-PaCa-2, which has gain of function (GOF) TP53 mutations on both alleles, and PANC-28, which lacks expression of the WT TP53 protein. Our results indicate the TP53 reactivator-induced increase in therapeutic potential of many modified berberines.
Assuntos
Berberina , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53 , Berberina/farmacologia , Berberina/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Quinuclidinas , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
Approaches to improve pancreatic cancer therapy are essential as this disease has a very bleak outcome. Approximately 80% of pancreatic cancers are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). A key regulatory gene frequently mutated (â¼75%) in PDAC is the TP53 tumor suppressor gene which controls the transcription of multiple genes involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, cancer progression and other growth regulatory processes. The mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) gene product is a nuclear-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase and negatively regulates the TP53 protein which results in its proteasomal degradation. Various MDM2 inhibitors have been isolated and examined in clinical trials, especially in patients with hematological malignancies. Nutlin-3a is one of the first MDM2 inhibitors isolated. Berberine (BBR) is a natural product found in many fruits and berries and used in traditional medicine for centuries. It has many biological effects, and some are anti-proliferative in nature. BBR may activate the expression of TP53 and inhibit cell cycle progression as well as other events important in cell growth. To understand more about the potential of compounds like BBR and chemical modified BBRs (NAX compounds) to sensitize PDAC cells to MDM2 inhibitors, we introduced either WT-TP53 or the pLXSN empty vector control into two PDAC cell lines, one lacking expression of TP53 (PANC-28) and one with gain-of-function mutant TP53 on both alleles (MIA-PaCa-2). Our results indicate that nutlin-3a was able to increase the sensitivity to BBR and certain NAX compounds. The effects of nutlin-3a were usually more substantial in those cells containing an introduced WT TP53 gene. These results highlight the importance of knowledge of the type of TP53 mutation that is present in cancer patients before the administration of drugs which function by stabilization of the TP53 protein.
Assuntos
Berberina , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Apoptose , Berberina/farmacologia , Berberina/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Imidazóis , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Piperazinas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a regulator of signaling pathways. KRas is frequently mutated in pancreatic cancers. The growth of certain pancreatic cancers is KRas-dependent and can be suppressed by GSK-3 inhibitors, documenting a link between KRas and GSK-3. To further elucidate the roles of GSK-3ß in drug-resistance, we transfected KRas-dependent MIA-PaCa-2 pancreatic cells with wild-type (WT) and kinase-dead (KD) forms of GSK-3ß. Transfection of MIA-PaCa-2 cells with WT-GSK-3ß increased their resistance to various chemotherapeutic drugs and certain small molecule inhibitors. Transfection of cells with KD-GSK-3ß often increased therapeutic sensitivity. An exception was observed with cells transfected with WT-GSK-3ß and sensitivity to the BCL2/BCLXL ABT737 inhibitor. WT-GSK-3ß reduced glycolytic capacity of the cells but did not affect the basal glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. KD-GSK-3ß decreased both basal glycolysis and glycolytic capacity and reduced mitochondrial respiration in MIA-PaCa-2 cells. As a comparison, the effects of GSK-3 on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which have mutant PIK3CA, were examined. KD-GSK-3ß increased the resistance of MCF-7 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and certain signal transduction inhibitors. Thus, altering the levels of GSK-3ß can have dramatic effects on sensitivity to drugs and signal transduction inhibitors which may be influenced by the background of the tumor.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/enzimologia , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenilato Quinase/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Berberina/farmacologia , Berberina/uso terapêutico , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/enzimologia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/farmacologia , Desoxicitidina/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Progressão da Doença , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Doxorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Fluoruracila/uso terapêutico , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Células MCF-7 , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Metformina/farmacologia , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Metástase Neoplásica , Nitrofenóis/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/enzimologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Tiadiazóis/farmacologia , Tiadiazóis/uso terapêutico , Ensaio Tumoral de Célula-Tronco , Proteína bcl-X/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína bcl-X/metabolismo , GencitabinaRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly metastatic malignancy. Approximately 85% of pancreatic cancers are classified as PDACs. The survival of PDAC patients is very poor and only 5-10% of patients survive 5 years after diagnosis. Mutations at the KRAS and TP53 gene are frequently observed in PDAC patients. The PANC-28 cell line lacks wild-type (WT) TP53. In the following study, we have investigated the effects of restoration of WT TP53 activity on the sensitivity of PANC-28 pancreatic cancer cells to various drugs which are used to treat PDAC patients as well as other cancer patients. In addition, we have examined the effects of signal transduction inhibitors which target critical pathways frequently deregulated in cancer. The effects of the anti-diabetes drug metformin and the anti-malarial drug chloroquine were also examined as these drugs may be repurposed to treat other diseases. Finally, the effects of certain nutraceuticals which are used to treat various ailments were also examined. Introduction of WT-TP53 activity in PANC-28 PDAC cells, can increase their sensitivity to various drugs. Attempts are being made clinically to increase TP53 activity in various cancer types which will often inhibit cell growth by multiple mechanisms.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) interacts with various downstream molecules including phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC), Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/PTEN/Akt/GSK-3, Jak/STAT and others. Often these pathways are deregulated in human malignancies such as breast cancer. Various therapeutic approaches to inhibit the activity of EGFR family members including small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) have been developed. A common problem with cancer treatments is the development of drug-resistance. We examined the effects of a conditionally-activated EGFR (v-Erb-B:ER) on the resistance of breast cancer cells to commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin and 5-flurouracil as well as ionizing radiation (IR). v-Erb-B is similar to the EGFR-variant EGFRvIII, which is expressed in various cancers including breast, brain, prostate. Both v-Erb-B and EGFRvIII encode the EGFR kinase domain but lack key components present in the extracellular domain of EGFR which normally regulate its activity and ligand-dependence. The v-Erb-B oncogene was ligated to the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor (ER) which results in regulation of the activity of the v-Erb-ER construct by addition of either estrogen (E2) or 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT) to the culture media. Introduction of the v-Erb-B:ER construct into the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line increased the resistance to the cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs, hormonal-based therapeutics and IR. These results point to the important effects that aberrant expression of EGFR kinase domain can have on therapeutic resistance.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic has put a serious strain on health treatments as well at the economies of many nations. Unfortunately, there is not currently available vaccine for SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19. Various types of patients have delayed treatment or even routine check-ups and we are adapting to a virtual world. In many cases, surgeries are delayed unless they are essential. This is also true with regards to cancer treatments and screening. Interestingly, some existing drugs and nutraceuticals have been screened for their effects on COVID-19. Certain FDA approved drugs, vitamin, natural products and trace minerals may be repurposed to treat or improve the prevention of COVID-19 infections and disease progression. This review article will summarize how the treatments of various cancer patients has changed during the COVID-19 era as well as discuss the promise of some existing drugs and other agents to be repurposed to treat this disease.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , COVID-19 , Comorbidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/virologia , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/antagonistas & inibidores , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Oligoelementos/uso terapêutico , Vitaminas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Glycogen synthetase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and microRNAs (miRs) affect many critical signaling pathways important in cell growth. GSK-3 is a serine/threonine (S/T) protein kinase. Often when GSK-3 phosphorylates other proteins, they are inactivated and the signaling pathway is shut down. The PI3K/PTEN/AKT/GSK3/mTORC1 pathway plays key roles in regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, drug resistance, malignant transformation and metastasis and is often deregulated in cancer. When GSK-3 is phosphorylated by AKT it is inactivated and this often leads to growth promotion. When GSK-3 is not phosphorylated by AKT or other kinases at specific negative-regulatory residues, it can modify the activity of many proteins by phosphorylation, some of these proteins promote while others inhibit cell proliferation. This is part of the conundrum regarding GSK-3. The central theme of this review is the ability of GSK-3 to serve as either a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter in cancer which is likely due to its diverse protein substrates. The effects of multiple miRs which bind mRNAs encoding GSK-3 and other signaling molecules and how they affect cell growth and sensitivity to various therapeutics will be discussed as they serve to regulate GSK-3 and other proteins important in controlling proliferation.
Assuntos
Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Carcinogênese/patologia , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/genética , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , Neoplasias/enzimologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: TP53 plays critical roles in sensitivity to chemotherapy, and aging. Collagen is very important in aging. The molecular structure and biochemical properties of collagen changes during aging. The discoidin domain receptor (DDR1) is regulated in part by collagen. Elucidating the links between TP53 and DDR1 in chemosensitivity and aging could improve therapies against cancer and aging. RESULTS: Restoration of WT-TP53 activity resulted in increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and elevated expression of key components of the Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and DDR1 pathways. DDR1 could modulate the levels of Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways as well as sensitize the cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. In contrast, suppression of WT TP53 with a dominant negative (DN) TP53 gene, suppressed DDR1 protein levels and increased their chemoresistance. CONCLUSION: Restoration of WT TP53 activity or increased expression of the anti-aging DDR1 collagen receptor can result in enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Our innovative studies indicate the important links between WT TP53 and DDR1 which can modulate Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling as well as chemosensitivity and aging. METHODS: We investigated the roles of wild type (WT) and mutant TP53 on drug sensitivity of prostate cancer cells and the induction of Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and DDR1 expression and chemosensitivity.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Receptor com Domínio Discoidina 1/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/genética , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Colágeno/metabolismo , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/genética , Masculino , Mutação , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Quinases raf/metabolismoRESUMO
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine (S/T) protein kinase. Although GSK-3 originally was identified to have functions in regulation of glycogen synthase, it was subsequently determined to have roles in multiple normal biochemical processes as well as various disease conditions. GSK-3 is sometimes referred to as a moonlighting protein due to the multiple substrates and processes which it controls. Frequently, when GSK-3 phosphorylates proteins, they are targeted for degradation. GSK-3 is often considered a component of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/GSK-3/mTORC1 pathway as GSK-3 is frequently phosphorylated by AKT which regulates its inactivation. AKT is often active in human cancer and hence, GSK-3 is often inactivated. Moreover, GSK-3 also interacts with WNT/ß-catenin signaling and ß-catenin and other proteins in this pathway are targets of GSK-3. GSK-3 can modify NF-κB activity which is often expressed at high levels in cancer cells. Multiple pharmaceutical companies developed small molecule inhibitors to suppress GSK-3 activity. In addition, various natural products will modify GSK-3 activity. This review will focus on the effects of small molecule inhibitors and natural products on GSK-3 activity and provide examples where these compounds were effective in suppressing cancer growth.
Assuntos
Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/fisiologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Humanos , Fosforilação , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Via de Sinalização Wnt/fisiologiaRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the sixth most frequent form of cancer and leads to the fourth highest number of deaths each year. HCC results from a combination of environmental factors and aging as there are driver mutations at oncogenes which occur during aging. Most of HCCs are diagnosed at advanced stage preventing curative therapies. Treatment in advanced stage is a challenging and pressing problem, and novel and well-tolerated therapies are urgently needed. We will discuss further advances beyond sorafenib that target additional signaling pathways and immune checkpoint proteins. The scenario of possible systemic therapies for patients with advanced HCC has changed dramatically in recent years. Personalized genomics and various other omics approaches may identify actionable biochemical targets, which are activated in individual patients, which may enhance therapeutic outcomes. Further studies are needed to identify predictive biomarkers and aberrantly activated signaling pathways capable of guiding the clinician in choosing the most appropriate therapy for the individual patient.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia Genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologiaRESUMO
Improving the effects of chemotherapy and reducing the side effects are important goals in cancer research. Various approaches have been examined to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy. For example, signal transduction inhibitors or hormonal based approaches have been included with chemo- or radio-therapy. MIA-PaCa-2 and BxPC-3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells both express the estrogen receptor (ER). The effects of ß-estradiol on the growth of PDAC cells has not been examined yet the ER is expressed in PDAC cells. We have examined the effects of combining ß-estradiol with chemotherapeutic drugs, signal transcription inhibitors, natural products and nutraceuticals on PDAC. In most cases, inclusion of ß-estradiol with chemotherapeutic drugs increased chemosensitivity. These results indicate some approaches involving ß-estradiol which may be used to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic and other drugs on the growth of PDAC.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Estradiol/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Interações Alimento-Droga , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologiaRESUMO
Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant problem globally because of viral infections and the increasing incidence of obesity and fatty liver disease. However, it is difficult to treat because its inherent genetic heterogeneity results in activation of numerous signaling pathways. Kinases have been targeted for decades with varying results, but the development of therapeutic resistance is a major challenge.Areas covered: The key roles of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTORC1, TP53 microRNAs (miRs) as therapeutic targets are discussed and we suggests novel approaches for targeting miRs or their downstream targets to combat HCC. We performed literature searches using the Medline Database from 2000 to the present.Expert opinion: The involvement of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTORC and TP53 pathways as drivers of the disease and drug resistance is a challenge. Moreover, miRs regulate the expression of key genes in these pathways. What we and others are proposing is the prospect of targeting miRs and their downstream targets to improve conventional approaches to treat HCC. Combination approaches are often promising because multiple signaling pathways are deregulated due to diverse mutations and events.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , MicroRNAs/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Pancreatic cancer is devastating cancer worldwide with few if any truly effective therapies. Pancreatic cancer has an increasing incidence and may become the second leading cause of death from cancer. Novel, more effective therapeutic approaches are needed as pancreatic cancer patients usually survive for less than a year after being diagnosed. Control of blood sugar levels by the prescription drug metformin in diseases such as diabetes mellitus has been examined in association with pancreatic cancer. While the clinical trials remain inconclusive, there is hope that certain diets and medications may affect positively the outcomes of patients with pancreatic and other cancers. Other natural compounds may share some of the effects of metformin. One "medicinal" fruit consumed by millions worldwide is berberine (BBR). Metformin and BBR both activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which is a key mediator of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolism has been shown to be very important in cancer and its significance is increasing. In the following studies, we have examined the effects of metformin, BBR and a panel of modified BBRs (NAX compounds) and chemotherapeutic drugs on the growth of four different human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (PDAC). Interestingly, the effects of metformin could be enhanced by BBR and certain modified BBRs. Upon restoration of WT-TP53 activity in MIA-PaCa-2â¯cells, an altered sensitivity to the combination of certain NAX compounds and metformin was observed compared to the parental cells which normally lack WT-TP53. Certain NAX compounds may interact with WT-TP53 and metformin treatment to alter the expression of key molecules involved in cell growth. These results suggest a therapeutic approach by combining certain pharmaceutical drugs and nutraceuticals to suppress the growth of cancer cells.
Assuntos
Berberina , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidade , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Berberina/análogos & derivados , Berberina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/enzimologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologiaRESUMO
Mutations at the TP53 gene are readily detected (approximately 50-75%) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. TP53 was previously thought to be a difficult target as it is often mutated, deleted or inactivated on both chromosomes in certain cancers. In the following study, the effects of restoration of wild-type (WT) TP53 activity on the sensitivities of MIA-PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells to the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3a in combination with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, as well as, nutraceuticals were examined. Upon introduction of the WT-TP53 gene into MIA-PaCa-2â¯cells, which contain a TP53 gain of function (GOF) mutation, the sensitivity to the MDM2 inhibitor increased. However, effects of nutlin-3a were also observed in MIA-PaCa-2â¯cells lacking WT-TP53, as upon co-treatment with nutlin-3a, the sensitivity to certain inhibitors, chemotherapeutic drugs and nutraceuticals increased. Interestingly, co-treatment with nutlin-3a and certain chemotherapeutic drug such as irinotecan and oxaliplatin resulted in antagonistic effects in cells both lacking and containing WT-TP53 activity. These studies indicate the sensitizing abilities that WT-TP53 activity can have in PDAC cells which normally lack WT-TP53, as well as, the effects that the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3a can have in both cells containing and lacking WT-TP53 to various therapeutic agents.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Humanos , Irinotecano/farmacologia , Oxaliplatina/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
Berberine (BBR) is a common nutraceutical consumed by millions worldwide. BBR has many different effects on human health, e.g., diabetes, diarrhea, inflammation and now more recently it has been proposed to have potent anti-cancer effects. BBR has been shown to suppress the growth of cancer cells more than normal cells. BBR has been proposed to exert its growth-inhibitory effects by many different biochemical mechanisms including: suppression of cell cycle progression, induction of reactive oxygen species, induction of apoptosis and autophagy and interactions with DNA potentially leading to DNA damage, and altered gene expression. Pancreatic cancer is a leading cancer worldwide associated with a poor prognosis. As our population ages, pancreatic cancer has an increasing incidence and will likely become the second leading cause of death from cancer. There are few truly-effective therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer. Surgery and certain chemotherapeutic drugs are used to treat pancreatic cancer patients. Novel approaches to treat pancreatic cancer patients are direly needed as they usually survive for less than a year after being diagnosed. In the following manuscript, we discuss the abilities of BBR and certain chemically-modified BBRs (NAX compounds) to suppress growth of pancreatic cancer cells.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Berberina , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Idoso , Berberina/análogos & derivados , Berberina/química , Berberina/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Dano ao DNA , DNA de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologiaRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive, highly metastatic malignancy and accounts for 85% of pancreatic cancers. PDAC patients have poor prognosis with a five-year survival of only 5-10%. Mutations at the TP53 gene are readily detected in pancreatic tumors isolated from PDAC patients. We have investigated the effects of restoration of wild-type (WT) TP53 activity on the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to: chemotherapy, targeted therapy, as well as, nutraceuticals. Upon introduction of the WT-TP53 gene into the MIA-PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell line, the sensitivity to drugs used to treat pancreatic cancer cells such as: gemcitabine, fluorouracil (5FU), cisplatin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and paclitaxel increased significantly. Likewise, the sensitivity to drugs used to treat other cancers such as: doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and 4 hydroxy tamoxifen (4HT) also increased upon introduction of WT-TP53 into MIA-PaCa-2â¯cells. Furthermore, the sensitivity to certain inhibitors which target: PI3K/mTORC1, PDK1, SRC, GSK-3, and biochemical processes such as proteasomal degradation and the nutraceutical berberine as increased upon introduction of WT-TP53. Furthermore, in some cases, cells with WT-TP53 were more sensitive to the combination of drugs and suboptimal doses of the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3a. However, TP53-independent effects of nutlin-3a were observed upon treatment with either a proteasomal or a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. These studies indicate the sensitizing effects that WT-TP53 can have in PDAC cells which normally lack WT-TP53 to various therapeutic agents and suggest approaches to improve PDAC therapy.