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Introduction Serum urea and creatinine levels are the most commonly recognized parameters for evaluating renal impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, this study evaluated the correlation between urea and creatinine levels and thiamin levels in patients with type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM). Methods This multi-center, cross-sectional study was conducted at diabetic outpatient clinics in Karachi. The duration of the study was six months, from 1st January 2023 to 30th June 2023. A total of 60 patients were enrolled and divided into two groups, i.e., T1DM and T2DM, each containing 30 patients of both genders between the ages of 24 and 42 years. Demographic data and biochemical variables, such as urea, creatinine, random blood sugar, fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, and serum thiamin levels, were assessed. The Mann-Whitney U test and independent t-test were used to associate the means between the two study groups. The chi-square test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to determine the associations between the variables and T1DM and T2DM. Results The study results revealed that patients with T2DM had a significantly higher frequency of hypertension (p = 0.039), neuropathy (p = 0.038), and coronary artery disease (p = 0.010) than those with T1DM, in both genders. The level of serum thiamin was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) in T2DM (14.8 ± 4.82) than in T1DM patients (7.34 ± 1.90). Similarly, serum creatinine was higher in T2DM than in T1DM patients (0.83 ± 0.12 vs. 0.76 ± 0.17, p = 0.025). Moreover, the correlation of urea and creatinine with thiamin levels in T1DM and T2DM patients revealed that in T1DM and T2DM patients, urea and creatinine showed an insignificant positive correlation with thiamin levels. Conclusion We found a significantly higher level of serum creatinine and thiamin levels in T2DM patients than in T1DM; however, there was no significant correlation between urea and creatinine levels and thiamin status in T1DM and T2DM patients. Therefore, we conclude that although serum urea, creatinine, and serum thiamin are important disease biomarkers in diabetic patients, there is no correlation between them.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the role of homocysteine in the development of atherosclerosis in common carotid artery in the carbamazepine treated epileptic patients. METHODS: This study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Institute (BMSI), Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC), Karachi. Three hundred individuals, aged 34 ± 9.5 years were selected and divided into three groups. Each group comprised of 100 subjects labeled as Group-A (control group had healthy individuals), Group-B (newly diagnosed epileptic patients without antiepileptic therapy), Group-C (epileptic patients on Carbamazepine therapy, which was further subdivided into C-I having epileptic patients on Carbamazepine therapy less than 1 year n=33, C-II had epileptic patients on Carbamazepine therapy 1-2 years n = 33 and C-III comprised of epileptic patients on Carbamazepine therapy more than 2 years n = 34). Blood concentration of homocysteine was measured and ultrasound of Common Carotid Artery for intima-media thickness was performed. RESULTS: Significantly elevated level of homocysteine was observed in epileptic patients on CBZ therapy. Common Carotid Artery Intima-media thickness (CCA IMT) was observed significantly high throughout group C but it was more profound in Group-C-III. Homocysteine was found positively correlated with right CCA IMT, left CCA IMT and mean CCA IMT. CONCLUSION: Hyperhomocysteinemia was linked with increased risk of atherosclerosis in CBZ treated epileptic patients.