Phenyl Derivatives Modulate the Luminescent Properties and Stability of CzBTM-Type Radicals.

The distinctive electron structures of luminescent radicals offer considerable potential for a diverse array of applications. Up to now, the luminescent properties of radicals have been modulated through the introduction of electron-donating substituents, predominantly derivatives of carbazole and polyaromatic amines with more and more complicated structures and redshifted luminescent spectra. Herein, four kinds of (N-carbazolyl)bis(2,4,6-tirchlorophenyl)-methyl (CzBTM) radicals, Ph2CzBTM, Mes2CzBTM, Ph2PyIDBTM, and Mes2PyIDBTM, were synthesized and characterized by introducing simple phenyl and 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl groups to CzBTM and PyIDBTM. These radicals exhibit rare blueshifted emission spectra compared to their parent radicals. Furthermore, modifications to CzBTM significantly enhanced the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs), with a highest PLQY of 21% for Mes2CzBTM among CzBTM-type radicals. Additionally, the molecular structures, photophysical properties of molecular orbitals, and stability of the four radicals were systematically investigated. This study provides a novel strategy for tuning the luminescent color of radicals to shorter wavelengths and improving thermostability.

Climate and land use changes impact the trajectories of ecosystem service bundles in an urban agglomeration: Intricate interaction trends and driver identification under SSP-RCP scenarios.

The delivery of ecosystem services (ESs), particularly in urban agglomerations, faces substantial threats from impending future climate change and human activity. Assessing ES bundles (ESBs) is critical to understanding the spatial allocation and interactions between multiple ESs. However, dynamic projections of ESBs under various future scenarios are still lacking, and their underlying driving mechanisms have received insufficient attention. This study examined the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration and proposed a framework that integrates patch-generating land use simulation into three shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios and clustering analysis to assess spatiotemporal variations in seven ESs and ESBs from 1990 to 2050. The spatial trajectories of ESBs were analyzed to identify fluctuating regions susceptible to SSP scenarios. The results indicated that (1) different scenarios exhibited different loss rates of regulating and supporting services, where the mitigation of degradation was most significant under SSP126. The comprehensive ES value was highest under SSP245. (2) Bundles 1 and 2 (dominated by regulating and supporting services) had the largest total proportion under SSP126 (51.92 %). The largest total proportion of Bundles 4 and 5 occurred under SSP585 (48.96 %), with the highest provisioning services. The SSP126 scenario was projected to have the least ESB fluctuation at the grid scale, while the most occurred under SSP585. (3) Notably, synergies between regulating/supporting services were weaker under SSP126 than under either SSP245 or SSP585, while trade-offs between water yield and non-provisioning services were strongest. (4) Forestland and grassland proportions significantly affected carbon sequestration and habitat quality. Climatic factors (precipitation and temperature) acted as the dominant drivers of provisioning services, particularly water yield. Our findings advocate spatial strategies for future regional ES management to address upcoming risks.

Type 2 diabetes mediates the causal relationship between obesity and osteomyelitis: A Mendelian randomization study.

Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to determine the causal relationship between Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and osteomyelitis (OM). We performed MR analysis using pooled data from different large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Instrumental variables were selected based on genome-wide significance, instrumental strength was assessed using F-values, and thresholds for the number of exposed phenotypes were further adjusted by Bonferroni correction. univariable and multivariable MR analyses were performed to assess causal effects and proportions mediated by T2D. IVW (inverse variance weighting) showed a significant genetic effect of osteomyelitis on the following: After correction by Bonferroni, univariable analyses showed that childhood body mass index (BMI) was not significantly associated with genetic susceptibility to OM [odds ratio (OR), 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02, 1.55; P = .030], not significantly associated with adulthood BMI (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.02, 1.61; P = .034), significantly associated with waist circumference (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.51, 2.24; P < .001), and significantly associated with hip circumference (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.31, 1.76; P < .001). Meanwhile, multivariable analyses showed no significant effect of childhood BMI on OM (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.84, 1.62; P = .370), no significant effect of adulthood BMI on OM (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.21, 0.84; P = .015), a significant association between waist circumference and OM (OR, 4.30; 95% CI, 1.89, 9.82; P = .001), T2D mediated 10% (95% CI, 0.02, 0.14), and no significant association between hip circumference and OM (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.54, 1.90; P = .968). Our study provides evidence for a genetically predicted causal relationship among obesity, T2D, and OM. We demonstrate that increased waist circumference is positively associated with an increased risk of OM and that T2D mediates this relationship. Clinicians should be more cautious in the perioperative management of osteomyelitis surgery in obese patients with T2D. In addition, waist circumference may be a more important criterion to emphasize and strictly control than other measures of obesity.

CD47 blockade reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in murine heart transplantation and improves donor heart preservation.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is an important cause of early dysfunction and exacerbation of immune rejection in transplanted hearts. The integrin-related protein CD47 exacerbates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the nitric oxide signaling pathway through interaction with thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). In addition, the preservation quality of the donor hearts is a key determinant of transplant success. Preservation duration beyond four hours is associated with primary graft dysfunction. We hypothesized that blocking the CD47-TSP-1 system would attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury in the transplanted heart and, thus, improve the preservation of donor hearts. METHODS: We utilized a syngeneic mouse heart transplant model to assess the effect of CD47 monoclonal antibody (CD47mAb) to treat MIRI. Donor hearts were perfused with CD47mAb or an isotype-matched control immunoglobulin (IgG2a) and were implanted into the abdominal cavity of the recipients after being stored in histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution at 4 °C for 4 h or 8 h. RESULTS: At both the 4-h and 8-h preservation time points, mice in the experimental group perfused with CD47mAb exhibited prolonged survival in the transplanted heart, reduced inflammatory response and oxidative stress, significantly decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and fewer apoptosis-related biomarkers. CONCLUSION: The application of CD47mAb for the blocking of CD47 attenuates MIRI as well as improves the preservation and prognosis of the transplanted heart in a murine heart transplant model.

Allosteric Activator-Regulated CRISPR/Cas12a System Enables Biosensing and Imaging of Intracellular Endogenous and Exogenous Targets.

Sensors designed based on the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas12a systems have opened up a new era in the field of biosensing. The current design of CRISPR/Cas12-based sensors in the "on-off-on" mode mainly focuses on programming the activator strand (AS) to indirectly switch the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a in response to target information. However, this design usually requires the help of additional auxiliary probes to keep the activator strand in an initially "blocked" state. The length design and dosage of the auxiliary probe need to be strictly optimized to ensure the lowest background and the best signal-to-noise ratio. This will inevitably increase the experiment complexity. To solve this problem, we propose using AS after the "RESET" effect to directly regulate the Cas12a enzymatic activity. Initially, the activator strand was rationally designed to be embedded in a hairpin structure to deprive its ability to activate the CRISPR/Cas12a system. When the target is present, target-mediated strand displacement causes the conformation change in the AS, the hairpin structure is opened, and the CRISPR/Cas12a system is reactivated; the switchable structure of AS can be used to regulate the degree of activation of Cas12a according to the target concentration. Due to the advantages of low background and stability, the CRISPR/Cas12a-based strategy can not only image endogenous biomarkers (miR-21) in living cells but also enable long-term and accurate imaging analysis of the process of exogenous virus invasion of cells. Release and replication of virus genome in host cells are indispensable hallmark events of cell infection by virus; sensitive monitoring of them is of great significance to revealing virus infection mechanism and defending against viral diseases.

Pulmonary Transit Time Assessment by CEUS in Healthy Rabbits: Feasibility, and the Effects of UCAs Dilution Concentration.

To evaluate the inter-observer variability and the intra-observer repeatability of pulmonary transit time (PTT) measurement using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in healthy rabbits, and assess the effects of dilution concentration of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) on PTT. Thirteen healthy rabbits were selected, and five concentrations UCAs of 1:200, 1:100, 1:50, 1:10, and 1:1 were injected into the right ear vein. Five digital loops were obtained from the apical 4-chamber view. Four sonographers obtained PTT by plotting the TIC of right atrium (RA) and left atrium (LA) at two time points (T1 and T2). The frame counts of the first appearance of UCAs in RA and LA had excellent inter-observer agreement, with intra-class correlations (ICC) of 0.996, 0.988, respectively. The agreement of PTT among four observers was all good at five different concentrations, with an ICC of 0.758-0.873. The reproducibility of PTT obtained by four observers at T1 and T2 was performed well, with ICC of 0.888-0.961. The median inter-observer variability across 13 rabbits was 6.5% and the median variability within 14 days for 4 observers was 1.9%, 1.7%, 2.2%, 1.9%, respectively; The PTT of 13 healthy rabbits is 1.01 ± 0.18 second. The difference of PTT between five concentrations is statistically significant. The PTT obtained by a concentration of 1:200 and 1:100 were higher than that of 1:1, while there were no significantly differences in PTT of a concentration of 1:1, 1:10, and 1:50. PTT measured by CEUS in rabbits is feasible, with excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability and reproducibility, and dilution concentration of UCAs influences PTT results.

Effects of cold plasma pretreatment combined with sodium periodate on property enhancement of dialdehyde starch prepared using native maize starch.

This study represents the inaugural investigation into the effect of cold plasma (CP) pretreatment combined with sodium periodate on the preparation of dialdehyde starch (DAS) from native maize starch and its consequent effects on the properties of DAS. The findings indicate that the maize starch underwent etching by the plasma, leading to an increase in the particle size of the starch, which in turn weakened the rigid structure of the starch and reduced its crystallinity. Concurrently, the plasma treatment induced cleavage of the starch molecular chain, resulting in a decrease in the viscosity of the starch and an enhancement of its fluidity. These alterations facilitated an increased contact area between the starch and the oxidising agent sodium periodate, thereby augmenting the efficiency of the DAS preparation reaction. Consequently, the aldehyde group content was elevated by 9.98 % compared to the conventional DAS preparation methodology. Therefore, CP could be an efficient and environmentally friendly non-thermal processing method to assist starch oxidation for DAS preparation and property enhancement.

A translocation fluorescent probe for analyzing cellular physiological parameters in neurological disease models.

Neurological disorders are closely linked to the alterations in cell membrane permeability (CMP) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Changes in CMP and MMP may lead to damage and death of nerve cells, thus triggering the onset and progression of neurological diseases. Therefore, monitoring the changes of these two physiological parameters not only benefits the accurate assessment of nerve cell health status, but also enables providing key information for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases. However, the simultaneous monitoring of these two cellular physiological parameters is still challenging. Herein, we design and synthesize two quinolinium-carbazole-derivated fluorescent probes (OQ and PQ). As isomers, the only difference in their chemical structures is the linking position of the carbazole unit in quinoline rings. Strikingly, such a subtle difference endows OQ and PQ with significantly different organelle-staining behaviors. PQ mainly targets at the nucleus, OQ can simultaneously stain cell membranes and mitochondria in normal cells, and performs CMP and MMP-dependent translocation from the cell membrane to mitochondria then to the nucleus, thus holding great promise as an intracellular translocation probe to image the changes of CMP and MMP. After unraveling the intrinsic mechanism of their different translocation abilities by combining experiments with molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations, we successfully used OQ to monitor the continuous changes of CMP and MMP in three neurological disease-related cell models, including oxidative stress-damaged, Parkinson's disease, and virus-infected ones. Besides providing a validated imaging tool for monitoring cellular physiological parameters, this work paves a promising route for designing intracellular translocation probes to analyze cellular physiological parameters associated with various diseases.

Focus on Upper Urinary Tract Stones Combined with Parenchymal Infiltrative Renal Pelvis Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Upper urinary tract stones combined with parenchymal infiltrative renal pelvic cancer are challenging to detect on imaging and to evaluate the differential diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: The symptoms and diagnoses in three cases of parenchymal infiltrative renal pelvic cancer and upper urinary tract stones that occurred between June 2019 and June 2022 were reviewed. Primary symptoms of lumbar discomfort and hematuria were evident in all 3 patients. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) abdominal imaging revealed that all three cases had hydronephrosis along with renal stones, while the other two cases only had localized hypoenhancement of the renal parenchyma, which was only thought to be limited inflammatory changes in the renal cortex as a result of the combination of renal pelvis infection. After percutaneous nephrolithotomy or ureteroscopic lithotripsy, a combined renal pelvis tumor was discovered in all of these instances. Radical tumor surgery was later performed. One patient who had several tumor metastases passed away 6 months after surgery. A case with multiple metastases was discovered 15 months after surgery and survived with the help of the current chemotherapy. A case with a bladder tumor recurrence was discovered 16 months after surgery and had transurethral bladder tumor electrosurgery and routine bladder perfusion chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Upper urinary tract stones and parenchymal infiltrative pyel carcinoma have atypical imaging, easily confused with infectious diseases. CT or computed tomography urography (CTU) must be considered by urologists. Patients who have a CT with local renal parenchyma density should be suspected of having parenchymal invasive renal pelvis carcinoma; a needle biopsy ought to be performed; and repeat biopsies may be performed if necessary. High-risk individuals need multiple, sufficient biopsies as needed and a comprehensive intraoperative assessment of the renal pelvic mucosa.

Analysis of Dietary and Nutritional Status of Tuberculosis Patients in Hulunbuir Region.

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Malnutrition is a common complication of TB and can worsen the disease outcome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary and nutritional status, as well as the dietary structure, of TB patients in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia, China. Additionally, the study aimed to analyze the factors that influence the nutritional status in order to provide a theoretical foundation for the prevention and treatment of TB and related issues. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 334 randomly selected TB patients from Hulunbuir City Second Hospital. A questionnaire survey was administered to collect information on demographic characteristics, dietary habits, and food intake. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI). Dietary diversity score (DDS) was calculated based on the number of food groups consumed in the previous 24 hours. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 software. Descriptive statistics employed rates and composition ratios, and categorical data was represented using frequencies and percentages. The chi-square test was used to analyze the association between nutritional status and other variables, with a significance level set at α=0.05. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent factors affecting the nutritional status of TB patients. Results: The univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the nutritional status (as measured by BMI) among tuberculosis patients, considering ethnicity, educational level, smoking, meat-based diet, vegetable consumption, and DDS grading. No statistically significant differences were found regarding gender, age, marital status, occupation, sleep duration, alcohol consumption, and consumption of rice and flour dishes. Statistically significant variables from the univariate analysis were included in a multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis model. The findings highlighted that educational level (high school or below), smoking, meat-based diet, DDS scores of 1-3, and a primarily vegetable-based diet had independent effects on the nutritional status of tuberculosis patients (all P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in nutritional status between the Han ethnic group and other ethnicities. Conclusion: The study revealed that the dietary and nutritional status of TB patients in Hulunbuir City was suboptimal and influenced by several factors. Smoking, meat-based diet, and low dietary diversity score were the primary risk factors for malnutrition among TB patients. The study suggests that nutritional education and intervention programs should be implemented for TB patients to improve their dietary quality and nutritional status.

[Combination of shikonin and gefitinib reverses drug resistance in human non-small cell lung cancer and its mechanism].

The occurrence and development of tumors are associated with the cell energy metabolism. Inhibiting energy metabolism of lung cancer cells is an important strategy to overcome drug resistance. Based on the cellular energy metabolism pathway, this study observed the effect of combination of shikonin(SKN) and gefitinib(GFB) on the drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer and explored the underlying mechanism. The human non-small cell lung cancer line HCC827/GR resistant to gefitinib was used as the cell model in vitro. The CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were employed to investigate the cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. The high performance liquid chromatography was employed to measure the intracellular accumulation of GFB. A Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer was used to detect the changes of cellular energy metabolism. Western blot was employed to determine the expression of the proteins involved in the drug resistance. The tumor-bearing nude mouse model was used to verify the efficacy of SKN+GFB in overcoming drug resistance in vivo. The results showed that SKN+GFB significantly reduced the IC_(50) of GFB on HCC827/GR cells, with the combination index of 0.628, indicating that the combination of the two drugs had a synergistic effect and promoted cell apoptosis. SKN increased the intracellular accumulation of GFB. SKN+GFB lowered the oxygen consumption rate(OCR) and glycolytic proton efflux rate(GlycoPER) in cell energy metabolism, and down-regulated the overexpression of PKM2, p-EGFR, P-gp, and HIF-1α in drug resistance. The results of reversing drug resistance test in vivo showed that GFB or SKN alone had no significant antitumor effect, while the combination at different doses induced the apoptosis of the tumor tissue and inhibited the expression of PKM2 and P-gp, demonstrating a significant antitumor effect. Moreover, the tumor inhibition rate in the high-dose combination group reached 64.01%. In summary, SKN+GFB may interfere with the energy metabolism to limit the function of HCC827/GR cells, thus reversing the GFB resistance in non-small cell lung cancer.

A Novel Rat Model to Simulate the Benign Esophageal Stricture Induced by Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection.

Objective: This study aimed to establish a rat model that simulates benign esophageal strictures induced by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Materials and Methods: Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into mucosal resection (n = 8) and sham-operated groups (n = 8). The rats in the mucosal resection group underwent a 5-mm three-fourths mucosal resection by way of a 3-mm incision in the distal esophagus under direct visualization via laparotomy. Rats in the sham-operated group underwent a 3-mm incision of the muscularis propria layer in the distal esophagus via laparotomy without mucosal resection. Dysphagia score, weight gain, mucosal constriction rate, and histology were evaluated 2 weeks after surgery. Results: Technical success was achieved in all the animals. One rat in the mucosal resection group died of infection, and no other complications were observed. Weight gain (P < 0.001) and luminal diameter derived from the esophagograms (P < 0.001) were significantly lower in the mucosal resection group than those in the sham-operated group. Dysphagia score (P < 0.001) and mucosal constriction rate (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the mucosal resection group than those in the sham-operated group. The inflammation grade (P = 0.002), damage to the muscularis propria (P < 0.001), number of nascent microvessels (P = 0.006), and degree of α-SMA positive deposition (P = 0.006) were significantly higher in the mucosal resection group. Conclusion: A rat model of benign esophageal stricture induced by ESD was successfully and safely established by mucosal resection.

One-Step Dual-Color Labeling of Viral Envelope and Intraviral Genome with Quantum Dots Harnessing Virus Infection.

Labeling the genome and envelope of a virus with multicolor quantum dots (QDs) simultaneously enables real-time monitoring of viral uncoating and genome release, contributing to our understanding of virus infection mechanisms. However, current labeling techniques require genetic modification, which alters the virus's composition and infectivity. To address this, we utilized the CRISPR/Cas13 system and a bioorthogonal metabolic method to label the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genome and envelopes with different-colored QDs in situ. This technique allows one-step two-color labeling of the viral envelope and intraviral genome with QDs harnessing virus infection. In combination with single-virus tracking, we visualized JEV uncoating and genome release in real time near the endoplasmic reticulum of live cells. This labeling strategy allows for real-time visualization of uncoating and genome release at the single-virus level, and it is expected to advance the study of other viral infection mechanisms.

Piperacillin­tazobactam­induced myocardial injury with heart failure: A case report.

Piperacillin-tazobactam is a clinically used antibiotic consisting of the semisynthetic penicillin piperacillin and the ß-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam. Piperacillin-tazobactam is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used clinically to treat infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The most common adverse reactions are gastrointestinal symptoms and skin reactions. There have been a few reported cases of possible drug hypersensitivity, with thrombocytopenia as the most commonly observed adverse event. The present article reported a rare case of myocardial injury with heart failure following treatment of pneumonia with piperacillin-tazobactam in a 75-year-old female patient. Specifically, this patient presented with fever, chills, flushing and tachypnea, in addition to elevated leukocyte, neutrophil, cardiac enzyme and brain natriuretic peptide levels. This patient also presented with a mild ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram following piperacillin-tazobactam treatment. Improvements in the aforementioned adverse reactions were observed and the underlying infection didn't come back following the discontinuation of piperacillin-tazobactam treatment. Therefore, the present observations suggest that piperacillin-tazobactam may have induced myocardial injury and heart failure. Possible occurrence of similar adverse reactions in the heart should be considered before choosing piperacillin-tazobactam as treatment in clinical practice.

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Acupuncture has a positive effect in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). A number of studies have confirmed that the role of acupuncture in the treatment of IS, which is closely related to its functions of regulating mitochondrial functions. In the present article, we review the mechanisms of acupuncture underlying improvement of mitochondria in the treatment of IS from 4 aspects： 1) protecting mitochondrial structure integrity, 2) regulative effect on mitochondrial functional activities, including regulating energy metabolism, reducing oxidative stress, suppressing calcium overload, and regulating mitochondrial membrane potential changes, 3) regulating mitochondrial quality control system, including promoting mitochondrial biosynthesis, regulating mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis, and 4) regula-ting mitochondria-related apoptosis pathways. All of these may provide a theoretical basis for acupuncture in the treatment of IS and a reference for further research.

Real-Time Dissection of the Exosome Pathway for Influenza Virus Infection.

Exosomes play an important role in the spread of viral infections and immune escape. However, the exact ability and mechanisms by which exosomes produced during viral infections (vExos) infect host cells are still not fully understood. In this study, we developed a dual-color exosome labeling strategy that simultaneously labels the external and internal structures of exosomes with quantum dots to enable in situ monitoring of the transport process of vExos in live cells using the single-particle tracking technique. Our finding revealed that vExos contains the complete influenza A virus (IAV) genome and viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) proteins but lacks viral envelope proteins. Notably, these vExos have the ability to infect cells and produce progeny viruses. We also found that vExos are transported in three stages, slow-fast-slow, and move to the perinuclear region via microfilaments and microtubules. About 30% of internalized vExos shed the external membrane and release the internal vRNPs into the cytoplasm by fusion with endolysosomes. This study suggested that vExos plays a supporting role in IAV infection by assisting with IAV propagation in a virus-independent manner. It emphasizes the need to consider the infectious potential of vExos and draws attention to the potential risk of exosomes produced by viral infections.

Identification and Fungicide Screening of Fungal Species Associated with Walnut Anthracnose in Shaanxi and Liaoning Provinces, China.

Walnut is cultivated around the world for its precious woody nut and edible oil. Recently, walnut infected by Colletotrichum spp. resulted in a great yield and quality loss. In August and September 2014, walnut fruits with anthracnose were sampled from two commercial orchards in Shaanxi and Liaoning provinces, and five representative isolates were used in this study. To identify the pathogen properly, four genes per region (internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, actin, and chitin synthase) were sequenced and used in phylogenetic studies. Based on multilocus phylogenetic analysis, five isolates clustered with Colletotrichum fioriniae, including its ex-type, with 100% bootstrap support. The results of multilocus phylogenetic analyses, morphology, and pathogenicity confirmed that C. fioriniae was one of the walnut anthracnose pathogens in China. All 13 fungicides tested inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination. Flusilazole, fluazinam, prochloraz, and pyraclostrobin showed the strongest suppressive effects on the mycelial growth than the others, the average EC50 values ranged from 0.09 to 0.40 µg/ml, and there was not any significant difference (P < 0.05). Pyraclostrobin, thiram, and azoxystrobin were the most effective fungicides on spore germination (P < 0.05), and the EC50 values ranged from 0.01 to 0.44 µg/ml. Pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, fluazinam, flusilazole, mancozeb, thiram, and prochloraz exhibited a good control effect on walnut anthracnose caused by C. fioriniae, and preventive activities were greater than curative activities. Pyraclostrobin at 250 a.i. µg/ml and fluazinam at 500 a.i. µg/ml provided the highest preventive and curative efficacy, and the values ranged from 81.3 to 82.2% and from 72.9 to 73.6%, respectively. As a consequence, mancozeb and thiram could be used at the preinfection stage, and pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, flusilazole, fluazinam, and prochloraz could be used at the early stage for effective prevention and control of walnut anthracnose caused by C. fioriniae. The results will provide more significant instructions for controlling the disease effectively in northern China.

Immunotherapy in SMARCB1 (INI-1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma: Two case reports.

BACKGROUND: SMARCB1/INI-1 deficient sinonasal carcinoma (SDSC) is a rare subset of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma with a poor prognosis. Here, we present two case reports of SDSC patients. We also review the literature on this tumor. This is the first published report of SDSC treatment with immunotherapy. CASE SUMMARY: Here we present two patient cases of SDSC in which initial consultation and diagnosis were complicated but SDSC was ultimately diagnosed. One patient received a traditional treatment of surgery and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, while the other patient received additional immunotherapy; the prognoses of these two patients differed. We review previous diagnostic literature reports and SDSC treatments and provide a unique perspective on this rare type of tumor. CONCLUSION: SDSC is a rare, diagnostically challenging carcinoma with a consistently poor prognosis, early distant metastases, and frequent recurrence. Timely diagnosis and intervention are critical for treatment, for which the standard of care is surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, though immunotherapy may be an effective new treatment for SDSC.

Immunotherapy as a later-line option for HER2-altered advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: taxane might be a favorable partner.

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of different types of taxanes, including nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel and docetaxel, and further compare the effectiveness of taxane-based chemotherapy, taxane-based chemotherapy plus angiogenesis inhibitors or taxane-based chemotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors in HER2-altered non-small-cell lung cancer in the second- or third-line setting. Materials & methods: A total of 52 patients were included in the study. Progression-free survival was compared between subgroups. Results: A clinically meaningful improvement in progression-free survival was observed among patients in the nab-paclitaxel group compared with the docetaxel group. Taxane-based chemotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors achieved longer progression-free survival than taxane-based chemotherapy. There was no difference between taxane-based chemotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors and taxane-based chemotherapy plus angiogenesis inhibitors. Conclusion: Nab-paclitaxel appears to be a reasonable alternative to docetaxel. Chemotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors might yield more survival benefits than chemotherapy alone.