Exploring opportunities of Artificial Intelligence in aquaculture to meet increasing food demand.

The increasing global population drives a rising demand for food, particularly fish as a preferred protein source, straining capture fisheries. Overfishing has depleted wild stocks, emphasizing the need for advanced aquaculture technologies. Unlike agriculture, aquaculture has not seen substantial technological advancements. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools like Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, cameras, and algorithms offer solutions to reduce human intervention, enhance productivity, and monitor fish health, feed optimization, and water resource management. However, challenges such as data collection, standardization, model accuracy, interpretability, and integration with existing aquaculture systems persist. This review explores the adoption of AI techniques and tools to advance the aquaculture industry and bridge the gap between food supply and demand.

Melatonin as a promising therapeutic intervention for restoring ovarian function in letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome rats.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age and is characterized by multiple ovarian cysts, irregular menstrual cycles, and excessive androgen hormone production. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of melatonin in alleviating PCOS-induced alterations in female Wistar rats. PCOS was induced in female albino rats by administering letrozole at a dose of 1 mg/kg for 21 days. A total of 24 rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups: group I (normal control), group II (melatonin treatment), group III (letrozole treatment), and group IV (melatonin therapy for PCOS rats). Physical parameters (body and uterus weight), hormone profile (LH and FSH), and steroidogenic enzyme activities and an oral glucose test were assessed using standard methods. Histological analysis was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The results demonstrated that exogenous melatonin administration significantly improved PCOS symptoms in rats, including reduced body weight gain, changes in organ weight/body weight index, blood glucose level, percentage diestrus phase, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and LH/FSH ratio, as well as 3ß-HSD and 17ß-HSD enzyme activity. Histopathological findings revealed well-developed follicles, decreased cystic follicles, and increased antral follicles, Graafian follicles, and corpus luteum in PCOS rats treated with melatonin. These positive outcomes suggest that exogenous melatonin may hold promise as a valuable remedy for PCOS conditions in female rats. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and potential clinical applications of melatonin in the context of PCOS.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Melatonin Against Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Induced by Letrozole in Wistar Rat.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrinological and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age which leads to infertility/subfertility. The present study was commenced to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy of melatonin in the pathogenesis of letrozole induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Wistar rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Letrozole was administered orally (1 mg kg-1) to induce PCOS condition in Wistar female rats for a period of 2-3 weeks followed by a dose of melatonin (200 µg/100 g b.wt.) to PCOS induced rats. On the completion of experimental period the level of cytokines and expression level of different receptors was assessed. RESULTS: The PCOs rats showed down regulation in melatonin (MT1 and MT2), estrogen (ER-α) and cytokine (IL-2R and IL-6R) receptors expression and high circulatory level of IL-6 and TNF-α during PCO condition. These anomalies in expression pattern and circulatory level of cytokines were restored following the treatment. CONCLUSION: Finding of present study showed the role of melatonin supplementation at receptor level and also suggesting a crosstalk between MT1R / MT2R via cytokine IL-2R and IL-6R resulting in modulation of ER-α receptors.

Protective Role of Melatonin in Streptozotocin Induced Pancreatic Damages in Diabetic Wistar Rat.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hyperglycemia is a representative hallmark and risk factor for diabetes and is closely linked to diabetes associated complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of exogenous melatonin against the streptozotocin induced pancreatic damages in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Streptozotocin was injected for consecutive 6 days. Diabetes was confirmed by blood glucose measurement after 72 h and on 7th day after injection. Animals having blood glucose level above 250 mg dL-1 were considered as diabetic and were administered exogenous melatonin for 4 weeks. Animals were euthanized after last dose, pancreas were dissected out, weighed and fixed in Bouin's fixative for histology and further tissues were kept at -20°C for biochemistry. RESULTS: Diabetic rats displayed significant increase in lipid peroxidation, but pancreatic weight index, antioxidant system (GSH, SOD and CAT) showed decrease. Melatonin treatment to diabetic rats restored the alteration in physiological and biochemical markers. Results were supported by the histopathological observations, STZ treated pancreas showed damage in islets of langerhans, while as melatonin treated diabetic rats recovered the cellular architecture which inturn normalize the function of the pancreas. CONCLUSION: Therefore, melatonin might be considered as a molecule to protect the pancreatic damages.