RESUMO
BackgroundMultidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are among chief causes of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). In Spain, studies addressing multidrug resistance based on epidemiological surveillance systems are lacking.AimIn this observational study, cases of HAIs by MDR bacteria notified to the epidemiological surveillance system of Andalusia, Spain, between 2014-2021, were investigated. Notified cases and their spatiotemporal distribution were described, with a focus on social determinants of health (SDoH).MethodsNew cases during the study period of HAIs caused by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-/carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, MDR Acinectobacter baumannii, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa or meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were considered. Among others, notification variables included sex and age, while socio-economic variables comprised several SDoH. Cases' spatial distribution across municipalities was assessed. The smooth standardised incidence ratio (sSIR) was obtained using a Bayesian spatial model. Association between municipalities' sSIR level and SDoH was evaluated by bivariate analysis.ResultsIn total, 6,389 cases with a median age of 68 years were notified; 61.4% were men (n = 3,921). The most frequent MDR bacteria were ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (2,812/6,389; 44.0%); the main agent was Klebsiella spp. (2,956/6,389; 46.3%). Between 2014 and 2021 case numbers appeared to increase. Overall, up to 15-fold differences in sSIR between municipalities were observed. In bivariate analysis, there appeared to be an association between municipalities' sSIR level and deprivation (p = 0.003).ConclusionThis study indicates that social factors should be considered when investigating HAIs by MDR bacteria. The case incidence heterogeneity between Andalusian municipalities might be explained by SDoH, but also possibly by under-notification. Automatising reporting may address the latter.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Masculino , Humanos , Idoso , Feminino , Espanha/epidemiologia , Teorema de Bayes , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Atenção à SaúdeRESUMO
During the COVID-19 crisis, local epidemiology units have been forced to manage an increasing number of cases, contacts and outbreaks for which they were not previously prepared or staffed. Under normal circumstances, the efficient study and control of outbreaks and public health alerts requires human and material resources, situation analysis to identify possible causes and present recommendations, coordination with other health system structures, as well as the providing a written report including control and prevention measures implemented and their results or other recommendations. The field study of outbreaks has been systematized in a way that has made it possible to implement quick and effective measures, for the interruption of transmission chains and management of risk situations. To achieve this, a rapid and extraordinary exercise of digital integration, staff mobilization and creation of ad hoc structures needed to be carried out. Solidarity and cooperation between professionals from different administrations has been the pillar that has sustained the surveillance systems. Despite this, obstacles have been found as a result of the lack of coordination, social inequalities, and later, pandemic fatigue, which have reduced adherence and effectiveness of the implemented measures. It has also come to light the need to properly staff these units with trained professionals, and match working conditions and salaries with other health services.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Pandemias , Estados UnidosRESUMO
During June 2022, Spain was one of the countries most affected worldwide by a multicountry monkeypox outbreak with chains of transmission without identified links to disease-endemic countries. We provide epidemiologic features of cases reported in Spain and the coordinated measures taken to respond to this outbreak.
Assuntos
Mpox , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Mpox/epidemiologia , Monkeypox virus , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS) son los ejes en torno a los cuales se articulan las desigualdades sociales en salud. El estudio de dichas diferencias entre grupos sociales resulta fundamental para el abordaje de las inequidades. El objetivo de esta revisión fue estudiar las aportaciones realizadas en la investigación sobre el efecto de los DSS en la salud o sus factores intermedios en la población española desde el año 2010 hasta 2021. METHODS: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria de la literatura. Dos revisores ciegos realizaron la búsqueda, cribado e inclusión de los artículos (50). RESULTS: La mayoría de los artículos incluidos fueron estudios transversales (70%) y revisiones (12%). La información extraída se agrupó en cada uno de los DSS: lugar de residencia (5 artículos), raza/etnia/origen (9), ocupación (3), sexo/género (4), nivel educativo (7), estatus socioeconómico (15), capital social/apoyo social (1) y diversidad afectivo-sexual y de género (6). Los desenlaces en salud más reportados fueron la salud mental (40%) y el estado autopercibido de salud (30%). CONCLUSIONS: Los resultados coinciden con la literatura publicada: a mayor desventaja social en cualquiera de los DSS se hallaron peores resultados en salud, siendo estos peores cuando se superponían varios ejes de desigualdad. Esta revisión puede haber incurrido en varios sesgos, entre los que están el de publicación y el de selección. La investigación futura sobre los DSS debe adoptar un enfoque interseccional que permita una mejor comprensión de los ejes sobre los que actúan las desigualdades.
OBJETIVO: Social determinants of health (SDH) are the axes of social inequalities in health. Studying these differences between social groups is essential for addressing inequities. The objective of this review was to study the contributions made by the research on the effect of the SDH on health or its intermediate factors in the Spanish population from 2010 to 2021. METODOS: An scoping review of the literature was carried out. Two blind reviewers performed the search, screening and selection of articles (50). RESULTADOS: Most of articles included were cross-sectional studies (70%) and reviews (12%). Extracted information was grouped into each of the DSS: place of residence (5 items), race/ethnicity/origin (9), occupation (3), sex/gender (4), educational level (7), socioeconomic status (15), social capital/social support (1) and affective-sexual and gender diversity (6). Most reported health outcomes were mental health (40%) and self-perceived health status (30%). CONCLUSIONES: Results are in line with the published literature. The greater the social disadvantage in any of the DSS, the worse the health results, which were even worse when several axes of inequality overlapped. This review may have had some biases, including publication and selection bias. Future research on the SDH must adopt an intersectional approach that will allow a better understanding of the axes on which inequalities take place.