Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on neuro-sensory disturbance after orthognathic surgery: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: The present study aims to determine the effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on neuro-sensory disturbance after orthognathic surgery. Materials and methods: In a randomized clinical trial, the participants via split-mouth sampling were randomly divided into two intervention (n=27) and control (n=27) groups. In the intervention group, participants received TENS physiotherapy. TENS physiotherapy was performed on the day after surgery, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery, along with prescriptions for the use of painkillers. On the control group, no physical therapy was performed and the patients only used painkillers (immediately after the operation). Paresthesia was evaluated using the 2-point discrimination (TPD) test and the semi-quantitative sensory-neural disorders test called brush stroke 6 months after the surgical procedures. Self-reported sensory-neural disorders were measured and reported for each patient before and 6 months after surgery using the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: A total of 54 patients participated in this study. The mean TPD score in the TENS group and the control group 6 months after the operation were 5.76 (SD=0.73) and 6.14 (SD=0.54), respectively (P=0.003). The mean VAS score in the TENS group and the control group 6 months after the operation was 6.48 (SD=0.50) and 5.80 (SD=0.63), respectively (P=0.005). Also, 66.7 and 38.9% in the TENS and control groups, respectively, performed the brush stroke test correctly (P=0.007). Conclusion: In sum, the benefits of TENS physiotherapy can be effective in reducing complications such as pain in dental surgery treatments or orthognathic surgeries.

Interactions Between Oral Microbiota and Cancers in the Aging Community: A Narrative Review.

The oral microbiome potentially wields significant influence in the development of cancer. Within the human oral cavity, an impressive diversity of more than 700 bacterial species resides, making it the second most varied microbiome in the body. This finely balanced oral microbiome ecosystem is vital for sustaining oral health. However, disruptions in this equilibrium, often brought about by dietary habits and inadequate oral hygiene, can result in various oral ailments like periodontitis, cavities, gingivitis, and even oral cancer. There is compelling evidence that the oral microbiome is linked to several types of cancer, including oral, pancreatic, colorectal, lung, gastric, and head and neck cancers. This review discussed the critical connections between cancer and members of the human oral microbiota. Extensive searches were conducted across the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases to provide an up-to-date overview of our understanding of the oral microbiota's role in various human cancers. By understanding the possible microbial origins of carcinogenesis, healthcare professionals can diagnose neoplastic diseases earlier and design treatments accordingly.

Interactions between oral microbiota shifts and cancer: The oral microbiome potentially wields significant influence in the development of cancer. Within the human oral cavity, an impressive diversity of more than 700 bacterial species resides, making it the second most varied microbiome in the body. This finely balanced oral microbiome ecosystem is vital for sustaining oral health. However, disruptions in this equilibrium, often brought about by dietary habits and inadequate oral hygiene, can result in various oral ailments like periodontitis, cavities, gingivitis, and even oral cancer. There is compelling evidence that the oral microbiome is linked to several types of cancer, including oral, pancreatic, colorectal, lung, gastric, and head and neck cancers. This review discussed the critical connections between cancer and members of the human oral microbiota. Extensive searches were conducted across the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases to provide an up-to-date overview of our understanding of the oral microbiota's role in various human cancers. By understanding the possible microbial origins of carcinogenesis, healthcare professionals can diagnose neoplastic diseases earlier and design treatments accordingly.

Prevalence of Histopathologic Types of Gingival Lesions in the Iranian Population: A 22-Year Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: Gingiva is one of the supporting tissues around the teeth that can be affected by various neoplastic or nonneoplastic lesions. Previous studies have examined several types of gingival lesions, but the lack of a standardized classification system has hindered meaningful comparisons. Additionally, many studies focused primarily on reactive lesions. Our study aims to contribute to the understanding of gingival lesions by investigating their prevalence across age groups, genders, sites, and by their clinical presentation. This research could lead to improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study explores the prevalence of gingival lesions based on biopsies during a 22-year span. The patient's demographic details, including age, gender, and lesion's clinical presentation were systematically collected. These lesions were categorized into six groups. Descriptive statistics, χ2 test of independence, and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Among the 7668 biopsied lesions, 684 (8.9%) lesions were located in the gingiva, with a greater occurrence in women (63.5%). Soft tissue tumors represented the most prevalent group in the gingival lesions (72.1%), and peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) was the most frequent lesion (21.2%), followed by, pyogenic granuloma (19.3%), peripheral ossifying fibroma (17.8%) and focal fibrous hyperplasia (7.6%); all of which predominantly affected women, with mean ages falling in the fourth decade of life. Squamous cell carcinoma was recognized as the most common malignancy. CONCLUSION: In this study, PGCG was found to be the most common lesion in the gingiva in Iranian population. Further analysis using a unanimous categorization is required to confirm these results.

Evaluation of AI-generated responses by different artificial intelligence chatbots to the clinical decision-making case-based questions in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the correctness of the generated answers by Google Bard, GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Claude-Instant, and Bing chatbots to decision-making clinical questions in the oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) area. STUDY DESIGN: A group of 3 board-certified oral and maxillofacial surgeons designed a questionnaire with 50 case-based questions in multiple-choice and open-ended formats. Answers of chatbots to multiple-choice questions were examined against the chosen option by 3 referees. The chatbots' answers to the open-ended questions were evaluated based on the modified global quality scale. A P-value under .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Bard, GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Claude-Instant, and Bing answered 34%, 36%, 38%, 38%, and 26% of the questions correctly, respectively. In open-ended questions, GPT-4 scored the most answers evaluated as grades "4" or "5," and Bing scored the most answers evaluated as grades "1" or "2." There were no statistically significant differences between the 5 chatbots in responding to the open-ended (P = .275) and multiple-choice (P = .699) questions. CONCLUSION: Considering the major inaccuracies in the responses of chatbots, despite their relatively good performance in answering open-ended questions, this technology yet cannot be trusted as a consultant for clinicians in decision-making situations.

Cross Talk Between Cells and the Current Bioceramics in Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review.

The conventional approach for addressing bone defects and stubborn non-unions typically involves the use of autogenous bone grafts. Nevertheless, obtaining these grafts can be challenging, and the procedure can lead to significant morbidity. Three primary treatment strategies for managing bone defects and non-unions prove resistant to conventional treatments: synthetic bone graft substitutes (BGS), a combination of BGS with bioactive molecules, and the use of BGS in conjunction with stem cells. In the realm of synthetic BGS, a multitude of biomaterials have emerged for creating scaffolds in bone tissue engineering (TE). These materials encompass biometals like titanium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, as well as bioceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Bone TE scaffolds serve as temporary implants, fostering tissue ingrowth and the regeneration of new bone. They are meticulously designed to enhance bone healing by optimizing geometric, mechanical, and biological properties. These scaffolds undergo continual remodeling facilitated by bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Through various signaling pathways, stem cells and bone cells work together to regulate bone regeneration when a portion of bone is damaged or deformed. By targeting signaling pathways, bone TE can improve bone defects through effective therapies. This review provided insights into the interplay between cells and the current state of bioceramics in the context of bone regeneration.

The effect of photobiomodulation therapy in common maxillofacial injuries: Current status.

The use of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) may be used for treating trauma to the maxillofacial region. The effects of PBMT on maxillofacial injuries were discussed in this review article. The electronic databases Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were thoroughly searched. This review included in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies describing how PBMT can be used in maxillofacial tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Some studies suggest that PBMT may offer a promising therapy for traumatic maxillofacial injuries because it can stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of various cells, including dental pulp cells and mesenchymal stem cells, enhancing bone regeneration and osseointegration. PBMT reduces pain and swelling after oral surgery and tooth extraction in human and animal models of maxillofacial injuries. Patients with temporomandibular disorders also benefit from PBMT in terms of reduced inflammation and symptoms. PBMT still has some limitations, such as the need for standardizing parameters. PBMT must also be evaluated further in randomized controlled trials in various maxillofacial injuries. As a result, PBMT offers a safe and noninvasive treatment option for patients suffering from traumatic maxillofacial injuries. PBMT still requires further research to establish its efficacy in clinical practice and determine the optimal parameters.

Assessing the impact of aprepitant and ondansetron on postoperative nausea and vomiting in orthognathic surgeries: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common side effect associated with general anesthesia. Both ondansetron and aprepitant been effectively used to prevent PONV. However, there is a disagreement of opinions regarding the superiority of these two drugs. This study aims to compare the efficacy of aprepitant with ondansetron in preventing PONV following orthognathic surgeries. METHODS: In this double-blinded clinical trial, 80 patients scheduled for orthognathic surgery at Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran, were randomly assigned to two groups. A standardized anesthesia protocol was used for all patients. The first group received a placebo capsule administered one hour before the surgical procedure along with 4 mg (2 ml) of ondansetron intravenously after anesthesia induction. The second group was given 80 mg aprepitant capsules one hour before the surgery, followed by an injection of 2 ml intravenous distilled water after anesthesia induction. The occurrence and severity of PONV, the amount of rescue medication required, and the complete response of patients assessed within 24 h after the surgery. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in demographic data between the two groups. Patients in the aprepitant group had a significantly lower incidence and severity of nausea (2.5% versus 27.5%), vomiting (5% versus 25%), and required fewer rescue medications (7.5% versus 62.5%) compared to the ondansetron group. Additionally, the aprepitant group showed a higher complete response rate (90% versus 67.5%) in the 0-2 and 12-24 postoperative hours. CONCLUSION: According to the findings of this study, aprepitant has demonstrated a greater efficacy in preventing PONV following orthognathic surgery, when compared to ondansetron. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT code: IRCT20211205053279N3), date of registration: 16/12/2022.

The role of current herbal extracts in bone regeneration through dental implants: in vitro/in vivo/clinical studies.

The quality and quantity of bone at the interface of an implant system are determining factors in the implant's stability. Alternative agents have been studied to augment implants and bone defects, including bone-conductive and bone-inducing agents. By modifying implant surface coatings on the nanoscale, one can enhance osseointegration by stimulating bone cell adhesion, bone matrix formation, and mineralization. Because alternative agents stimulate osteoblasts to mineralize and can control pectin structure, plant-derived silicone has been suggested as a potential candidate for surface nanocoatings on orthopedic and dental titanium implants. Inducing the differentiation of cells or accelerating bone regeneration is possible with the plant extract. Coating these extracts on implant devices can improve cell attachment, differentiation, and proliferation. This review article discusses the role of herbal materials in bone regeneration through dental implants.

Jael's syndrome: Hemostatic management of an impacted knife in the facial site-A case report.

Key Clinical Message: It is essential to take a specific multidisciplinary approach in penetrating maxillofacial traumas; securing the airway, completing the hemodynamic stabilization, and systemic evaluation and consideration regarding the beneficial therapeutic regime. Abstract: Jael's syndrome is defined as a deliberate injury caused by a knife to the skull and facial area. This article describes the case of a young male patient with a penetrating knife on the left side of the face following an assault. Due to the high probability of injury to the descending palatine artery, it was decided to make a femoral pathway for catheter angiography in the operation room and have a standby vascular surgeon for selective embolization of the external carotid artery in case of severe bleeding. The treatment plan included removing the foreign body, exploring the wound, suturing, tetanus immunization, and prescribing antibiotics. There was no significant complication in the postoperative period. However, In the 6-month follow-up, the patient complained of weakness in the left upper lip and hypoesthesia in the pathway of the left infraorbital nerve. Jael's syndrome can be life-threatening, so there is a need for accurate initial management performed by a multidisciplinary team to raise the survival rate of these patients.

Oral Complications Associated with the Piercing of Oral and Perioral Tissues and the Corresponding Degree of Awareness among Public and Professionals: A Systematic Review.

This study systematically reviews the literature to evaluate the potential relationships between oral/perioral piercing and consequent oral complications in the corresponding society. The second objective was determining public/professional sectors' awareness of the subject. This research followed PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines for conducting systematic reviews and searching scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar, until April 2023. Cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies in English were deemed eligible. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using proper quality assessment guidelines. Of the 965 initial articles retrieved, 34 were considered suitable for qualitative synthesis after screening procedures and removing duplicates and irrelevant records. There appears to be an imbalance between the general public's low and dentists' high awareness. This draws attention to the shortage of professional and societal knowledge-sharing and education initiatives. Women were more than twice as likely as men to have oral piercings. Piercing usage had a low incidence among a cohort of students with a mean age of 16. Merely circumstantial evidence has indicated a plausible correlation between oral and perioral piercings and the emergence of secondary bacterial and fungal colonization, particularly periodontopathogenic bacteria and Candida albicans. Furthermore, several adverse consequences have been observed linked to various piercings-such as lip and tongue piercings. These include caries, gingivitis/periodontitis, dental fractures, enamel chipping/cracks, plaque buildup, bone loss, bleeding, inflammation, and swelling. Given the risks involved and the complications that might impair oral health, the prevalence of oral piercings is alarming. As a result, public health authorities need to firmly support initiatives to raise awareness of the risks associated with oral/perioral piercings. For piercers to enhance their expertise in this field, professional training is necessary because there is a shortage of knowledge on the possible adverse effects of piercings.

Facilitating the removal of a foreign body in the tongue by intraoperative ultrasound guidance: A case report.

The presence of soft tissue foreign bodies (FBs) presents a substantial concern due to their potential to induce both acute and chronic pain as well as tissue irritation. This case report documents the admission of a 25-year-old female with a history of bur fractures during endodontic treatment, accompanied by signs of infection. The clinical examination and radiographic assessment revealed an embedded foreign body within her tongue. The surgical procedure was informed by repeated ultrasound scans through the incision, facilitating precise targeting. Intraoperative ultrasound enables the accurate detection of submucosal foreign bodies in dynamic tissues like the tongue and facilitates focused and image-guided dissection, thereby decreasing surgical trauma to the delicate soft tissues.

The effect of photodynamic therapy in controlling the oral biofilm: A comprehensive overview.

Several resistance mechanisms are involved in dental caries, including oral biofilms. An accumulation of bacteria on the surface of teeth is called plaque. Periodontitis and gingivitis are caused by dental plaque. In this review article, we aimed to review the studies associated with the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to prevent and treat various microbial biofilm-caused oral diseases in recent decades. There are several studies published in PubMed that have described antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) effects on microorganisms. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential of APDT for treating endodontic, periodontal, and mucosal infections caused by bacteria as biofilms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are activated in the presence of oxygen by integrating a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS) with appropriate wavelength visible light. By causing irreversible damage to microorganisms, ROS induces some biological and photochemical events. Testing several wavelengths has been conducted to identify potential PS for APDT. A standard protocol is not yet available, and the current review summarizes findings from dental studies on APDT.

Outcomes and influential factors in functional and dental rehabilitation following microvascular fibula flap reconstruction in the maxillomandibular region: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the factors influencing and success rates of dental implants for functional and dental rehabilitation following microvascular fibula flap reconstruction in the maxillomandibular region. MAIN TEXT: We conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane's CENTRAL, as well as gray literature sources and manual searches of notable journals. The search was performed from inception until February 2023. Studies were included if they examined functional and dental rehabilitation outcomes in patients receiving maxillofacial reconstruction using microvascular fibula flaps and were retrospective or prospective cohort studies involving human subjects. Case-control studies, research involving other reconstruction methods, and animal-based studies were excluded. Data was extracted and confirmed by two independent researchers, and risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses were conducted for dental implant and graft success rate, with separate analyses for different factors affecting the outcome. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I2 test. The pooled success rate for implants was 92% and for grafts, 95%, with significant heterogeneity. Implants in fibular grafts had a 2.91 times higher failure rate than those in natural bones. Radiated bone and smoking were identified as factors influencing implant failure, with radiated bone having a 2.29 times higher risk and smokers having a 3.16 times higher risk compared to their respective counterparts. Patient-reported outcomes showed improvements in key areas such as dietary intake, mastication, speech, and esthetics. The success rates declined over time, emphasizing the importance of long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Dental implants in free fibula grafts generally have favorable success rates, with minimal bone resorption, manageable probing depths, and limited bleeding on probing. Implant success is influenced by factors such as smoking and radiated bone.

Antimicrobial properties of green synthesized novel TiO2 nanoparticles using Iranian propolis extracts.

The oral antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of green synthesized novel titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using Iranian propolis extracts were investigated on oral bacteria and fibroblast cells. In this study, propolis was sampled, and alcoholic extracts were prepared. The TiO2 NPs were biosynthesized using propolis extracts. The synthesized TiO2 NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and zeta potential. MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), minimal inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, biofilm formation, and degradation tests were studied to clarify the oral antimicrobial properties of green synthesized TiO2  NPs. According to the FTIR analysis, the propolis extract contained flavonoids and phenolic compounds in addition to TiO2 NPs. Additionally, UV-Vis revealed that intense bands had formed NPs. EDX spectra and SEM images revealed that the stabilizing agent was in perfect quasi-spherical shapes around 21 nm. An EDX spectrum was used to verify the presence of titanium and oxygen. There were no significant cytotoxicity effects. The antibacterial results showed that Pro1TiO2 (Khalkhal sample) had better effects than Pro2TiO2 (Gilan sample) and TiO2 NPs. The present study presents a new process for synthesizing TiO2 NPs from propolis extracts with less toxic effects and user-friendly, eco-friendly, and economical materials. Pro1TiO2 NPs may be considered the best candidate for clinical application.

Comparative study of changes in the airway dimensions following the treatment of Class II malocclusion patients with the twin-block and Seifi appliances.

BACKGROUND: Functional appliances are frequently used to stimulate mandibular growth in cases of Class II malocclusion with mandibular deficiency. Many studies have reported improved pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) dimensions following functional appliance therapy in children. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to assess changes in the airway dimensions following the treatment of Class II malocclusion patients with the twin-block and Seifi appliances. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Lateral cephalograms of 37 patients with Class II malocclusion and mandibular deficiency treated with the twin-block appliance (n = 20) or the Seifi appliance (n = 17) were assessed in this before-and-after study. The preoperative and postoperative lateral cephalograms were compared to determine changes in the airway dimensions at the level of the palatal plane (PP), the occlusal plane (OP) and the 2nd-4th cervical vertebrae (C2-C4) in the 2 groups. The results were analyzed with the t test and the one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS: After treatment, significant changes occurred in the point A-nasion-point B (ANB) and sellanasion-point B (SNB) skeletal cephalometric indices in the twin-block appliance group, and in ANB, SNB and incisor-mandibular plane angle (IMPA) in the Seifi appliance group. The airway dimensions at the level of PP, OP and the 3rd cervical vertebra (C3) significantly increased postoperatively as compared to the baseline in the twin-block appliance group (p < 0.05). The increases in the airway dimensions at the level of PP and C3 in the twin-block appliance group were significantly greater than in the Seifi appliance group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of Class II Division I malocclusion with the twin-block appliance significantly increased the airway dimensions at the level of PP, OP and C3, whereas the Seifi appliance did not cause any significant changes in the airway dimensions.

The effects of Kinesio tapes on facial swelling following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in the supraclavicular region.

BACKGROUND: Several osteotomies are required for orthognathic surgery to reposition the jaws correctly. This study aimed to evaluate whether Kinesiotaping can reduce swelling, pain, and trismus following orthognathic surgery of the facial skull. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study consists of two phases. In the split-mouth phase, 16 skeletal class III patients underwent Bimax Orthognathic surgery, and Kinesiological tape (KT) was applied on one half of the face. In the prospective case-control phase, 30 patients were divided into two groups. Kinesio tape was applied on both sides of the face of the Kinesio group, and pressure dressing and ice therapy were used for the second group. The tape was parallel to the lower border of the mandible along its entire length, tangent to the labial commissure area on the studied side. The tape was placed in place for 5 days. Edema was evaluated by measuring the distance from the menton to the lower edge of the tragus. The maximum mouth-opening trismus was evaluated, and the VAS index was used to evaluate pain. RESULTS: There was evidence of swelling reduction after KT; within the same study, differences between the left and right sides as well as for the same side were statistically significant (p < 0.001). As a result of tapping lymphatic Kinesio tape on the affected area, tension was reduced, and lymphatic circulation was restored. Blood and lymph microcirculation was improved, enabling the body to heal itself. CONCLUSION: Kinesio tape reduced swelling after orthognathic surgery in a positive way. As a simple, non-traumatic, economical method, Kinesio taping seems promising.

Investigating the effect of insertion torque on marginal bone loss around dental implants.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The use of dental implants in restoring function, esthetics, speech, and health of oral tissues has been growing in recent years. Evaluating marginal bone resorption and the survival rate of implants placed with different torques values is crucial. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different insertion torque values on marginal bone loss around dental implants placed in the posterior region of the mandible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 37 patients were involved in this study. Patient data (age, gender), implant characteristics (length, diameter), insertion torque values, gingival biotype, and bone quality were recorded, and parallel periapical radiographs measured marginal bone loss. The relationship between variables was obtained using independent t-tests, Pearson correlations, and regressions. RESULTS: The present study found a positive and significant correlation between implant insertion torque and marginal bone loss (MBL)around the dental implants during the first year after placement. Furthermore, patients with D2 bone density at the implant placement site and thin gingival biotype also had significantly higher MBLs from baseline until crown delivery and first-year follow-up than those with D3 bone density and thick gingival biotypes, respectively. CONCLUSION: A lower torque is necessary for high-risk patients to increase implantation success due to identifying patients with an increased risk for MBL.

Photodynamic Therapy in Oral Cancer: A Narrative Review.

Methods: A comprehensive search in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was performed using relevant keywords to structure this narrative review. Only English articles were included and assessed according to titles, abstracts, and full texts. Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is applied for targeting pre-malignancy and malignancies in the head and neck, skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract and has been greatly promising in reducing disfigurement and morbidity. This method includes a light-sensitive medicine known as a photosensitizer and a light source used through a minimally invasive surgical tool. Objective: This study aimed to review the application of PDT in managing head and neck cancers (HNCs) and provide an overview of the most recent advances in PDT and its efficiency in increasing the long-term life quality of patients with HNC. Results: The light source irradiates light at an appropriate wavelength that can be absorbed by the sensitizer and produce cytotoxic free radicals that can kill tumor cells, impair microvasculature in the tumor microenvironment, and stimulate further inflammatory responses of the immune system. Patients with either early lesions or advanced disease conveniently accept to receive PDT in outpatient clinics. Therefore, this simple technique is considered a novel and promising approach that can be used either individually or in association with other methods. However, its application as a management method in oral malignancies has yet to be studied. PDT is also suggested as a promising adjuvant treatment with better functional results. Then, it is possible to conclude that PDT's effectiveness in treating various tumors has been shown to depend on the depth of the lesion location. Its safety is acceptable, but its limited irradiation depth confines its application in the advanced stages of cancer. Conclusions: PDT is critically applicable in the early diagnosed cancers and superficial tumors where many heads and neck lesions settle as an ideal candidate for PDT because of the possibility of accurate evaluation of lesions and providing appropriate irradiation at these sites.

The current regenerative medicine approaches of craniofacial diseases: A narrative review.

Craniofacial deformities (CFDs) develop following oncological resection, trauma, or congenital disorders. Trauma is one of the top five causes of death globally, with rates varying from country to country. They result in a non-healing composite tissue wound as they degenerate in soft or hard tissues. Approximately one-third of oral diseases are caused by gum disease. Due to the complexity of anatomical structures in the region and the variety of tissue-specific requirements, CFD treatments present many challenges. Many treatment methods for CFDs are available today, such as drugs, regenerative medicine (RM), surgery, and tissue engineering. Functional restoration of a tissue or an organ after trauma or other chronic diseases is the focus of this emerging field of science. The materials and methodologies used in craniofacial reconstruction have significantly improved in the last few years. A facial fracture requires bone preservation as much as possible, so tiny fragments are removed initially. It is possible to replace bone marrow stem cells with oral stem cells for CFDs due to their excellent potential for bone formation. This review article discusses regenerative approaches for different types of craniofacial diseases.