Effect of pornography use on the sexual satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Dissatisfaction with an inividual's sex life is underlying factor that can lead to pornography addiction. The current research aims to understand the relationship between pornography use and sexual satisfaction. METHODS: The pooled correlation coefficient with 95% confidence interval was calculated using random effects. The meta-regression method was used to examine factors affecting heterogeneity between studies and Egger's test was used to evaluate of publication bias. RESULTS: 41 studies with a total sample size of 70541 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimate for the correlation coefficient in total, in male and in female -0.06 (95% CI: -0.09 to -0.02), -0.07 (95% CI: -0.16 to 0.02) and -0.04 (95% CI: -0.08 to -0.01). The pooled estimate of correlation coefficient was -0.04 (95% CI: -0.07 to -0.02) in cross-sectional, -0.12 (95% CI: -0.19 to -0.05) in cohort, 0.00 (95% CI: -0.15 to 0.15) in studies that used self-report questionnaire and -0.06 (95% CI: -0.08 to -0.03) in studies that used online survey. Based on the results of the meta-regression, the publication year was found to have a significant effect on heterogeneity among studies (B = 0.013, p = 0.018). However, study design, age, data collection method, quality score and sample size did not have a significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant negative correlation between pornography and sexual satisfaction and the disaggregation of results by gender also indicated this negative correlation among women. However, the relationship between pornography and sexual satisfaction was not significant in men.

Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of fetal overgrowth: Systematic review of cohort studies.

OBJECTIVES: Fetal overgrowth has detrimental effects on both the mother and the fetus. The global issue of ambient air pollution has been found to contribute to fetal overgrowth through various pathways. This study aimed to identify the association between prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and the risk of fetal overgrowth. METHODS: We identified articles between January 2013 and February 2024 by searching the Web of Sciences(WoS), PubMed, Proquest, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale. This review was provided based on the PRISMA guideline and registered with PROSPERO, "CRD42023488936". RESULTS: The search generated 1719 studies, of which 22 cohort studies were included involving 3,480,041 participants. Results on the effects of air pollutants on fetal overgrowth are inconsistent because they vary in population and geographic region. But in general, the results indicate that prenatal exposure to air pollutants, specifically PM2.5, NO2, and SO2, is linked to a higher likelihood of fetal overgrowth(macrosomia and large for gestational age). Nevertheless, the relationship between CO and O3 pollution and fetal overgrowth remains uncertain. Furthermore, PM10 has a limited effect on fetal overgrowth. It is essential to consider the time that reproductive-age women are exposed to air pollution. Exposure to air pollutants before conception and throughout pregnancy has a substantial impact on the fetus's vulnerability to overgrowth. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal overgrowth has implications for the health of both mother and fetus. fetal overgrowth can cause cardiovascular diseases, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other diseases in adulthood, so it is considered an important issue for the health of the future generation. Contrary to popular belief that air pollution leads to intrauterine growth restriction and low birth weight, this study highlights that one of the adverse consequences of air pollution is macrosomia or LGA during pregnancy. Therefore governments must focus on implementing initiatives that aim to reduce pregnant women's exposure to ambient air pollution to ensure the health of future generations.

Decomposed Trends of Iranian Private Health Expenditures: Should Inequality be Appreciated?

Background: Inequalities in health and health care have drawn considerable attention in social determinants of health literature. This study aims to calculate the inequality of out-of-pocket health payments (OPHP) for Iranian households during the period 1984 to 2019 and provide decomposed inequality for households with different socioeconomic status. Methods: This longitudinal study utilized the Iranian Statistics Centre data on Iranian household income and expenditures survey. The analysis includes a total of 995,300 households during a 36-year period from 1984 to 2019. The Theil index and the mean logarithmic deviation were used to decompose inequality into within-group and between-group for OPHP among Iranian households. Results: The findings indicate that the mean of the Theil index for the households covered by insurance is 1.44 (SD ± 0.34), while the index was 1.35 (SD ± 0.31) for households without insurance coverage. The mean of the Theil index for rural and urban households was 1.29 (SD ± 0.29) and 1.43 (SD ± 0.33), respectively. Regardless of the fluctuations, the trends of between- group and within group inequalities in OPHP were almost similar until 2011, but they followed a different path since then. Conclusion: Households living in cities, households with insurance coverage, and households in high income levels have experienced more inequality in OPHP than other households. This study provides a novel interpretation of inequality in health care expenditures and provides a long-term time series data to assess the effectiveness of implemented policies in health care system.

Inequality in Private Health Care Expenditures: A 36-Year Trend Study of Iranian Households.

OBJECTIVES: Throughout history, societies have been impacted by inequality. Many studies have been conducted on the topic more broadly, but only a few have investigated inequalities in out-of-pocket health payments (OHP). This study measures OHP inequality trends among the Iranian households. METHODS: This study used data from the Iranian Statistics Center on Iranian household income and expenditures. The analysis included a total of 995 300 households during the 36 years from 1984 to 2019. The Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Theil index were calculated for Iranian OHP. RESULTS: Average Iranian household OHP increased from 33 US dollar (USD) in 1984 to 47 USD in 2019. During this 36-year span, the average±standard deviation Gini coefficient for OHP was 0.73±0.04, and the Atkinson and Theil indexes were 0.68±0.05 and 1.14±0.29, respectively. The Gini coefficients for the subcategories of OHP of outpatient diagnostic services, medical assistant accessories, hospital inpatient services, and addiction cessation were 0.70, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.64, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we scrutinized trends of inequality in the OHP of Iranian households. Inequality in OHP decreased slightly over the past four decades. An analysis of trends among different subgroups revealed that affluent households, such as households with insurance coverage and households in higher income deciles, experienced higher inequality. Therefore, lower inequality in health care expenditures may be related to restricted access to health care services in Iran.