An assessment of introducers used for airway management.

Different introducers are available to assist with tracheal intubation. Subtle differences in the design of introducers can have a marked effect on safety and performance. The Difficult Airway Society's Airway Device Evaluation Project Team proposal states that devices should only be purchased for which there is at least a case-control study on patients assessing airway devices. However, resources are not currently available to carry out a case-control study on all introducers available on the market. This study comprised a laboratory and manikin-based investigation to identify introducers that could be suitable for clinical investigation. We included six different introducers in laboratory-based assessments (design characteristics) and manikin-based assessments involving the participation of 30 anaesthetists. Each anaesthetist attempted placement in the manikin's trachea with each of the six introducers in a random order. Outcomes included first-time insertion success rate; insertion success rate; number of attempts; time to placement; and distance placed. Each anaesthetist also completed a questionnaire. First-time insertion success rate depended significantly on the introducer used (p = 0.0016) and varied from 47% (Armstrong and P3) to 77% (Intersurgical and Frova). Median time to placement (including oesophageal placement) varied from 10 s (Eschmann and Frova) to 20 s (P3) (p = 0.0025). Median time to successful placement in the trachea varied from 9 s (Frova) to 22 s (Armstrong) (p = 0.037). We found that the Armstrong and P3 devices were not as acceptable as other introducers and, without significant improvements to their design and characteristics, the use of these devices in studies on patients is questionable. The study protocol is suitable for differentiating between different introducers and could be used as a basis for assessing other types of devices.

Applying recovery biomarkers to calibrate self-report measures of sodium and potassium in the hispanic community health study/study of latinos.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.98.

Applying recovery biomarkers to calibrate self-report measures of sodium and potassium in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Measurement error in assessment of sodium and potassium intake obscures associations with health outcomes. The level of this error in a diverse US Hispanic/Latino population is unknown. We investigated the measurement error in self-reported dietary intake of sodium and potassium and examined differences by background (Central American, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican and South American). In 2010-2012, we studied 447 participants aged 18-74 years from four communities (Miami, Bronx, Chicago and San Diego), obtaining objective 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion measures. Self-report was captured from two interviewer-administered 24-h dietary recalls. Twenty percent of the sample repeated the study. We examined bias in self-reported sodium and potassium from diet and the association of mismeasurement with participant characteristics. Linear regression relating self-report with objective measures was used to develop calibration equations. Self-report underestimated sodium intake by 19.8% and 20.8% and potassium intake by 1.3% and 4.6% in men and women, respectively. Sodium intake underestimation varied by Hispanic/Latino background (P<0.05) and was associated with higher body mass index (BMI). Potassium intake underestimation was associated with higher BMI, lower restaurant score (indicating lower consumption of foods prepared away from home and/or eaten outside the home) and supplement use. The R2 was 19.7% and 25.0% for the sodium and potassium calibration models, respectively, increasing to 59.5 and 61.7% after adjusting for within-person variability in each biomarker. These calibration equations, corrected for subject-specific reporting error, have the potential to reduce bias in diet-disease associations within this largest cohort of Hispanics in the United States.

Meeting report on the Bellagio Conference 'prevention of vascular diseases in the emerging world: An approach to global health equity'.

Representatives from five international organizations (International Society of Nephrology, World Heart Federation, International Diabetes Federation, International Atherosclerosis Federation, and International Society of Hypertension) participated in a strategic planning workshop in December 2005 in Bellagio, Italy sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation. There were equal representatives from developed and developing countries. Global perspectives on diabetes and cardiovascular and renal diseases were presented, with special emphasis on China, India, Latin America, and Africa. The rationale and effectiveness of preventive measures were discussed. It was apparent that measures for primary prevention and early intervention for all the chronic vascular diseases are similar. The five organizations agreed that an integrated global approach to chronic vascular diseases is needed. They resolved to collaborate and work towards an integrated approach to chronic vascular diseases with the establishment of a 5-year plan for the prevention and treatment of chronic vascular diseases, including public advocacy, advising international and national agencies, and improving education and the practice of established approaches.

Using theory to interpret beliefs in migrants diagnosed with latent TB.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious health threat to migrant farm workers in the Midwestern United States. This article describes characteristics of migrant culture and lifestyle, economic, and health challenges that may impact screening, diagnosis, and adherence with complex medication regimens associated with TB. A brief overview of TB discusses the historical perspective of the disease and describes the stages, transmission, and incidence among migrant populations. Several theoretical models, such as the Health Belief Model (HBM) and social cognitive theory, were considered by the authors to guide understanding of migrant beliefs about TB. A qualitative research study conducted with 23 Hispanic migrants with latent TB infection is presented. Discussion of the research findings describes environmental, cognitive, and social factors that were barriers to screening, diagnosis, and treatment. The article concludes with a description of recent migrant health clinic updates designed to improve the worker' health status and considerations for environmental and educational change.

[Serum uric acid--a cardiovasular risk factor?]. / Harnsäure, ein kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktor?

Serum uric acid represents an important, independent risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease in patients with hypertension, heart failure, or diabetes. Elevated serum uric acid is highly predictive of mortality in patients with heart failure or coronary artery disease and of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. Although the mechanism(s) by which uric acid may play a pathogenetic role in cardiovascular disease is unclear, hyperuricemia is associated with deleterious effects on endothelial dysfunction, oxidative metabolism, platelet adhesiveness, hemrheology, and aggregation. Whether a reduction in uric acid impacts CV and renal disease remains to be determined. However, recent findings from LIFE in hypertensive patients with LVH suggest the possibility that a treatment-induced decrease in serum uric acid may indeed attenuate cardiovascular risk. Almost one third of the treatment benefit of a losartan-based versus atenolol-based therapy on the composite endpoint (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) may be ascribed to differences in achieved serum uric acid levels. Clearly, randomized clinical trials are needed to investigate further the long-term cardioprotective benefits issue of reducing hyperuricemia in hypertensive patients.

Clinical Implications of Recent Findings from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment To Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) and Other Studies of Hypertension.

Several recent comparative trials in hypertension have reported that similar blood pressure reductions may not necessarily translate into similar reductions in risk for cardiovascular complications. Thus, the method used to lower blood pressure may be important. In the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment To Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), low-dose chlorthalidone as the first-line drug was superior to doxazosin. The 25% higher risk for major cardiovascular events associated with doxazosin was attributed primarily to a doubling in the risk for heart failure. A meta-analysis of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus suggested that despite achieving similar blood pressure reductions, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are superior to other antihypertensive drugs in reducing the risk for acute myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events, but not stroke. Although individual comparative trials have failed to show conclusively that calcium-channel blockers differ from other antihypertensive drugs, a meta-analysis that included all published trials concluded that calcium-channel blockers are inferior to other classes of drugs in reducing the risk for acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. These observations suggest not only that antihypertensive drugs may have important mechanisms of action apart from blood pressure lowering but also that effective treatment is not a matter of simply lowering blood pressure. These findings have potential implications for the regulatory approval of antihypertensive agents, revisions of treatment guidelines, the design of future randomized trials comparing different antihypertensive drugs and, most important, the selection of drugs for the treatment of hypertensive patients.

Trend of stroke hospitalization, United States, 1988-1997.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Age-adjusted stroke mortality in the United States has declined in recent decades. However, the course of stroke incidence is less certain. To address this issue, we determined trends of stroke hospitalization and in-hospital case fatality during 1988-1997. METHODS: Stroke hospitalization was estimated from National Hospital Discharge Survey as numerator and Current Population Survey as denominator. Hospitalization rates were determined and stratified by patient characteristics. Average length of hospital stay was also determined. In-hospital mortality was specified by sex, age, and other patient characteristics. The change in these rates over 10 years and average annual percent changes were calculated. RESULTS: During 1988-1997, age-adjusted stroke hospitalization rate increased 18.6% (from 560 to 664/100 000; P=0.043), while total hospitalization increased from 592 811 to 821 760. This increase was limited to persons aged >/=65 years. Patients in the South had the highest stroke hospitalization rates, and those in the West had the lowest. Overall, 58% of strokes were classified as ischemic, 13% as hemorrhagic, and 29% as other. Over these 10 years, stroke patients having coincident diabetes, hypertension, and congestive heart failure increased 17.4% (P=0.17), 34% (P=0.05), and 31% (P=0.091), respectively. The average length of hospital stay fell from 11.1 to 6.2 days (44.1%; P=0.012). As a result, despite an increase in hospitalizations for stroke, the total person-days in hospital actually decreased by 22% (P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: The declining age-adjusted stroke mortality in the United States has not been accompanied by a fall in hospitalization over recent years. Thus far, however, decrease in length of stay has more than offset increased admission. At the same time, the sharp drop in hospital case fatality rates suggests that continuing decline in stroke mortality may be due, in large part, to improved survival after acute stroke.

Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of losartan alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in adult African Americans with mild to moderate hypertension.

BACKGROUND: African Americans with hypertension, particularly those with more severe blood pressure elevations, are generally less responsive to monotherapy from any antihypertensive class. These patients usually require treatment with drugs from > or = 2 antihypertensive classes to achieve adequate blood pressure control. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of losartan alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in African American adults with mild to moderate hypertension. METHODS: In this 12-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study, African American patients were randomized in a 3:3:1 ratio to I of 3 treatment groups: placebo, losartan monotherapy (50 to 150 mg), or losartan plus HCTZ (50/0 to 50/12.5 to 100/25 mg). Doses were titrated at weeks 4 and 8 if sitting diastolic blood pressure (SiDBP) was > or = 90 mm Hg. Safety was assessed by determining the incidence of clinical and laboratory Adverse events and evaluating mean changes in pulse, body weight, electrocardiographic parameters, and laboratory test results. RESULTS: A total of 440 patients were randomized-188 to placebo, 193 to losartan monotherapy, and 59 to losartan/HCTZ; 391 completed the study. At week 12, the response rate with losartan monotherapy was 45.8%, with a significant (P < or = 0.01) lowering in mean SiDBP by 6.6 mm Hg compared with placebo; the response rate with placebo was 27.2%, with a mean SiDBP reduction of 3.9 mm Hg. Sitting systolic blood pressure (SiSBP) was significantly lowered with losartan monotherapy, by 6.4 mm Hg, compared with placebo (reduction of 2.3 mm Hg). The response rate with losartan/ HCTZ was 62.7%, with reductions in SiSBP and SiDBP of 16.8 mm Hg and 10.8 mm Hg, respectively (P < or = 0.01 vs placebo and losartan monotherapy). The incidence of clinical adverse events was comparable in the 3 treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that in African American patients, losartan monotherapy was significantly more effective than placebo in lowering SiSBP and SiDBP. Moreover, the losartan/ HCTZ combination regimen resulted in significant and clinically meaningful additional reductions in SiSBP and SiDBP compared with losartan monotherapy or placebo. Losartan monotherapy and the losartan/HCTZ regimens were generally as well tolerated as placebo.

High and low serum potassium associated with cardiovascular events in diuretic-treated patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of moderately high and low concentrations of serum potassium with cardiovascular disease events among treated hypertensive patients. DESIGN: An observational cohort study with prospectively collected data. SETTING: A worksite treatment program for mild hypertension. PATIENTS: All program participants with baseline and at least one annual follow-up measure of serum potassium; 7,653 individuals with 6.7 years mean follow-up met these criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome events were admissions to hospital because of cardiovascular disease, and deaths. The research question regarding serum potassium categories was formulated after data collection. The serum potassium concentration (mean +/- 2SD) of the study population was used to define low (3.0-3.5 mmol/l), high (5.1-5.9 mmol/l) and middle (3.6-5.0 mmol/l) categories. RESULTS: Individuals with low (n = 146) and high (n = 226) serum potassium had significantly greater risk for cardiovascular disease events than those in the middle category (n = 7,281). Multivariate adjusted hazard ratios from Cox models were 2.6 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.5-4.4] for the low potassium group and 1.7 (95% CI 1.0-2.7) for the high potassium group, with the middle group as reference. Among 1,679 individuals who regularly took diuretics, hazard ratios were 4.3 (95% CI 2.4-7.9) for the low potassium group and 6.7 (95% CI 2.8-15.9) for the high group. Neither low nor high potassium was significantly associated with outcome events for those not regularly using diuretics. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm an association of mild hypokalemia with increased cardiovascular events among diuretic-treated hypertensive patients. In addition, we have found a similar increased cardiovascular risk associated with modest hyperkalemia among these patients. Whether modification of these serum potassium concentrations would alter that risk remains to be determined.

Serum uric acid as a cardiovascular risk factor for heart disease.

Cardiovascular risk factors are those environmental, behavioral, genetic, and/or personal factors whose presence indicates a heightened risk of subsequent vascular disease events. Smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, initially identified by astute clinicians, were all subsequently confirmed and defined as risk factors through formal prospective epidemiologic study, long before evidence of causality was available. Ultimately, clinical trials demonstrated a reversible contribution of both high blood pressure and elevated lipids to stroke and heart disease. As a result, these risk factors are now the cornerstones for both assessment of relative cardiovascular risk and targets for preventive intervention. The criterion for risk factor status is a strong, consistent, timely, and statistically significant association to disease events that is independent of and unconfounded by other known risk factors. The purpose of this review is to assess available data to determine whether or not serum uric acid meets the standard for designation as a risk factor.

History of treatment for depression: risk factor for myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: Psychological factors have been suspected of contributing to the development of cardiovascular disease. This study examined the relationship between a self-reported history of treatment for depression and subsequent myocardial infarction among treated hypertensive patients. METHODS: Participants (5564) in a union-sponsored, hypertension control program in New York City, who entered the program during 1981-1994 without a history of cardiovascular disease and who were asked whether they had been treated for depression, were followed in a prospective cohort study. The primary outcome of interest was hospitalization or death due to myocardial infarction. RESULTS: At entry, 3.5% of men and 6.4% of women reported a history of treatment for depression. During 4.9 years (average) of follow-up, 112 fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions were recorded. The sex-adjusted relative risk of myocardial infarction was 2.24 (confidence interval = 1.13-4.45). Controlling for known cardiovascular risk factors with multivariate proportional hazards models, history of treatment for depression was significantly associated with subsequent myocardial infarction (hazard ratio = 2.10, confidence interval = 1.04-4.23). CONCLUSIONS: A self-reported history of treatment for depression is independently associated with subsequent myocardial infarction in treated hypertensive patients without prior cardiovascular disease. Whether additional or different treatment for depression will be cardioprotective is unknown and merits further study.

Improving access to mammograms through community-based influenza clinics. A quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: It is a national priority to increase breast-cancer screening among women aged > or = 50. Annual influenza clinics may represent an efficient setting in which to promote breast-cancer screening among older women. To our knowledge, this possibility has not previously been explored. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether offering women attending community-based influenza clinics the opportunity to receive a scheduling telephone call from a mammography facility will result in an increase in the number of mammograms performed over a 6-month period. METHODS: We used a quasi-experimental design with 6-month follow-up. A contemporaneous population-based survey provided a further control group for comparison. The sample group consisted of a total of 284 women attending nine community-based influenza clinics in a semirural county in Connecticut. All women were aged > or = 50 and reported no mammogram in the preceding 12 months. All women received informational literature on mammography. Experimental subjects were each asked if a radiology facility chosen by the subject could call her at home to schedule a mammogram. Mammograms performed were determined by hospital record for participants who received a scheduling call from a radiology facility, and by self-report for all other participants. RESULTS: Mammography use following access through influenza clinics was approximately twice that of women attending influenza clinics where access to mammography was not offered. Using three different assumptions regarding participants whose mammography status was unknown, the relative risks ranged between 1.6 and 2.1. For each assumption the results were statistically significant (chi(2)=8.51-12.2; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Linking access to mammography at community-based influenza clinics can significantly increase the use of mammograms among women aged > or = 50. Further studies should seek to confirm these findings and determine the degree to which they can be replicated in a variety of communities. Enhancing preventive health practice through the bundling of services suggests a new strategy to exploit available interventions to improve health.

Nursing in the new millennium: challenges and opportunities.

The technological, social, political, and economic pressures in our world are placing inordinate strains on the health care system. Nurses, as the largest groups of workers in health care, are shaped by these changes in the system and also have considerable opportunity to shape the system itself. Meeting the challenges of the 21st century will require a significant dedication to learning new skills to be an active participant in our evolving health care system.

Replacement-ready? Succession planning tops health care administrators' priorities.

Nurses' increasing age coupled with health care's rapidly changing environment moves succession planning, originally only a business sector tool, to a top administrative priority. Through active support of your facility's executive leadership and a clear linkage to long range organization objectives, you can implement this progressive procedure.

Serum potassium and cardiovascular mortality.

BACKGROUND: The impact of serum potassium on mortality is inadequately defined. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of serum potassium with mortality. METHODS: We analyzed NHANES I Epidemiological Follow-up Study data from 1974-1992. Of 2,992 subjects with baseline serum potassium, 156 were excluded because their vital status was not known. A total of 2,836 subjects with serum potassium within 2.7-5.4 mmol/L were studied. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality were assessed controlling for sociodemographic status, smoking, medical history, and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: At baseline, mean age was 46.6 years, and mean serum potassium was 4.07 mmol/L. Subjects were stratified into three groups by mean +/-1 standard deviation of serum potassium: low, 2.7-3.7 mmol/L (N = 477); middle, 3.8-4.4 mmol/L (N = 1,982); and high, 4.5-5.4 mmol/L (N = 377). The cardiovascular mortality rate per 1,000 person-years adjusted for age, gender, and race for the high serum potassium group (8.1) was significantly higher than the middle (5.3) and low (6.5) serum potassium groups. Further analysis, controlling for age, gender, race, smoking status, cholesterol, and history of diabetes, renal disease, and cardiovascular disease, revealed that the increased cardiovascular mortality among subjects with moderately increased serum potassium was most prominent in those reporting use of diuretics (hazard ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.20 to 5.85) and those with abnormal renal function (hazard ratio, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.05 to 3.41). CONCLUSION: In this general population sample with mostly normal serum potassium, higher serum potassium was independently associated with increased cardiovascular mortality.