Obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disease conditions in Connemara ponies in Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Equine obesity combined with insulin dysregulation (ID) is a major risk factor associated with laminitis. Some pony breeds appear to be at increased risk. However, little is known regarding the prevalence of obesity or hyperinsulinaemia as evidence of ID in Irish ponies. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of obesity and associated endocrine/metabolic disease conditions in Connemara ponies and to determine if hyperinsulinaemia in these ponies could be predicted by morphometric or metabolic markers. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: The study population included registered Connemara ponies recruited through public and veterinary social media posts. Ponies underwent a physical examination and information on their management and clinical history was obtained via owner questionnaire. The body condition score (BCS) was measured using the Henneke system; cresty neck score (CNS) and regionalised adiposity were also assessed. Hyperinsulinaemia was confirmed by measuring serum basal insulin concentration (BIC) or insulin concentration after an oral sugar test (OST). Blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations were measured. Characteristics of hyperinsulinaemic and insulin-sensitive ponies were compared by logistic regression. RESULTS: Two hundred ponies were included; 59 ponies (29.5%) had a BCS ≥7, 58 (29.0%) had a CNS ≥2.5 and 135 (67.5%) had regionalised adiposity; 137 (68.5%) ponies had at least one of these abnormalities. Owner-reported history or clinical evidence of chronic laminitis was found in 92 ponies (46.0%). Hyperinsulinaemia was confirmed in 32 ponies (16.0%), including 23 of 91 (25.3%) detected by OST and 9 of 109 (8.3%) by BIC. Hypertriglyceridaemia was observed in 12 of 198 ponies (6.1%) ponies and hyperglycaemia in 11 of 197 ponies (5.6%) ponies. The odds of hyperinsulinaemia increased by a factor of 6.53 (95% confidence interval: 2.95, 15.21) when BCS was ≥7. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The OST was not performed in all ponies. CONCLUSIONS: Increased adiposity, laminitis and metabolic derangements are prevalent in this native Irish pony breed.

Rate of obesity within a mixed-breed group of horses in Ireland and their owners' perceptions of body condition and useability of an equine body condition scoring scale.

BACKGROUND: Equine obesity is a significant health and welfare concern. The proportion of domestic horse populations that are overweight are as high as 45%. As the primary decision-makers for their horses' care, owners are theoretically ideally placed to identify whether their horses are appropriately conditioned, however, research in other countries has shown that many owners are unable to accurately judge their horse's body condition. In this study, through the comparison of body condition scoring (BCS) performed by an expert and the horse owners and interviews with owners, we aimed to identify the proportion of horses that were overweight or obese, to assess the accuracy of horse owners' BCS assessment both prior to and after receiving information and instructions on body condition scoring, and to identify common themes amongst owners' views regarding BCS assessment and the Henneke BCS system. RESULTS: Forty-five percent of the horses in this study were overweight or obese. The agreement between the owners and an equine veterinarian regarding the horses' BCS was fair to good both prior to (κ = .311, P < 0.001; ICC = .502, P < 0.001) and after (κ = .381, P < 0.001; ICC = .561, P < 0.001) receiving information and instructions on scoring. Three quarters of the owners who took part in the study did not use any method of monitoring their horse's body condition. Thematic analysis of owner responses was varied, with the most common theme being an awareness of the need to monitor or make changes to their horse's condition with responses in this theme split between owners who felt in control and those who did not. Owner feedback on the utility and useability of the scorning system was that it was useful however parts are too technical or need improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Equine obesity is a significant problem in this population in Ireland. Horse owners' ability to accurately judge their horse's condition does not improve with provision of instructions on body condition scoring. These results combined with owners' feedback on the Henneke BCS system indicate that it is not a tool that can be reliably used by owners.

Physicians' attitudes and knowledge toward artificial intelligence in medicine: Benefits and drawbacks.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical field is increasing and is expected to shape future clinical practice and job security. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the opinions and attitudes of practicing physicians in Bahrain regarding the benefits and drawbacks of AI for their future daily practice. A cross-sectional survey of practicing physicians with a minimum of five years' experience across the main secondary and tertiary care hospitals in Bahrain was conducted. An online questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, knowledge of AI, attitudes towards the use of AI in 10 tasks of daily clinical practice, and opinions on the benefits and drawbacks of AI. A total of 114 physicians participated in the survey. Among them, 43 (37.7%) were registered psychiatrists, 15 (13.2%) were pathologists, 17 (14.9%) were radiologists, and 39 (34.2%) were surgical specialists. The participants' attitudes were overall positive towards AI. Pathologists were particularly in favor of using AI to "Formulate personalized medication and/or treatment plans for patients" and to "Interview patients in a range of settings to obtain medical history." Most participants agreed that AI would reduce the time needed to establish a diagnosis and negatively affect employment rates. There were no correlations between the responses and the participants' age, gender, years of experience, or AI knowledge. This study demonstrates that the attitudes towards the use of AI in medicine among practicing physicians in Bahrain are similar to those of physicians in developed countries in that they are positive and welcoming of AI implementation in practice. However, the potential effects of AI on job security are a major concern.

Systematic review of the effect of caffeine therapy effect on cardiometabolic markers in rat models of the metabolic syndrome.

This systematic review aimed to study caffeine's effect on the cardiometabolic markers of the metabolic syndrome and to evaluate caffeine's application as a potential therapeutic agent in rat models. The systematic review was structured and synthesized according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Population, Intervention, comparator, outcome (PICO) framework. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect to identify studies that used caffeine as an intervention in the rat model of the metabolic syndrome or any of its components compared with no treatment or controls. Studies that did not mention the disease manifestations from the experimental model used, without rat subjects, and which induced renovascular hypertension were excluded. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation risk-of-bias tool. The main outcomes assessed were caffeine's effect on obesity, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, hepatic dysfunction, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Out of 228 studies retrieved from the search, 18 met our inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Caffeine was found to favorably reduce obesity and insulin resistance in the rat model of the metabolic syndrome. The effects of caffeine on dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, hepatic dysfunction, and hypertension remain inconclusive. The main limitations of this study are the heterogeneity of the included studies in terms of the disease model used, experimental duration, methods to assess outcomes, including studies that were only published in English, measurement units used, and graphical data without and numerical mention in the results section. As a result, quantitative synthesis was unfeasible, and a qualitative descriptive synthesis was conducted; this might have led to the under characterization of caffeine's effect on metabolic syndrome and its potential as an adjuvant therapy in metabolic syndrome. Caffeine has favorable effects on the metabolic syndrome, chiefly reducing obesity and insulin resistance. Future research is encouraged to delve into caffeine's effect on dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, hepatic dysfunction, and hypertension, which is necessary if caffeine is to be used as a potential clinical adjuvant therapy to treat the metabolic syndrome.

Best Practices of the World Health Organization Collaborating Centres (WHOCCs) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.

Background: World Health Organization Collaborating Centres (WHOCCs) cooperate with the WHO on a range of strategic areas such as nursing, nutrition, mental health, chronic diseases, education, and health technologies, depending on their speciality areas. As of 2021, WHO has 47 CCs in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) collaborating on diverse areas. Four CCs in the EMR located in Egypt, Kingdom of Bahrain, Sudan, and Pakistan focus primarily on medical education (ME). Objective: The objective of this review of the literature is to describe the best practices in ME based on published research from the four WHOCCs in EMR. The secondary objective is to classify them based on the level of Kirkpatrick's model (KM) of educational outcomes. Methods: The contributions of WHOCCs are categorised in to five domains namely "Curriculum Development and Course Design", "Student Assessment", "Quality, Accreditation, and Program Evaluation", "Teaching and Learning" and "Innovation in Medical Education". Initial extraction yielded 96 articles for review, while the second level of analysis reduced the number of publications to 37 based on the date of publication within the last 5 years. Numerous best practices in ME emerged from the recently published works of these WHOCCs in the areas of learning and teaching, curriculum development, innovations in medical education, quality, and assessments in medical education. Literature from the WHOCCs on assessment and curriculum design are limited, possibly indicating opportunities for additional research. Conclusion: The researchers conclude that the WHOCCs in the EMR show transformational impact on all principal areas of research and at multiple levels.

Faculty development programmes in medical education in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review.

Background: Faculty development is essential for enhancing medical education. The World Health Organization in 2013, promoted faculty development based on moderate quality of evidence and conditional recommendations. Aims: To conduct systematic review of faculty development programmes in medical education in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), during 2013 to 2020. Methods: A systematic research was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and ERIC using appropriate Boolean operators. Articles in English from the EMR, explicitly mentioning "faculty development" in medical education, in the title, abstract or anywhere in the text, during 2013-2020 were included. Results: Two thousand three hundred and forty-seven (2347) articles were retrieved, of which 54 were considered for further analysis based on Kirkpatrick's Model for program evaluation. Articles were grouped into 4 themes: evaluation of new interventions (n = 21), evaluation of already implemented interventions (n = 13), needs assessment (n = 16), and recommendations and guidelines (n = 4). It was revealed that 23 studies addressed level 1 (reaction), while 4 studies addressed level 4 (results) of the Kirkpatrick's Model of program evaluation. Conclusion: Faculty development should be need-based and provide hands-on training. Longitudinal programmes are recommended for maximum benefits.

Evaluation of the Utility of Online Objective Structured Clinical Examination Conducted During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to profound restrictions on the face-to-face learning and assessment in all educational institutions, particularly the medical schools. The College of Medicine and Medical Sciences of the Arabian Gulf University (CMMS-AGU) conducted the final exams, both theoretical and clinical components, for its MD students online. This study was conducted to evaluate the utility of online clinical exams held at CMMS-AGU. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, mixed method study that included samples from final year medical students, examiners, and heads of clinical departments. Data were collected through surveys, structured interviews, documents' review, and calculation of online examination's psychometrics. Descriptive statistics were used. Quantitative data were presented in the form of means and standard deviations. Responses of heads of clinical departments in the structured interview were transcribed and analyzed thematically based on three pre-established themes. Results: Quantitative and qualitative data on the utility (validity, reliability, acceptability, educational impact, and cost and feasibility) of online objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) were collected. Content validity of the online clinical examination was established through high mean scores of content representativeness, which was confirmed by the heads of clinical departments regarding the proper coverage of clinical skills. Criterion validity was established through a high correlation between clinical and theoretical exam results (r = 0.75). Reliability of the exam was established through an acceptable Cronbach's alpha value (0.70 to 0.78) over the four days of the examinations. The examinations were perceived as highly acceptable by both students and examiners. High educational impact was inferred from students' responses and review of documents. The examination was found to be feasible and of reasonable cost. Conclusion: Online OSCE might be a good alternative of conventional clinical assessments in times of crises and impossibility of having in-person contact between students, examiners, and patients. An important major drawback is still present in such initiatives, which is the inability to assess students' physical examination skills.

Online, Face-to-Face, or Blended Learning? Faculty and Medical Students' Perceptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Method Study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic forced educational institutions to adopt online methods which were inevitable to keep continuity of education across all academia after suspension of traditional educational systems. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of faculty and students of online and face-to-face learning, and their preference of the mode of learning after the pandemic. METHODS: This is a mixed-method study. Quantitative data was collected through a survey from 194 medical students and 33 faculty members, while qualitative data was collected through two focus group discussions with 9 students and another two with 13 faculty members. Quantitative variables were presented as means and standard deviations. Paired samples t-test and Chi-square test were used. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was used to code, interpret, and make sense of data. RESULTS: Mean scores of responses of faculty members and students were higher for face-to-face and blended learning compared to online learning in all survey statements with statistically significant differences. More than half of the students (53.1%) preferred the face-to-face mode of learning, while most of the faculty members (60.6%) preferred the blended mode of learning. Qualitative analysis identified five themes, namely: "Transforming the way theoretical teaching sessions are given," "Face-to-face teaching at campus cannot be replaced for some types of education," "Interaction in online sessions is limited," "Problems and challenges of online examinations," and "Technical issues and challenges of online education." It revealed suggestions that at least 30% of the curriculum could be taught online post-COVID-19. Some aspects of clinically oriented teaching including history taking and case discussions can also be delivered online in the future. Faculty members and students reported that dealing with online education was not difficult, although the transition was not smooth. CONCLUSION: Medical students and faculty members were in favor of face-to-face and blended modes of learning. However, they perceived online mode of learning as an acceptable adaptation in theoretical teaching and in some clinically oriented teaching including history taking and clinical case discussions. Although face-to-face education in medicine is irreplaceable, the blended mode of learning remains an acceptable and practical solution for the post-COVID era.

Validation of academic motivation scale among medical students using factor analysis and structural equation modeling: Middle Eastern perspective.

BACKGROUND: Demanding careers like medicine requires a lot of motivation and the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) developed by Vallerand et al. (1992) is an instrument to measure motivation. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of AMS among medical students in the Middle East. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a methodological research utilizing a convenient sampling technique. AMS scale comprising 28 items subdivided into seven subscales was administered to 900 students (281 students returned the filled AMS). Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and t-tests. Exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the scale, respectively. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between both genders in overall scores (P = 0.015*), two subscales, namely "Identified Regulation" (P =0.017*) and "Stimulating Experience" (P = 0.015*), with females showing higher value. Second-year students (n = 91) had significantly higher score (10.9 ± 4.1) for "Amotivation" (P =.001*) and first-year students (n = 48) had significantly higher score (16.2 ± 3.0) for "Achievement" subscale (P =.014*). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant with 95% confidence interval. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups based on nationality or age. Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (Chi-square: 2988.010; df = 278; P < 0.001). Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin was 0.890. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation extracted seven factors corresponding to the original items of AMS questionnaire. All subscales correlated positively except "amotivation." Structural equation modeling revealed the relation between observed and unobserved variables. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated that AMS is valid and reliable for application among Middle East medical students, without needing any modification. AMS has widespread application in medical education as it impacts learning outcomes. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that AMS is valid and reliable for application among the Middle East students without needing any modification.

A toolbox for conducting an online OSCE.

This toolbox highlights the lessons learned and the tools used to run the online OSCE at the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University (CMMS-AGU) using Zoom™ï¸. The examiners considered the examination to be valid in assessing all clinical skills except for psychomotor skills and students found it to be highly acceptable. We describe three phases. Planning and preparation phase in which situation analysis, aligning stakeholders, mobilizing resources, creating a shared vision, and ownership of the exam project take place. For successful implementation of examinations, detailed plans are needed including manpower, timings, number of stations and detailed description of the steps of the examination process. We provide a set of guiding questions for proper decision making related to online clinical exams. Implementation Phase in which piloting is very useful to apply improvements to the original plan and to outline the needed capacity building of the participating staff. We give a detailed description of the guiding documents, means of communication and features of ZOOM that were used. Evaluation phase we provide a guide for evaluating the process and outcome, including a list of key performance indicators.

Correction to: Lipid accumulation in prokaryotic microorganisms from arid habitats.

There is an error in the Original Publication of this paper for "Acknowledgements" section was missing.

Evaluation of Curricular Adaptations Using Digital Transformation in a Medical School in Arabian Gulf during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Several institutions adopted innovative approaches to ensure continued learning for their students during the COVID-19 pandemic. All curricular innovations should undergo curriculum evaluation; hence, the objective of this paper was to share the salient features of evaluation using faculty and student's feedback on curricular adaptations implemented through digital transformation in a Medical School in Arabian Gulf during the COVID-19 pandemic, using a structured questionnaire. METHODOLOGY: After getting informed consent, feedback about acceptability and limitations regarding various aspects of curricular adaptations was obtained from students and faculty, using a structured and validated questionnaire. The response rate from faculty and students was 90% and 60%, respectively. The qualitative responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: About 97% agreed that Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment, ZOOM, and Examsoft platforms were effective for curriculum delivery and assessment. 85% agreed that they were able to maintain online interactivity and 92% conveyed their willingness to continue to use these digital innovations even after the end of pandemic. "Lack of interactivity," "missed clinical training," "live sessions were more engaging than recorded ones" were the prominent themes emerged out of thematic analysis. All faculty and students expressed concern over the lack of clinical training involving real patients. All of them expressed appreciation to the university and faculty for their enormous efforts. CONCLUSION: Innovative ways should be considered to start clinical teaching with real patients, during pandemic. The learning outcomes of digital learning should be validated across all institutions. New indicators related to "digital learning" should be considered for accreditation of medical schools.

Influence of Student Feedback on the Quality of Teaching among Clinical Teachers in Bahrain.

BACKGROUND: The effect of student feedback on teaching quality has been well-documented. However, only a few studies have examined the impact of feedback on clinical teachers delivering cross-border medical education in this geographical region. The aim of this study is to investigate (i) the quality of teaching among clinical teachers in a cross-border medical education setup, (ii) the impact of student feedback on teaching effectiveness, (iii) the differences in ratings among different groups of students, and (iv) factors that improve clinical teaching. METHODS: Fifty-seven clinical teachers and 140 students participated in this study. Teachers received feedback on their performance and were allowed to reflect on them. Six months later, the teachers received feedback again. Additionally, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 5 selected clinical teachers working in 2 different hospitals to explore the factors that influenced clinical teaching. RESULT: Overall, nearly half of the clinical teachers (n = 25) showed a trend of greater scores in the second assessment, while most of the remaining teachers (n = 24) continued to have more or less the same score or marginal fall in the second assessment. Even though few clinical teachers demonstrated significantly lesser scores, careful observation of data showed that the mean value of the second score either remained above (n = 5) or closer (n = 2) to the cut-off value of 3.74, except one teacher who recorded the least mean score of 3.17 in the second assessment. In qualitative analysis, teachers emphasised that the student feedback allowed them to develop more effective teaching approaches and strategies. CONCLUSION: The pattern of results suggests that the effect of student feedback on teaching quality can have multiple outcomes, mostly positive or neutral, and very rarely negative. This study also advocates that feedback can be more beneficial if strengthened by other interventions like faculty training.

Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Maastricht Clinical Teaching Questionnaire in Bahrain.

OBJECTIVES: The Maastricht Clinical Teaching Questionnaire (MCTQ) was developed to evaluate clinical teachers' supervisory skills during undergraduate clinical rotations. Evidence exists supporting the reliability and validity of this questionnaire. Our study sought to examine the reliability and validity of the MCTQ in a Middle Eastern context. METHODS: Between 2016 and 2017, we evaluated a total of 549 medical students in their final year who were undergoing clinical rotations using the MCTQ. The construct validity was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha. Factor scores were compared with other outcomes to explore the relationship with other relevant variables. RESULTS: A four-factor model demonstrated an adequate fit with the data. The findings showed good internal consistency reliability. The following results were obtained for the four-factor model: chi-square divided by degrees of freedom was 5.026, and the comparative index, goodness of fit index, normalized fit index, and non-normalized fit index were all above 0.800 (0.955, 0.858, 0.950, and 0.952, respectively). The standardized root mean square residual was 0.016, and the root mean square error of approximation score was 0.086. Acceptable reliability was achieved with 10 evaluations per teacher. We observed a strong correlation between factors and overall judgment. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the MCTQ is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate teachers' performance during clinical rotations in Bahrain.

Taxonomic diversity of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and genes in the Red Sea coast.

Despite development of a record number of recreational sites and industrial zones on the Red Sea coast in the last decade, antibiotic-resistant bacteria in this environment remain largely unexplored. In this study, 16S rDNA sequencing was used to identify bacteria isolated from 12 sediment samples collected from the Red Sea coastal, offshore, and mangroves sites. Quantitative PCR was used to estimate the quantity of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in genomic DNA in the samples. A total of 470 bacteria were isolated and classified into 137 distinct species, including 10 candidate novel species. Site-specific bacterial communities inhabiting the Red Sea were apparent. Relatively, more resistant isolates were recovered from the coast, and samples from offshore locations contained the most multidrug-resistant bacteria. Eighteen ARGs were detected in this study encoding resistance to aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, macrolide, quinolone, and tetracycline antibiotics. The qnrS, aacC2, ermC, and blaTEM-1 genes were commonly found in coastal and offshore sites. Relatively higher abundance of ARGs, including aacC2 and aacC3, were found in the apparently anthropogenically contaminated (beach) samples from coast compared to other collected samples. In conclusion, a relative increase in antimicrobial-resistant isolates was found in sediment samples from the Red Sea, compared to other studies. Anthropogenic activities likely contribute to this increase in bacterial diversity and ARGs.

Validity of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the construct validity and reliability of the motivation section of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was conducted.  The MSQL has essentially two sections: a motivation section and a learning strategies section.  The motivation section, which consists of 31 items, was used.  A total of 146 medical students who were all male completed the questionnaire.  Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the hypothesised factor structure, and to identify the validity and reliability of the motivation section of the MSQL. RESULTS: A selected group of fit statistics showed that the hypothesised model did not fit the sample data fairly well.  The Intrinsic Goal Orientation subscale consisted of 4 items (α = 0.75), the Extrinsic Goal Orientation subscale consisted of 4 items (α = 0.78), the Task Value subscale consisted of 6 items (α =0.86), the Control of Learning Beliefs consisted of 4 items (α =0.78), the Self-Efficacy for Learning and Performance consisted of 8 items (α =0.89), and the Test Anxiety consisted of 5 items (α =0.77). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the hypothesised model did not fit the data well. This may suggest that the motivation section of the MSQL may not work for Saudi Arabian students. However, this could be due to the fact that the sample data available on this study did not represent female students. Further work is required to establish this. Limitations of the study are discussed.

Weight Loss and Glycemic Control after Sleeve Gastrectomy: Results from a Middle Eastern Center of Excellence.

Obesity and its associated metabolic disorders are strongly linked to both morbidity and mortality. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has been established as an effective means of weight loss for obese patients as well as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was designed to examine the short- and midterm outcomes of patients who underwent SG in a Middle Eastern Center of Excellence, a military training teaching hospital. The clinical outcomes of 59 patients with impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM who underwent SG between 2011 and 2014 with at least one and up to four years of follow-up were studied. Data were collected and compared, including the pre- and post-surgery measures of weight, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting blood glucose. Complete remission was defined as a fasting blood glucose level ≤100 mg/dL, an HbA1c ≤6 mg/dL, without use of antidiabetic medications. All patients showed significant reduction in body mass index following SG. Tight glycemic control was achieved among both diabetic and prediabetic patients. In this study, 88.14 per cent of all patients (diabetic and prediabetic) achieved complete resolution from their impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM and maintained normal blood glucose and HbA1C levels from one to four years postoperatively. SG is beneficial both in terms of short- and midterm weight loss and glucose control in both diabetic and prediabetic obese patients.

Analyzing the Psychometric Properties of the Short Form-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire in Patients with Obesity.

PURPOSE: The Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire is a valuable and easy-to-use tool for the measurement of quality of life in patients with obesity. To become a widely used tool, the questionnaire must be validated in many different contexts. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the SF-36 questionnaire among patients with obesity in Bahrain. METHODOLOGY: The 36-item questionnaire was administered to a study cohort scheduled to undergo bariatric surgery at the Bahrain Defence Force Hospital in Bahrain. Demographic data were extracted. Principal component analysis was used to extract component factors. Factor analysis was used to determine construct validity and fit. The Cronbach's alpha value of the extracted factors was used to determine the internal consistency reliability. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19.0 and IBM AMOS version 22.0. RESULTS: Most of the participants were female with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 43.24 kg/m2. A six-factor solution explaining 52.31% of variance was generated. The global fit parameter estimates indicated that the suggested model exhibited an acceptable-to-good fit. Overall, the internal consistency reliability estimate of the SF-36 questionnaire was greater than 0.70. CONCLUSION: The identified six-factor model of the SF-36 questionnaire is a valuable tool for the measurement of quality of life among patients with obesity in Bahrain.