Serotype diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated in Italian pig farms from 2015 to 2022.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a bacterium frequently associated with porcine pleuropneumonia. The acute form of the disease is highly contagious and often fatal, resulting in significant economic losses for pig farmers. Serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of APP strains circulating in north Italian farms from 2015 to 2022 were evaluated retrospectively to investigate APP epidemiology in the area. A total of 572 strains isolated from outbreaks occurring in 337 different swine farms were analysed. The majority of isolates belonged to serotypes 9/11 (39.2%) and 2 (28.1%) and serotype diversity increased during the study period, up to nine different serotypes isolated in 2022. The most common resistances were against tetracycline (53% of isolates) and ampicillin (33%), followed by enrofloxacin, florfenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (23% each). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was common, with a third of isolates showing resistance to more than three antimicrobial classes. Resistance to the different classes and MDR varied significantly depending on the serotype. In particular, the widespread serotype 9/11 was strongly associated with florfenicol and enrofloxacin resistance and showed the highest proportion of MDR isolates. Serotype 5, although less common, showed instead a concerning proportion of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance. Our results highlight how the typing of circulating serotypes and the analysis of their antimicrobial susceptibility profile are crucial to effectively manage APP infection and improve antimicrobial stewardship.

Complex interplay between PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use influences performance parameters in post-weaning pigs.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the main diseases of pigs, leading to large economic losses in swine production worldwide. PRRSV high mutation rate and low cross-protection between strains make PRRS control challenging. Through a semi-longitudinal approach, we analysed the relationships among performance parameters, PRRSV-1 genetic diversity, coinfections and antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig nurseries. We collected data over the course of five years in five PRRS-positive nurseries belonging to an Italian multisite operation, for a total of 86 batches and over 200,000 weaners involved. The farm experienced a severe PRRS outbreak in the farrowing unit at the onset of the study, but despite adopting vaccination of all sows, batch-level losses in nurseries in the following years remained constantly high (mean±SE: 11.3 ± 0.5 %). Consistently with previous studies, our phylogenetic analysis of ORF 7 sequences highlighted the peculiarity of strains circulating in Italy. Greater genetic distances between the strain circulating in a weaners' batch and strains from the farrowing unit and the previous batch were associated with increased mortality (p < 0.0001). All the respiratory and enteric coinfections contributed to an increase in losses (all p < 0.026), with secondary infections by Streptococcus suis and enteric bacteria also inducing an increase in AMU (both p < 0.041). Our findings highlight that relying solely on sows' vaccination is insufficient to contain PRRS losses, and the implementation of rigorous biosecurity measures is pivotal to limit PRRSV circulation among pig flows and consequently minimise the risk of exposure to genetically diverse strains that would increase production costs.

Group A Rotavirus Associated with Encephalitis in Red Fox.

In 2011, a group A rotavirus was isolated from the brain of a fox with encephalitis and neurologic signs, detected by rabies surveillance in Italy. Intracerebral inoculation of fox brain homogenates into mice was fatal. Genome sequencing revealed a heterologous rotavirus of avian origin, which could provide a model for investigating rotavirus neurovirulence.