The effectiveness of 0.5 mg and 1mg of semaglutide in patients with type two diabetes and predictors of response: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RAs) approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at doses up to 1 mg. The results from randomized control trials and real-world studies revealed that weekly semaglutide was associated with significant improvements in HbA1c and body weight. To our knowledge, no study assessed the effectiveness of using semaglutide for patients with T2DM in the Saudi population. We aim to assess the effectiveness of once weekly SC 0.5 and 1 mg of semaglutide on HbA1c and weight reduction in patients with T2DM in the Saudi population within 12 months of use, evaluate the predictors of response, and compare the effect of the two doses. Method: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at Security Force Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Using electronic medical records of patients with type two diabetes who received semaglutide 0.5 or 1 mg for a total duration of at least 12 months of use. Results: Within the study period of semaglutide use, HbA1c significantly decreased from baseline by -2.1% (-2.3 to -1.91, 95% CI) (P <0.001). While the mean change in weight was -6.19 kg (-6.66 to -5.72, 95% CI) (P<0.001). Moreover, BMI, FBG, total cholesterol, LDL, and TG all decreased significantly from baseline (p<0.001). When comparing the sub-groups of 0.5 and 1 mg doses, although results were numerically favorable of 1 mg, there were no statistically significant differences in HbA1c % (-2.1 ± 1.8 vs. -2.1 ± 1.9, p-value= 0.934, respectively), and weight (-6.1 ± 5 vs. -6.2 ± 4.4 kg, p-value=0.837, respectively). Significant predictors of HbA1c reduction were the duration of DM, baseline HbA1c, and insulin therapy. While the significant predictor for weight reduction was insulin therapy. Conclusion: This study is document the effectiveness of once-weekly SC semaglutide on glycemic control and weight loss in real-world practice. We recommend a starting goal dose of 0.5 mg and gradual increase of dose based individual patient response. further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of various semagltude doses.

Survival implications vs. complications: unraveling the impact of vitamin D adjunctive use in critically ill patients with COVID-19-A multicenter cohort study.

Background: Despite insufficient evidence, vitamin D has been used as adjunctive therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19. This study evaluates the effectiveness and safety of vitamin D as an adjunctive therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Methods: A multicenter retrospective cohort study that included all adult COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICUs) between March 2020 and July 2021. Patients were categorized into two groups based on their vitamin D use throughout their ICU stay (control vs. vitamin D). The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were the length of stay (LOS), mechanical ventilation (MV) duration, and ICU-acquired complications. Propensity score (PS) matching (1:1) was used based on the predefined criteria. Multivariable logistic, Cox proportional hazards, and negative binomial regression analyses were employed as appropriate. Results: A total of 1,435 patients were included in the study. Vitamin D was initiated in 177 patients (12.3%), whereas 1,258 patients did not receive it. A total of 288 patients were matched (1:1) using PS. The in-hospital mortality showed no difference between patients who received vitamin D and the control group (HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.87-1.71; p = 0.26). However, MV duration and ICU LOS were longer in the vitamin D group (beta coefficient 0.24 (95% CI 0.00-0.47), p = 0.05 and beta coefficient 0.16 (95% CI -0.01 to 0.33), p = 0.07, respectively). As an exploratory outcome, patients who received vitamin D were more likely to develop major bleeding than those who did not [OR 3.48 (95% CI 1.10, 10.94), p = 0.03]. Conclusion: The use of vitamin D as adjunctive therapy in COVID-19 critically ill patients was not associated with survival benefits but was linked with longer MV duration, ICU LOS, and higher odds of major bleeding.

Mucosal Genes Expression in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: New Insights.

Individual differences in IBD illness severity, behavior, progression, and therapy response are evident. Since a break in the intestinal epithelial barrier causes IBD to begin, mucosal gene expression in IBD is crucial. Due to its high sensitivity and dynamic nature, molecular analysis of biomarkers in intestinal biopsies is feasible and provides a reliable means of evaluating localized inflammation. The goal of this investigation was to discover alterations in gene expression in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients undergoing treatment with 5-amino salicylic acid (5ASA) (N = 39) or anti-TNF drugs (N = 22). The mucosal expression of numerous IBD-related genes was evaluated using qPCR. We discovered that the levels of the proteins Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (NOS2), Mucin 2 (MUC2), Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), and Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1), which are overexpressed in untreated IBD patients compared to non-IBD subjects, are decreased by both therapy regimens. On the other hand, anti-TNF medicine helped the levels of ABCB1 and E-cadherin return to normal in IBD patients who were not receiving treatment.

Long COVID and risk of erectile dysfunction in recovered patients from mild to moderate COVID-19.

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were shown to have reduced serum testosterone levels compared to healthy individuals. Low testosterone levels are linked with the development of erectile dysfunction (ED). In this case-controlled study, 20 healthy controls and 39 patients with ED 3 months after recovering from mild-to-moderate COVID-19 pneumonia were studied. The patients ranged in age from 31 to 47 years. To identify early and late COVID-19 infections, real-time polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) and COVID-19 antibody testing were done. The levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), free androgenic index (FAI), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured. The sexual health inventory for patients (SHIM) score was used to measure the erectile function of the patients and controls. When compared to the controls, the TT serum level in long COVID-19 (LC) patients with ED was low (p = 0.01). In contrast to controls, FT and FAI were both lower in LC patients with ED. (p = 0.001). FSH serum levels did not significantly differ (p = 0.07), but in ED patients, LH serum levels were elevated. SHIM scores were associated with low TT (p = 0.30), FT (p = 0.09), and high LH (p = 0.76) in LC patients with ED. Male patients with decreased serum levels of LH and testosterone may have hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction, which could lead to the development of LC-induced ED. Therefore, an in-depth research is necessary to confirm the causal link between COVID-19 and ED in LC patients.

The effectiveness and safety of direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus treatment: A single-center experience in Saudi Arabia.

Background: The introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) to treat the hepatitis C virus (HCV) overcame many drawbacks of interferon-based therapy. DAA achieved sustained viral response (SVR) rates above 90% and overcame many drawbacks of pegylated interferon regimens.The HCV genotype (GT) distribution varies by geographical area, with GT-4 being most prevalent in the Middle East region, including Saudi Arabia. Yet, the real-world evidence about using DAAs in the Saudi population is limited.Thus, the aim of this study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of DAAs in Saudi patients with HCV infection. Methods: A retrospective cohort study included patients treated with DAAs from 2015 to 2017 at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All patients with HCV treated with either ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir (LDS/SOF) ± ribavarin (RBV) or ombitasvir-paritaprevir-ritonavir (OBV/PTV/r) ± dasabuvir (DSV) ± RBV were included. Using a per-protocol analysis, the effectiveness outcome was the end-of-treatment response (EOTr) and Sustained virologic reponce12 weeks after competing the regimen (SVR12). The secondary safety outcome was the adverse event related to the therapy reported by the patients. Results: A total of 97 patients were included; with the majority infected with GT-4 (64 %), followed by GT-1 (18 %), in addition to 8 % having a mixed GT (1 + 4). The EOTr and SVR12 rates were 98 % and 96 %, respectively. SVR12 was 94.4 % within the LDS/SOF ± RBV group and 97.7 % within the OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV group. Only 4 % had a response failure due to relapse or breakthrough, and all were infected with mixed GT1 + 4. Medications were well tolerated with minimal side effects, including vomiting, nausea, and weakness. Conclusion: DAAs regimens are associated with high rates of SVR12 and are well tolerated with a good safety profile in Saudi HCV-infected patients.

Helicobacter pylori Infection in Cirrhotic Patients With Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy: A New Enigma?

The relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) is still a debatable matter. The aim of this study is to find out how common H. pylori infection is in cirrhotic patients with PHG and to see if there's a link between H. pylori infection and PHG severity. Out of 340 cirrhotic patients who had upper Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) endoscopy for early varices screening, 160 cirrhotic patients were selected and divided into 2 groups; 80 cirrhotic patients with PHG (cases) and 80 cirrhotic patients without PHG (controls). Gastric biopsies were taken from all enrolled patients for histological evaluation for the presence or absence of H. pylori infection. H. pylori was found in 44 cirrhotic patients (55%) who had PHG (cases), compared to 22 cirrhotic patients (27.5%) who did not have PHG (controls). The prevalence of H. pylori infection was significantly higher in patients with PHG (p < 0.001). The severity of PHG was associated with H. pylori infection (p < 0.001). The response to eradication therapy of H. pylori infection was must better in patients without PHG (p = 0.045). By multi-variant analysis, H. pylori infection, splenic diameter, and portal vein diameter were independent predictors for PHG presence. After treating H. pylori infection in patients who tested positive for H. pylori, there was a significant reduction in PHG severity (p < 0.001). Patients with PHG have a greater prevalence of H. pylori infection. PHG is more severe in patients infected with H. pylori. To improve PHG severity, cirrhotic patients must have their H. pylori infection eradicated.

The AMPK modulator metformin as adjunct to methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Metformin (MET) may exert anti-rheumatic effects and reduce cartilage degradation through its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions. METHODS: This was a double-blind placebo-controlled study, 120 adult patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were randomized to receive MET (1000 mg) or placebo daily with methotrexate (MTX, 7.5 mg/week) for 12 weeks. American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20, ACR50, and ACR70 response rates, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS-28), and drug safety were the efficacy endpoints. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, NF-κB, TGG-ß1, MDA together with gene expression of AMPK and IGF-IR were assessed before and after the therapy. RESULTS: A total of 80.8% of the patients in the MET group, compared with 54.7% in placebo group, met the criteria of ACR20 response after 12 weeks (P = 0.001). Statistically significant enhancements in the DAS28-3 (CRP) were observed after 4 and 8 weeks for the MET group compared with placebo and were sustained after 12 weeks. MET group showed statistically significant increase in percentage of patients achieving DAS remission after 12 weeks (P = 0.015). Significant improvements in ACR50, ACR70, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and DAS28-3 (CRP) were also reported. MET was well-tolerated, and no serious adverse effects were reported in both groups. Furthermore, the MET group was superior in improving the measured parameters compared to the placebo. CONCLUSIONS: MET improved the anti-rheumatic effect of MTX; suggesting it to be a beneficial adjuvant in patients with RA. Trial registration ID: NCT04068246.

Pain perception assessment using the short-form McGill pain questionnaire after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Pain management remains an integral part of patient care after cardiac surgery, and it required proper pain assessment. The aim of the study was to assess pain perception using validated Arabic version of the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) and to identify analgesics prescribing patterns post cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a prospective study conducted in an adult cardiac critical care unit of a tertiary cardiac center from September 2018 to March 2019. The study enrolled 74 patients who underwent cardiac surgical procedures through a median sternotomy. RESULTS: The mean age of our patients was 57 ± 11 years and 47 (63.5%) were males. Patients described post-cardiac surgery pain as heavy (n = 37; 50%) and tiring-exhausting (n = 49; 66%), mainly at the site of incision (n = 20; 27%). Pain intensity at day 1 according to pain rating index (PRI) and numerical rating scale (NRS) was 7 (25th, 75th percentiles: 2.8-15) and 6 (3-8), respectively. There was a significant change in pain intensity score between 2 days of assessment (PRI: 7 [2.8-15] vs 5 [2-11] P = 0.010; NRS: 6 (3-8) vs 5 (2-8), P = 0.021]). The most common analgesics prescribed were paracetamol (39%) and a combination of tramadol and paracetamol (33.8%). CONCLUSION: Pain decreased the second day after cardiac surgery compared to day 1. Paracetamol was the most prescribed analgesic; however, there was an underutilization which might be affected by insufficient pain reporting. Future improvement could focus on multimodal pain management and proper communication of pain experience.

Therapeutic effect of rocket seeds (Eruca sativa L.) against hydroxyapatite nanoparticles injection induced cardiac toxicity in rats.

Hydroxyapatite is bio-ceramic materials with a calcium to phosphorus proportion like to that of normal bone and teeth. The current study meant to examine the cardiac toxicity by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP NPs) and the protective effect of the rocket seeds in treatments. An aggregate of 40 male Wistar rodents were partitioned into 4 equal groups [Gp1, control; Gp2, rocket seeds extract (RS); Gp3, HAP NPs; Gp4, HAP NPs+RS]. Current results exhibit that; HAP NPs induce a significant increase in myoglobin, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CK-MB (creatinine kinase) and CK (creatinine kinase) levels, cardiac thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), injury and P53 expressions. In contrast; a significant reduction in cardiac catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as compared to control group. Post treatment of rat with HAP NPs and rocket seeds extract (HAP NPs+RS) improved the cardiac functions and structure. Rocket seeds extract may offer advantages against the harmful effects of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles.

Statin Use and the Point Prevalence of Antibiotics in Ambulatory Patients with Diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2012.

In patients with diabetes, the risk of infections is increased, hypothesized to be due to alterations in the immune system, among other changes. The pleotropic effects of statins have been investigated to assess their role in reducing the risk of infection and infection-related outcomes with varying results. The aim of this study is to determine if the use of statins is associated with a decrease in the point prevalence of oral antibiotic use in ambulatory patients with diabetes. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2012, all adult patients diagnosed with diabetes were analyzed. Patients were grouped into those who were prescribed statins and those who were not. Oral antibiotic use between the two groups was compared. Data were standardized to national estimates. A total of 3240 patients with diabetes were identified, with 1575 statin users and 1665 non-statin users. After controlling for baseline socio-demographic and clinical variables, the overall point prevalence of oral antibiotic use in diabetes population was 3.5% with no difference between statin users and non-statin users (2.9% vs. 4%, p = 0.116). Based on the results of this study, the use of statins in patients with diabetes was not associated with a reduction in the point prevalence of antibiotic use.

Comparison of drug administration logistics between prothrombin complex concentrates and plasma in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) is used as an alternative to fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for emergency bleeding. The primary objective of this study was to compare the time from order to start of administration between 3-factor PCC (PCC3), 4-factor (PCC4), and FFP in the emergency department (ED). The secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of an ED pharmacist on time to administration of PCCs. METHODS: This was a single center three-arm retrospective cohort study. Adult patients in the ED with bleeding were included. The primary outcome measure was the time from order to administration, which was compared between PCC3, PCC4, and FFP. The time from order to administration was also compared when the ED pharmacist was involved versus not involved in the care of patients receiving PCC. RESULTS: There were 90 patients included in the study cohort (30 in each group). The median age was 69years (IQR 57-82years), and 57% (n=52) were male. The median time from order to administration was 36min (IQR 20-58min) for PCC3, 34min (IQR 18-48min) for PCC4, and 92min (IQR 63-133) for FFP (PCC3 versus PCC4, p=0.429; PCC3 versus FFP, p<0.001; PCC4 versus FFP, p<0.001). The median time from order to administration was significantly decreased when the ED pharmacist was involved (24min [IQR 15-35min] versus 42min [IQR 32-59min], p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Time from order to administration is faster with PCC than FFP. ED pharmacist involvement decreases the time from order to administration of PCC.