Examining Results of Post-Thelarche Screening Pelvic Ultrasound in Females with Anorectal Malformations.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Mullerian duct anomalies are common in females with anorectal malformations (ARM), though there are no universally recommended screening protocols for identification. Historically, at our institution, we have recommended a screening pelvic ultrasound six months after thelarche and menarche. We aimed to evaluate outcomes associated with our post-thelarche screening pelvic ultrasounds (PUS) in females with ARM. METHODS: An IRB-approved retrospective chart review was performed of all female patients ≥ 8 years old with ARM and documented thelarche. Data was collected on demographics and clinical course. Primary outcome was adherence to recommended PUS. Secondary outcomes included imaging correlation with suspected Mullerian anatomy and need for intervention based on imaging findings. RESULTS: A total of 112 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 87 (77.7%) completed a recommended post-thelarche screening PUS. There were no differences in completion based on age, race, establishment with a primary care provider, insurance status, or type of ARM. Nine patients (10.3%) had findings on their PUS that did not correlate with their suspected Mullerian anatomy; five (5.7%) required intervention with two requiring menstrual suppression, two requiring surgical intervention, and one requiring further imaging. CONCLUSION: Most patients completed the recommended post-thelarche screening PUS. In a small subset of patients, PUS did not correlate with suspected Mullerian anatomy and generated a need for intervention. Post-thelarche PUS can be a useful adjunct in patients with ARM to identify gynecologic abnormalities.

Outcomes of children with constipation and autism spectrum disorder treated with antegrade continence enemas.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of functional constipation (FC) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is challenging due to sensory and behavioral issues. We aimed to understand whether antegrade continence enemas (ACEs) are successful in the treatment of FC in children with ASD. METHODS: A single-institution retrospective review was performed in children diagnosed with ASD and FC who underwent appendicostomy or cecostomy placement from 2007 to 2019. Descriptive statistics regarding soiling and complications were calculated. RESULTS: There were 33 patients included, with a median age of 9.7 years at the time of ACE initiation. The average intelligence quotient was 63.6 (SD = 18.0, n = 12), the average behavioral adaptive score was 59.9 (SD = 11.1, n = 13), and the average total Child Behavioral Checklist score was 72.5 (SD = 7.1, n = 10). Soiling rates were significantly lower following ACE initiation (42.3% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.04). Behavioral issues only prevented 1 patient (3.0%) from proper ACE use. Eleven patients (36.6%) were able to transition to laxatives. There were significant improvements in patient-reported outcomes measures and quality of life. CONCLUSION: Placement of an appendicostomy or cecostomy for management of FC in children with severe ASD was successful in treating constipation and improving quality of life.

Antegrade Continence Enema Alone for the Management of Functional Constipation and Segmental Colonic Dysmotility (ACE-FC): A Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Learning Consortium Study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine if antegrade continence enema (ACE) alone is an effective treatment for patients with severe functional constipation and segmental colonic dysmotility. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients with functional constipation and segmental colonic dysmotility who underwent ACE as their initial means of management. Data was collected from six participating sites in the Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Learning Consortium. Patients who had a colonic resection at the same time as an ACE or previously were excluded from analysis. Only patients who were 21 years old or younger and had at least 1-year follow-up after ACE were included. All patients had segmental colonic dysmotility documented by colonic manometry. Patient characteristics including preoperative colonic and anorectal manometry were summarized, and associations with colonic resection following ACE were evaluated using Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. p-Values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical analyses and summaries were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, United States). RESULTS: A total of 104 patients from 6 institutions were included in the study with an even gender distribution (males n = 50, 48.1%) and a median age of 9.6 years (interquartile range 7.4, 12.8). At 1-year follow-up, 96 patients (92%) were successfully managed with ACE alone and 8 patients (7%) underwent subsequent colonic resection for persistent symptoms. Behavioral disorder, type of bowel management, and the need for botulinum toxin administered to the anal sphincters was not associated with the need for subsequent colonic resection. On anorectal manometry, lack of pelvic floor dyssynergia was significantly associated with the need for subsequent colonic resection; 3/8, 37.5% without pelvic dyssynergia versus 1/8, 12.5% (p = 0.023) with pelvic dyssynergia underwent subsequent colonic resection. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe functional constipation and documented segmental colonic dysmotility, ACE alone is an effective treatment modality at 1-year follow-up. Patients without pelvic floor dyssynergia on anorectal manometry are more likely to receive colonic resection after ACE. The vast majority of such patients can avoid a colonic resection.

An Unusual Case of Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma Mimicking Abdominal Cocoon Syndrome in an Adolescent Patient.

Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) is an indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma rarely seen in pediatric patients. MALT lymphoma most commonly involves the gastrointestinal tract or peri-orbital tissues, potentially as sequela of chronic antigenic stimulation or immune dysregulation. Rare cases of MALT lymphoma arising from the gynecologic tract have been reported in older adult patients. We present the unique case of a 16-year-old postpubescent female with MALT lymphoma localized to the gynecologic tract, who initially presented with abdominal fullness, abnormal uterine bleeding, and obstructive acute kidney injury secondary to urinary outflow obstruction. Intraoperatively, dense fibrosis of the uterus and left fallopian tube was noted which mimicked abdominal cocoon syndrome. She was treated with 6 cycles of bendamustine and rituximab with complete anatomic and metabolic remission. In this report we highlight a very unusual presentation of a rare malignancy in the pediatric population as well as unique treatment considerations given this patient's young age and tumor location.

Potential of siRNA-Bearing Subtilosomes in the Treatment of Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Therapeutics, based on small interfering RNA (siRNA), have demonstrated tremendous potential for treating cancer. However, issues such as non-specific targeting, premature degradation, and the intrinsic toxicity of the siRNA, have to be solved before they are ready for use in translational medicines. To address these challenges, nanotechnology-based tools might help to shield siRNA and ensure its specific delivery to the target site. Besides playing a crucial role in prostaglandin synthesis, the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme has been reported to mediate carcinogenesis in various types of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We encapsulated COX-2-specific siRNA in Bacillus subtilis membrane lipid-based liposomes (subtilosomes) and evaluated their potential in the treatment of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Our findings suggested that the subtilosome-based formulation was stable, releasing COX-2 siRNA in a sustained manner, and has the potential to abruptly release encapsulated material at acidic pH. The fusogenic property of subtilosomes was revealed by FRET, fluorescence dequenching, content-mixing assay, etc. The subtilosome-based siRNA formulation was successful in inhibiting TNF-α expression in the experimental animals. The apoptosis study indicated that the subtilosomized siRNA inhibits DEN-induced carcinogenesis more effectively than free siRNA. The as-developed formulation also suppressed COX-2 expression, which in turn up-regulated the expression of wild-type p53 and Bax on one hand and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression on the other. The survival data established the increased efficacy of subtilosome-encapsulated COX-2 siRNA against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Pediatric colorectal robotic surgery.

Robotic colorectal surgery allows adult and pediatric surgeons to overcome the technical limitations of laparoscopic surgery. It also provides improved ergonomics in the field of surgery. Robotic surgery has several advantages in colorectal operations that require complex minimally invasive skills including anorectal malformations, Hirschsprung disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this section, we discuss the key aspects of colorectal surgery where robotic instrumentation seems ideal.

Amphotericin B Nano-Assemblies Circumvent Intrinsic Toxicity and Ensure Superior Protection in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis with Feeble Toxic Manifestation.

In spite of its high effectiveness in the treatment of both leishmaniasis as well as a range of fungal infections, the free form of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) does not entertain the status of the most preferred drug of choice in clinical settings. The high intrinsic toxicity of the principal drug could be considered the main impedance in the frequent medicinal use of this otherwise very effective antimicrobial agent. Taking into consideration this fact, the pharma industry has introduced many novel dosage forms of AmB to alleviate its toxicity issues. However, the limited production, high cost, requirement for a strict cold chain, and need for parenteral administration are some of the limitations that explicitly compel professionals to look for the development of an alternate dosage form of this important drug. Considering the fact that the nano-size dimensions of drug formulation play an important role in increasing the efficacy of the core drug, we employed a green method for the development of nano-assemblies of AmB (AmB-NA). The as-synthesized AmB-NA manifests desirable pharmacokinetics in the treated animals. The possible mechanistic insight suggested that as-synthesized AmB-NA induces necrosis-mediated cell death and severe mitochondrial dysfunction in L. donovani promastigotes by triggering depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivo studies demonstrate a noticeable decline in parasite burden in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow of the experimental BALB/c mice host. In addition to successfully suppressing the Leishmania donovani, the as-formed AmB-NA formulation also modulates the host immune system with predominant Th1 polarization, a key immune defender that facilitates the killing of the intracellular parasite.

Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes in Females With Cloacal Malformations and Other Anorectal Malformations.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To improve our understanding of reproductive health and sexual function in women with cloacal malformations and other anorectal malformations (ARMs) METHODS: An observational cross-sectional survey was administered to individuals assigned female at birth aged 12 to 55 with ARMs and cloacal malformations cared for at our institution. Data included age of thelarche/menarche and questions on body image, gynecologic anatomy, sexual function, and pregnancy. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients responded in the ARM group and 30 in the cloacal malformation group. There were no differences in median age of thelarche/menarche in patients with ARMs (11/12.5 years) compared with patients with cloacal malformation (11/12 years). Patients with ARMs were more likely to have native vaginal tissue than those with cloacal malformations (n = 18, 82% vs n = 12, 40%; P = .03). There were no differences between groups regarding concerns about dyspareunia and functionality of their vagina (P > .05). Forty-two percent of patients with cloacal malformations and 30% of patients with ARMs reported having been sexually active. Two patients with cloacal malformations and 2 with ARMs reported having been pregnant. Patients with cloacal malformations reported a lower quality of life score (80.4) compared with those with ARMs (87.0) (difference > 4.5). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a cloacal malformation were less likely to have native vaginal tissue and reported a lower quality of life than those with ARMs. Despite this, patients with a cloacal malformation had similar reproductive health and sexual function compared with patients with ARMs. Our results reinforce the need for comprehensive sexual and reproductive health care for all women with ARMs.

Does presence of a VACTERL anomaly predict an associated gynecologic anomaly in females with anorectal malformations?: A Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Learning Consortium Study.

BACKGROUND: VACTERL association is defined by the presence of 3 or more anomalies in any of the following systems: vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, trachea-esophageal, renal, or limb. This study hypothesized that the presence of VACTERL association would correlate with an increased risk of gynecologic anomalies in patients with anorectal malformation (ARM). METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional, retrospective analysis from the prospectively collected, multicenter registry of the Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Learning Consortium (PCPLC). The 834 female patients with ARM who were enrolled in the registry by January 1, 2020 were included in this study. The relationship of VACTERL association with presence of a gynecologic anomaly was evaluated with Fisher's exact test. The relationship of each VACTERL system with presence of a gynecologic anomaly was assessed in patients with cloaca, rectovestibular fistulas and rectoperineal fistulas. P-values reported were based on a 2-sided alternative and considered significant when less than 0.05. RESULTS: 834 patients with ARM underwent VACTERL screening and gynecologic evaluation with the three most common subtypes being cloaca (n = 215, 25.8%), rectovestibular fistula (n = 191, 22.9%) and rectoperineal fistula (n = 194, 23.3%). A total of 223 (26.7%) patients with ARM had gynecologic anomalies. VACTERL association was seen in 380 (45.6%) of patients with ARM. Gynecologic anomalies were present in 149 (39.1%) vs. 74 (16.3%) of subjects with vs. without VACTERL association (p < 0.001). VACTERL association did not significantly increase the risk of gynecologic anomaly in patients with cloaca and VACTERL (n = 88, 61.5%) vs. cloaca without VACTERL (n = 39, 54.2% p = 0.308). VACTERL association increased the risk of gynecologic anomalies in patients with rectoperineal fistulas (n = 7, 14.9% vs n = 9, 6.1% p = 0.014) and rectovestibular fistulas (n = 19, 31.1% vs. n = 13, 10.0% p<0.001). In patients with ARM who had a VACTERL association, when one of the associated anomalies was renal, there was an even higher risk of having an associated gynecologic anomaly (n = 138, 44.2% vs. n = 85, 16.3% p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: VACTERL association in patients with rectoperineal and rectovestibular fistulas correlates with an increased risk of gynecologic anomalies. The presence of VACTERL associated findings, especially renal, should prompt a thorough evaluation of the gynecologic system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III. Retrospective comparative study.

Improvement in bladder function in children with functional constipation after a bowel management program.

PURPOSE: We sought to determine if children with functional constipation (FC) would have an improvement in bladder function with treatment of constipation with a bowel management program (BMP). METHODS: A single-institution review was performed in children aged 3-18 with FC who underwent a BMP from 2014 to 2020. Clinical characteristics, bowel management details, and the Vancouver Symptom Score for Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome (VSS), Baylor Continence Scale (BCS), and Cleveland Clinic Constipation Score (CCCS) were collected. Data were analyzed using linear mixed effect modeling with random intercept. RESULTS: 241 patients were included with a median age of 9 years. Most were White 81 and 47% were female. Univariate tests showed improvement in VSS (- 3.6, P < 0.0001), BCS (- 11.96, P < 0.0001), and CCCS (- 1.9, P < 0.0001) among patients having undergone one BMP. Improvement was noted in VSS and CCCS among those with more than one BMP (VSS: - 1.66, P = 0.023; CCCS: - 2.69, P < 0.0001). Multivariate tests indicated undergoing a BMP does result in significant improvement in VSS, BCS, and CCCS (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: There is significant improvement in bladder function in children with FC who undergo a BMP. For patients with bowel and bladder dysfunction and FC, a BMP is a reasonable treatment strategy for lower urinary tract symptoms.

Impact of Neurodevelopmental Disorders on Bowel Management Outcomes in Children with Functional Constipation.

OBJECTIVES: Patients experiencing functional constipation (FC) can participate in structured bowel management programs (BMPs) to manage constipation or fecal incontinence when standard management fails. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of BMPs for children with FC with and without neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of children with FC who participated in our BMP from 2014 to 2021. Stool/urinary continence, bowel regimen, surgical history, parent-reported outcomes measures (PROMs: Cleveland Clinic Constipation Score, Baylor Continence Scale, Vancouver Symptom Score for Dysfunctional Elimination), and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) were assessed pre- and at least 9 months post-BMP. RESULTS: The cohort included 156 patients with a median age of 9 years and follow-up of 627 days (IQR: 389-808 days). Two sub-cohorts included patients with FC only (69%) and FC plus a neurodevelopmental disorder (31%): 59% attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 33% autism spectrum disorder, and 8% obsessive-compulsive disorder. Both groups had significantly improved follow-up bowel movement frequency and continence (39%-90% neurodevelopmental, 44%-82% FC only, P < 0.001) and urinary continence (65%-90% neurodevelopmental, 69%-91% FC only, P < 0.02). There was a significant improvement in most of the PROMs at follow-up. Both groups experienced a clinically meaningful improvement in overall PedsQL scores (pre- and postBMP difference of >4.5). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with FC with and without a neurodevelopmental disorder had significant improvement in stool and urinary continence after undergoing a BMP. Further studies are needed to see if this improvement is durable over a longer period of time in this challenging cohort.

Evaluation and treatment of the post pull-through Hirschsprung patient who is not doing well; Update for 2022.

After operative intervention for Hirschsprung disease (HD) a child should thrive, be fecally continent, and avoid recurrent episodes of abdominal distention and enterocolitis. This is unfortunately not the case for a significant number of patients who struggle following their pull-through procedure. Many clinicians are puzzled by these outcomes as they can occur in patients who they believe have had a technically satisfactory described operation. This review presents an organized approach to the evaluation and treatment of the post HD pull-through patient who is not doing well. Patients with HD who have problems after their initial operation can have: (1) fecal incontinence, (2) obstructive symptoms, and (3) recurrent episodes of enterocolitis (a more severe subset of obstructive symptoms). After employing a systematic diagnostic approach, successful treatments can be implemented in almost every case. Patients may need medical management (behavioral interventions, dietary changes, laxatives, or mechanical emptying of the colon), a reoperation when a specific anatomic or pathologic cause is identified, or botulinum toxin when non-relaxing sphincters are the cause of the obstructive symptoms or recurrent enterocolitis.

Tissue engineered vascular grafts transform into autologous neovessels capable of native function and growth.

Background: Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have the potential to advance the surgical management of infants and children requiring congenital heart surgery by creating functional vascular conduits with growth capacity. Methods: Herein, we used an integrative computational-experimental approach to elucidate the natural history of neovessel formation in a large animal preclinical model; combining an in vitro accelerated degradation study with mechanical testing, large animal implantation studies with in vivo imaging and histology, and data-informed computational growth and remodeling models. Results: Our findings demonstrate that the structural integrity of the polymeric scaffold is lost over the first 26 weeks in vivo, while polymeric fragments persist for up to 52 weeks. Our models predict that early neotissue accumulation is driven primarily by inflammatory processes in response to the implanted polymeric scaffold, but that turnover becomes progressively mechano-mediated as the scaffold degrades. Using a lamb model, we confirm that early neotissue formation results primarily from the foreign body reaction induced by the scaffold, resulting in an early period of dynamic remodeling characterized by transient TEVG narrowing. As the scaffold degrades, mechano-mediated neotissue remodeling becomes dominant around 26 weeks. After the scaffold degrades completely, the resulting neovessel undergoes growth and remodeling that mimicks native vessel behavior, including biological growth capacity, further supported by fluid-structure interaction simulations providing detailed hemodynamic and wall stress information. Conclusions: These findings provide insights into TEVG remodeling, and have important implications for clinical use and future development of TEVGs for children with congenital heart disease.

Both sides of the screen: Provider and patient perspective on telemedicine in pediatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: There has been increased telemedicine use secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess patient/parent satisfaction with their telemedicine experience, gauge provider perspective on telemedicine for the management of pediatric colorectal disease and evaluate the quality of telemedicine care being provided. METHODS: A cross sectional study was performed at a single institution from March 2020-February 2021. Patients who completed a patient/parent telemedicine survey after a telemedicine appointment and nurse practitioners/surgeons who completed a provider telemedicine survey were included. Patient and provider characteristics and responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Differences between the levels of provider confidence to provide telemedicine care were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test. RESULTS: 118 patients/parents completed the survey. The median age of patients was 7 years. Most patients were male (59%) and White (73%). The most common diagnosis was anorectal malformation (49%). 71% of parents felt the telemedicine visit was as effective or better than an in-person visit and over 70% said they prefer a telemedicine visit to an in-person visit. Ten surgeons and 8 nurse practitioners completed the provider survey. 28% had previous telemedicine experience and 94% planned to continue offering telemedicine appointments. Providers felt significantly more confident performing clinical duties via video telemedicine compared to telephone telemedicine. CONCLUSIONS: Telemedicine is a useful adjunct or alternative in pediatric surgery for complex patients who require multidisciplinary care. Providers show confidence with the use of video telemedicine and parents show high satisfaction, with the majority preferring telemedicine visits over in-person visits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Bias and discrimination in surgery: Where are we and what can we do about it?

Bias is an inclination or preconceived outlook that favors toward or against an idea, person, or group. It manifests in implicit and explicit ways throughout all aspects and institutions of society. These cognitive shortcuts are often based on stereotypes and can lead to prejudice and discrimination in medicine as they mediate interactions with patients, between providers, and at the institutional level. It is important to understand the drivers and consequences of bias in order to overcome barriers to representation, equity, and inclusion. This paper provides definitions of bias; discusses its manifestations across academic medicine at the institutional and individual levels; and concludes by examining techniques to reduce bias and measure progress. Equity for patients, families, and members of the broader surgical community cannot be achieved without reducing bias and discrimination. We call for action to increase intentional efforts that reduce the influences of bias in healthcare, research, and education, particularly in the field of pediatric surgery.

The cutback revisited - The posterior rectal advancement anoplasty for certain anorectal malformations with rectoperineal fistula.

BACKGROUND: The repair of rectoperineal fistulae can pose a significant challenge to the pediatric surgeon given the proximity of the fistula to the urethra in males and vagina in females. In these children, a simple cutback procedure may leave the neoanus in a position anterior to the center of the sphincter, which theoretically could impair future continence. We devised an adaptation of the cutback anoplasty which we call the posterior rectal advancement anoplasty (PRAA) to treat patients with a rectoperineal fistula that is both narrow in lumen and located within, but at the anterior-most limit of the sphincter complex. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patient selection, operative steps, and perioperative care of patients undergoing PRAA are detailed. RESULTS: 10 children (6 males, 4 females) underwent PRAA. There were no vaginal wall or urethral injuries. At 6 months postoperatively, all patients were passing stool spontaneously. No patients required dilation of the anoplasty in the postoperative period and there were no anal strictures identified. CONCLUSIONS: A modification of the cutback anoplasty can be performed in patients with a perineal fistula and the distal fistula tract within the sphincter complex. We have demonstrated that this can be performed safely and obviates the need for an anterior rectal wall dissection, thus eliminating the risk of injury to urethra or vagina. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Routine botulinum toxin injection one month after a Swenson pull-through does not change the incidence of Hirschsprung associated enterocolitis.

PURPOSE: Patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD) are at risk of Hirschsprung associated enterocolitis (HAEC) following pull-through. The purpose of this study was to determine if routine Botulinum toxin (BT) injected one-month post pull-through decreases the incidence of HAEC. METHODS: We reviewed patients who underwent a primary (not redo) pull-through operation for HD between April 2014 to December 2019. Over the most recent 18 months, BT was administered routinely one-month post-pull-through procedure; these patients were compared to the prior group that did not receive routine BT. A HAEC episode was defined as one that required initiation of treatment for obstructive symptoms in the inpatient or outpatient setting with antibiotics and irrigations. Categorical variables were compared using the nonparametric chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Continuous variables were compared using the two-tailed Student's t-test. P-value <0.05 was determined to be statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients underwent Swenson pull-through during the study period (52% male). There were no statistically significant differences in demographics in the BT vs. non-BT group. Routine post-pull-through BT was given in 28 patients and did not significantly change HAEC incidence compared to the non-BT group (12/28, 43% vs. 16/42, 38%. P = 0.691). Of note, the BT group patients developed HAEC significantly sooner than the patients in the non-BT group (37.5 days vs. 253 days, p = 0.029). More patients in the BT group (n = 18, 64%) required at least one subsequent BT injection compared to the patients in the non-BT group (n = 11, 26%. P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that routine postoperative botulinum toxin injection given one month postoperatively from Swenson pull-through did not change the incidence of HAEC. A prospective controlled study is necessary to confirm these findings.

Outcomes of a telemedicine bowel management program during COVID-19.

PURPOSE: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we transitioned from an in-person bowel management program (BMP) to a telemedicine BMP. The telemedicine BMP consisted of video and/or phone call visits (remote) or a single initial in-person visit followed by remote visits (hybrid). We hypothesized that patient/family satisfaction of a telemedicine BMP would be comparable to an in-person BMP and that there would be improvement in quality of life and functional outcomes after the telemedicine BMP. METHODS: After IRB approval, demographic and outcomes data were obtained for patients who underwent the telemedicine BMP from May-October 2020. Outcomes included a parent/patient satisfaction survey, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), and parent/patient-reported outcome measures (Vancouver, Baylor, and Cleveland scores) at baseline, 1 and 3 month follow-up. Variables were compared using Chi-square or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests and a generalized mixed model was used to evaluate outcomes scores at follow-up compared to baseline. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients were included in our analysis with an average age of 8.6 years (SD: 3.9). Patients had the following diagnoses anorectal malformation (52.2%), Hirschsprung's disease (20.9%), functional constipation (19.4%), myelomeningocele (6.0%), and spinal injury (1.5%). Forty-eight patients (72%) underwent the remote BMP and 19 (28%) underwent the hybrid BMP. Sixty-two percent of parents completed the satisfaction survey, with a median score of 5 (very satisfied) for all questions. Over 75% of parents said they would prefer a telemedicine program over an in-person program. There was significant improvement in the Baylor and Vancouver scores after the BMP (p < 0.01), but no difference in the PedsQL or Cleveland scores (p > 0.05). There was a significant improvement in stool continence after the BMP (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A telemedicine BMP can be an acceptable alternative to a traditional in-person program. There was high parental/patient satisfaction and significant improvement in outcomes. Further research is needed to assess long-term outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

The impact of social determinants of health on the overall wellbeing of children: A review for the pediatric surgeon.

Disparities in health care access, quality, and outcomes for pediatric patients, and their relationship to race and socioeconomic status (SES) have been extensively documented. The underlying causes behind such disparities have been less carefully studied, as clinicians and researchers often fail to look past immutable features such as race, into modifiable factors like social determinants of health (SDOH). A child's environment affects their patterns of social engagement, sense of security, and overall well-being. Resources such as affordable housing, access to education, public safety, and availability of healthy foods and safe play spaces impact and enhance quality of life, and have significant influence on both health and health care outcomes. These upstream indicators are often unrecognized or misidentified as health concerns. Few pediatric surgery publications discuss SDOH and their effects on children. This paper aims to introduce the five domains of SDOH (economic stability, education, social and community context, health and healthcare, and neighborhood and built environment) along with strategies to identify and address needs in these domains from a provider, hospital, and health system's perspective. It is anticipated that this information will serve as a foundation for pediatric surgeons to understand and develop processes that ameliorate disparities related to SDOH and improve surgical outcomes and the well-being of all children.