Healthcare-associated infections and the distribution of causative pathogens in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common diseases worldwide, and is a significant risk factor for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Our aim in this study was to compare the distributions of HAIs and the causative pathogens between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. In this study, 716 HAIs in 465 diabetic patients and 761 HAIs in 465 non-diabetic patients were evaluated. HAIs in patients with DM were most frequently urinary tract infections (UTIs) [266 infections (37.2 %)], followed by blood stream infections (BSIs) [161 infections (22.5 %)], surgical site infections (SSIs) [127 infections (17.7 %)], pneumonia [107 infections (14.9 %)] and any other infections [161 infections (22.5 %)]. The rates of UTIs, BSIs, SSIs, pneumonia and any other infections were similar between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. In terms of the causative pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus more frequently caused SSIs and Candida spp more frequently caused UTIs in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients. We found no differences in the distribution of HAIs between patients without and with DM. However, S. aureus and Candida spp were more common causative pathogens of SSIs and URTIs, respectively, in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients.

Antiphospholipid antibodies in eclamptic women.

Our purpose was to determine the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) in eclamptic women as well as the rates of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and fetal death in APA-positive and -negative eclamptic women. Thirty-six eclamptic and 30 healthy pregnant women were enrolled in this study. APA in those groups were determined. The prevalences of IUGR and fetal death were determined in APA-positive and -negative eclamptic women. In the eclamptic group, APA were positive in 9 out of 36 patients (25%), where as only 2 out of 30 controls (6.7%) were positive (p < 0.05). Fetal death was encountered in 4 out of 9 (44.4%) APA-positive eclamptic women; this was a significantly larger proportion than that for APA-negative eclamptic women (1/27; p < 0.01). The rates of IUGR in APA-positive and -negative eclamptic women were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Similar conclusions about our results could also be made, when weakly positive anticardiolipin antibodies were regarded as negative in our study group and controls. Our study suggests that positive levels of APA in eclamptic women increase the risk for intrauterine fetal death.

[Antimicrobial sensitivity of some gram-negative bacterial strains causing hospital or community-acquired infections]. / Hastane veya hastane disi enfeksiyonlara neden olan bazi gram negatif bakterilerin çesitli antimikrobiklere duyarliliklari.

The susceptibility to various antimicrobics of E. coli, Klebsiella, S. typhimurium, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Edwardsiella strains causing hospital or community acquired infections were investigated by Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method. It was found that ampicillin was the least and quinolones were the most effective antimicrobics for the both hospital and community acquired infections. In general, the antimicrobic resistance was significantly increased for the hospital isolates.

[The antibacterial activity of the amniotic fluid during the last week of pregnancy]. / Gebeligin son haftasinda alinan amniyon sivilarinin antibakteriyel etkinliginin arastirilmasi.

Amnion fluid samples were obtained from 100 pregnant women in the last week of pregnancy just before in labor. In detecting of antibacterial effectiveness, S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. agalactiae ATCC 13813 strains were used. Antibacterial effectiveness of amnion fluid to these bacteria are found respectively as; 74%, 63% and 73.9%.

[Comparison of latex agglutination and bacitracin-SXT methods used for the identification of 142 beta-hemolytic streptococci]. / 142 beta hemolitik streptokokun tanimlanmasinda kullanilan lateks aglutinasyon ile basititrasin-SXT sonuçlarinin karsilastirilmasi.

We compared the latex agglutination and bacitracin-SXT methods to identify Group A Streptococci (GAS) from throat cultures. In our study all 118 GAS strains identified by latex agglutination method were found susceptible to bacitracin, 115 were found resistant and 3 were susceptible to SXT. All beta hemolytic streptococci rather than GAS were found resistant to bacitracin. As a result bacitracin method is found valuable in rutin studies in GAS identification.

[Grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from clinical specimens and their sensitivity to penicillin G]. / Cesitli klinik örneklerden izole edilen beta hemolitik streptokoklarin gruplandirilmasi ve penisilin G'ye duyarliliklarinin arastirilmasi.

260 beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated from clinical specimens sent to Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Anadolu University between September 1988 - September 1989. They were grouped according to their sensitivity to bacitracin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and also serologically. Of 260 isolates, 83.8% were group A, 1.2% group B, 6.5% group C, 3.5% group D and 5% were group G. All of 121 group A isolates confirmed serologically were susceptible to bacitracin. Excluded 9 strains, all of them were resistant to SXT. Other groups were mostly resistant to bacitracin. While group C and G generally were susceptible to SXT, B and D were resistant. Streptococci were documented according to distribution of clinical specimens. From throat 191 group A, 16 group C, 1 group D and 11 group G; from nose 7 group A; from pus 19 group A, 4 group D and 1 group G; from vagina 1 group A, 3 group B, 2 group D and 1 group G; from urine 2 group D; from blood 1 group C were isolated. All isolates were tested for penicillin G sensitivity by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. While one of three group B strains and four of eight group D strains were resistant to penicillin G, all the other isolates were susceptible to penicillin G.

[Antibiotic susceptibility of group A streptococci isolated from throat swabs]. / Bogaz sürüntülerinden izole edilen Grup A streptokoklarin antibiyotik duyarlilik sonuçlari.

Group A Streptococci strains which are isolated from throat cultures were evaluated for the susceptibility of antibiotics. All Group A Streptococci strains were penicillin sensitive. The other antibiotic sensitiveness were also indicated in this report.

[Distribution and typing in salmonellosis in children 1978-1983]. / 1978-1983 yillari arasinda cocuklarda görülen salmonellozislerin dagilimi ve tiplendirilmesi.

329 infants with salmonellosis were evaluated in Pediatric and Microbiology Department of Anadolu University Teaching and Training Hospital. It was established 127 (38.6%) S. typhimurium, 42 (12.8%) S. typhosa and 6 (1.8%) S. paratyphi A and B in our series. Besides these serotypes, 154 (46.8%) patients could not be typed. S. typhimurium was importantly noticed than other types (p less than 0.001) and this feature makes the distribution of typing of salmonellosis in children as characteristic. This infection was encountered especially between December (8.5%), it made peak in January (20.3%) and April (9.73%) period. Then, between April-December, this infections was established quite lower (p less than 0.001). This distribution is specific for Eskisehir district, and it was gradually decreased year by year (p less than 0.05).

[The specificity and sensitivity of some methods of determining Brucella antibodies in milk in comparison with the whey antiglobulin test (WAGT)]. / Sütteki Brucella antikorlarinin tayininde kullanilan bazi yöntemlerin whey antiglobulin test (WAGT) ile karsilastirilarak duyarlilik ve özgüllüklerinin saptanmasi.

156 Milk samples were obtained from farms, dairies and streets and brucella antibodies were searched by serologic methods. Results were compared by whey antiglobulin test (WAGT) findings. In order to established the Brucella antibodies presence according to WAGT at the performed serologic tests, milk Ring test (MRT) was found the most sensitive and pratic test. The application of milk and serum (whey) to slide aglutination tests were not seen reliable.

[Detection of antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence in patients with alopecia areata]. / Alopecia areatali hastalarda serumda indirekt immunofluoresan yöntemle antikorlarin saptanmasi.

Autoantibodies were studied by indirect immunofluorescence method in the sera of 40 patients with alopecia areata. Autoantibodies to parietal cells of the stomach and the antinuclear antibodies were found to be positive in 4 and in 1 case respectively.

[Investigations of Listeria monocytogenes in infections of the newborn]. / Yenidogan infeksiyonlarinda listeria monocytogenes arastirilmasi.

In order to isolate Listeria monocytogenes from 42 high-risk infants and infection-suspected neonates, blood, external ear canal, throat and urine cultures were made. But, no Listeria monocytogenes could be isolated. Other cultured microorganisms are discussed.

[Antimycotic sensitivities of the clinically isolated candidas]. / Klinik olgulardan izole edilen kandidalarin antimikotiklere duyarliliklari.

82 candida strains isolated from clinical material were tested for their sensitivity to nystatin, 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and to clotrimazole. Strains were showing high M.I.C. values against nystatin and 45% primary resistance to 5-FC by the tube dilution technique. No resistance was noted to clotrimazole. The resistance, developed in candida strains against several antifungal drugs, will establish the problem encountered in the antibiotic treatment of bacterial infections. Also the necessity of the sensitivity tests with the isolated candida strains in candida infections is emphasized.

[Microbiological evaluation of 600 vaginal cultures]. / 600 vaginal kültürün mikrobiyolojik degerlendirilmesi.

In the Department of Microbiology at the Anadolu University Medical School, 600 vaginal cultures were obtained from the women with vaginal discharge complaints, during the 12 months, in 1979/1980. 333 out of 600 vaginal cultures (55.5%) were evaluated as normal vaginal flora and 232 out of 600 cultures (38.7%) were evaluated as pathogenic flora. The pathogenic flora microorganisms were pathogenic staphylolococcus (35.8%) Gram negative enteric bacteria (31.4%), candida (30.2%) and beta hemolytic streptococcus (2.6%).

[In vitro sensitivity of Salmonella strains to commonly used antibiotics and to some drugs which are not yet used in Turkey]. / Salmonella'larin en çok kullanilan ve yurdumuzda henüz kullanilmayan bazi antibiyotiklere duyarliliklari.

In Anadolu University Medical School, 55 Salmonella strains were isolated between Nov. 26, 1979 to Feb. 28, 1980 Out of these strains 49.1% were resistant to chloramphenicol, 14,5% to ampicillin and trimetoprium + sulphametoxasol, and 3.6% to tobramycine. All strains were sensitive to gentamycine and amikacine. The differences between the three groups; gentamycine, amikacine and tobramycine; ampicillin and trimetoprim + sulphamitaxasol; and chloramphenicol, were statistically significant.