Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Frailty on Long-Term Outcomes in Elderly Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes.

OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and frailty are common in older patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). No data exists about its prognostic impact on long-term outcomes and their possible interaction in this setting. DESIGN: Observational prospective study. SETTING: Multicenter registry conducted in 44 hospitals in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients with ACS aged 80≥years. MEASUREMENTS: A comprehensive geriatric evaluation was performed during hospitalization, including frailty assessment by the FRAIL score. The impact of DM and frailty on the incidence of mortality/readmission at 24 months was analysed by a Cox regression model. RESULTS: A total of 498 patients were included (mean age 84.3 years). Prevalence of previous DM was 199/498 (40.0%). The rate of frail patients was 135/498 (27.1%). The incidence of mortality/readmission was higher frail patients (HR 2.49) (both p<0.001). In contrast, DM was not significantly associated to a higher rate of outcomes (HR 1.23, p=0.060) in the whole cohort. Among non-frail patients, patients with DM had a similar incidence of mortality or readmission (p=0.959). In contrast, among frail patients, DM was significantly associated with a higher incidence of events (HR 1.51, p=0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Unlike frailty status, DM was not associated to poorer long-term outcome in elderly patients with ACS. Among frail patients the presence of DM seems to provide additional prognostic information.

Determination of residual parachloroaniline produced by endodontic treatment after the use of 5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine combined: an ex-vivo study

ABSTRACT: Aim: The objective of this work was to determine the concentrations of irrigating solutions and the residual content of parachloroaniline (PCA) formed after endodontic irrigation, using 5% NaOCl, 0.9% NaCl, 10% EDTA and 2% CHX 2%. Methodology Twenty premolars were used and 13 samples were collected per tooth from each of the treatment phases. Samples of: NaOCl, EDTA, CHX and PCA were quantified by UV and visible spectrophotometry. Results: Sodium hypochlorite decreased its concentration from 3.8% to 3.4% in phases 1 to 4. In phases 5, 6 and 7, residual NaOCl was measured with concentrations of 0.007%, 0.003% and 0.001% %. The concentration of EDTA decreased to 8.85% in phase 8. In phases 9, 10 and 11, irrigated with serum, EDTA was quantified with concentrations of 0.013% to 0.002% and NaOCl values of 0.0011% to 0, 0006%. In phases 12 and 13, CHX concentrations were 1.850% and 1.812% and PCA values were 0.0005% and 0.0007%. PCA formation occurred in presence of 2% CHX and residual NaClO and was detected colorimetrically in phases 12 and 13. Conclusions. During endodontic irrigation the concentration of 5% NaOCl decreases significantly in the first four phases and the concentrations of EDTA and CHX also decrease. There is PCA training in the last stages of the procedure.