Thermal hysteresis of stress and strain in spin-crossover@polymer composites: towards a rational design of actuator devices.

Polymer composites of molecular spin crossover complexes have emerged as promising mechanical actuator materials, but their effective thermomechanical properties remain elusive. In this work, we investigated a series of iron(ii)-triazole@P(VDF-TrFE) particulate composites using a tensile testing stage with temperature control. From these measurements, we assessed the temperature dependence of the Young's modulus as well as the free deformation and blocking stress, associated with the thermally-induced spin transition. The results denote that the expansion of the particles at the spin transition is effectively transferred to the macroscopic composite material, providing ca. 1-3% axial strain for 25% particle load. This strain is in excess of the 'neat' particle strain, which we attribute to particle-matrix mechanical coupling. On the other hand, the blocking stress (∼1 MPa) appears reduced by the softening of the composite around the spin transition temperature.

Anatomical Variations of the Biliary Tree Found with Endoscopic Retrograde Cholagiopancreatography in a Referral Center in Southern Iran.

BACKGROUND Anatomical variations in the biliary system have been proven to be of clinical importance. Awareness of the pattern of these variations in a specific population may help to prevent and manage biliary injuries during surgical and endoscopic procedures. Knowledge of the biliary anatomy will be also of great help in planning the drainage of adequate percentage of liver parenchyma in endoscopic or radiological procedures. METHODS All consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) from April 2013 to April 2015 at Nemazee Hospital, a referral center in the south of Iran, were included in this cross-sectional study. The patients with previous hepatic or biliary surgery, liver injury or destructive biliary disease were excluded from the study. All ERCPs were reviewed by two expert gastroenterologists in this field. The disagreed images by the two gastroenterologists were excluded. Huang classification was used for categorizing the different structural variants of the biliary tree, and the frequency of each variant was recorded. RESULTS Totally, 362 patients (181 men and 181 women) were included in the study. 163 patients (45%) had type A1 Huang classification (right dominant), which was the most prevalent type among our patients. 55% of them had non-right dominant anatomy. The result of the Chi-square test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the men and women regarding the anatomical variations (p = 0.413). CONCLUSION The anatomical variation in the biliary system among Iranian patients is comparable to other regions of the world. Significant proportions of our patients are non-right dominant and may need bilateral biliary drainage.