Increased Diagnostic Specificity of Congo Red Stain for Amyloid: The Potential Role of Texas Red-Filtered Fluorescence Microscopy.

CONTEXT.­: The tissue diagnosis of amyloidosis is traditionally suggested by hematoxylin-eosin stain and confirmed by Congo red stain, both examined by routine light microscopy. Both false-positive and false-negative congophilia are well documented, limiting the sensitivity and specificity of the Congo red stain for the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Examination of Congo red-stained tissue by Texas Red-filtered fluorescence microscopy (TRFM) is known to enhance the amyloid-specific congophilia, thus increasing the diagnostic sensitivity. OBJECTIVE.­: To determine whether TRFM can mitigate the false positivity and thus improve the diagnostic specificity of the Congo red stain. DESIGN.­: Ninety-two tissue samples were categorized into 3 groups. Group I included 15 samples with tissue deposition of amyloid. Group II consisted of 63 samples in which amorphous eosinophilic structures reminiscent of amyloid were seen on hematoxylin-eosin-stained tissue sections. Group III included 14 samples in which amyloid and amyloid-like tissue were seen side by side. The final diagnosis of presence or absence of amyloidosis in each case was established by clinicopathologic correlation. The congophilic areas in each case were identified by light microscopy. The same areas were then examined by TRFM. RESULTS.­: TRFM enhanced congophilia, confirming the diagnosis of amyloidosis in all group I cases. Enhancement was not seen in 52 of the 63 group II cases. For group III cases, TRFM enhanced the amyloid-specific congophilia, but not the nonspecific congophilia, in all cases. CONCLUSIONS.­: TRFM increases the diagnostic yield and specificity of Congo red-stained tissue sections for detection of amyloid.

Global burden of mental health problems among children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic: An umbrella review.

Mental health problems among children and adolescents are increasingly reported amidst the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. In this umbrella review, we aimed to synthesize global evidence on the epidemiologic burden and correlates of child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) problems during this pandemic from existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Adopting the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology, we evaluated 422 citations and identified 17 eligible reviews with medium to high methodological quality. Most of the reviews reported a high prevalence of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, suicidal behavior, stress-related disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and other mental health problems. Also, factors associated with CAMH such as age, gender, place of residence, educational attainment, household income, sedentary lifestyle, social media and internet use, comorbidities, family relationships, parents' psychosocial conditions, COVID-19 related experiences, closure of schools, online learning, and social support were reported across reviews. As most studies were cross-sectional and used nonrepresentative samples, future research on representative samples adopting longitudinal and intervention designs is needed. Lastly, multipronged psychosocial care services, policies, and programs are needed to alleviate the burden of CAMH problems during and after this pandemic.

Changes in Levels and Determinants of Maternal Health Service Utilization in Ethiopia: Comparative Analysis of Two Rounds Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Antenatal care (ANC), delivery by skilled birth attendants, and postnatal care (PNC) are critical components of maternal health services for reducing maternal mortality. The study aimed to compare the utilization of maternal health services in the two most recent rounds of Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) and identify the factors influencing the utilization of these services using the 2016 EDHS. METHODS: Two rounds of EDHS data in 2011 and 2016 were used to estimate the proportion of women who had ANC, delivered by skilled birth attendants, and had a postnatal checkup and other characteristics of the surveyed population. The most recent round of data-the 2016 EDHS-was used to examine the socio-cultural and reproductive health factors associated with the three maternal health services utilization. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses with adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) were conducted using Stata 15.0. RESULTS: The use of ANC services and skilled birth attendants increased significantly between 2011 and 2016 EDHS, utilization of ANC services increased from 34.0 to 65.5%, and use of skilled birth attendants increased from 11.7 to 35.9%, respectively. The use of postnatal care decreased from 9.3 to 6.9%. Utilization of maternal health service was significantly associated with urban residence, Protestant religion, Oromo ethnicity, more education, more household wealth, and less parity. Furthermore, women who had ANC visits during pregnancy were more likely to subsequently use skilled birth attendants (AOR 5.5, p < 0.001) and PNC (AOR 2.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study highlighted the inequalities in the utilization of maternal health services between rural and urban areas, and the need of addressing the social, economic, and physical barriers that prevent women from using these services. Further, programs should be targeted at promoting the use of professional birth and postnatal services in Ethiopia.